1. Hamner, p. 285.
2. Hicks, pp. 310–12.
3. Henry VI, Part Two, IV, i.
4. Virgoe, ‘The Death of William de la Pole’, p. 499.
5. Pugh, p. 55.
6. Hughes, Arthurian Myths and Alchemy, pp. 47–8.
7. Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 71.
8. Scattergood, p. 205.
9. Hicks, p. 293.
Chapter 5. As a True Knight: Honour and Violence in the Wars of the Roses
1. Lander, Attainder, p. 106n.
2. Griffiths, p. 35.
3. PL, III, p. 4.
4. Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 196, p. 197, p. 241.
5. CPR, 1452–1461, pp. 93–102.
6. PL, I, pp. 96–7.
7. Virgoe, ‘William Tailboys and Lord Cromwell’, p. 469, p. 472.
8. Payling, p. 893.
9. NA, C 1/26/76.
10. NA, KB 9/118/22.
11. Hicks, pp. 48–9.
12. Smyth, Lives, II, pp. 65–8, pp. 110–14.
13. PL, II, 230.
14. NA, C 1/31; KB 9/296, 297; C 1/29, 193; C 1/40, 60-63.
15. NA, E 404/74, 31, 79.
16. Dunham, p. 16.
17. Macfarlane, P. 250.
18. CPR, 1452–1461, pp. 552–3.
19. HMC, 3rd Report, Appendix 4, pp. 2–4.
20. Chrimes, p. 308.
Chapter 6. In Foolish Submission: Irish and Scottish Aristocracies
1. Miller (ed.), p. 565.
2. HMC, 12th Report, Appendix 4, p. 35.
3. Gwynfor Jones, pp. 104–16.
4. Ellis, p. 67.
5. Clan Campbell Letters, p. 153.
6. Dawson, p. 8.
7. Muldoon, p. 90.
8. Fradenburg, p. 154, p. 239.
9. Brown, ‘“Rejoice to hear of Douglas”’, pp. 168–70.
10. Stringer, pp. 217–18.
11. Connolly, pp. 52–3.
12. CSP, Scotland, V, pp. 253–63, and CSP, Scotland, VII, p. 558, p. 577.
13. Brown, Bloodfeud in Scotland 1573–1625, p. 5.
14. Burnet, p. 11.
Chapter 7. Obeyed and Looked Up To: The Tudors and Their Lords
1. Henderson, p. 11, p. 31.
2. Archer, Religion, Politics and Society, p. 130.
3. Bernard, ‘The Downfall of Thomas Seymour’, pp. 221–2.
4. Nicholls, (ed.), p. 9.
5. CSP, Domestic, Mary I, I, 44.
6. CSP, Domestic, Mary I, I, 30.
7. HMC, Salisbury, I, pp. 443–7.
8. Letters of the Clifford Lords and Earls of Cumberland, c.1500–c.1565, p. 34.
9. Lisle Letters, II, pp. 468–9.
10. LP, Henry VIII, XI, p. 371.
11. Stone, p. 747.
12. Woodward, pp. 15–17.
13. Wall, p. 37.
Chapter 8. Stir Up Your Fame: A New Breed of Noblemen
1. LP, Henry VIII, XXI, i, p. 284.
2. Stone, p. 791.
3. Stone, p. 677.
4. Markham (ed.), pp. 42–3.
5. Scott (ed.), p. 497.
6. Low, p. 18.
7. Stone, p. 236.
8. Stone, pp. 274–5.
9. The Wentworth Papers 1597–1628, p. 16.
10. Hamner, p. 57.
11. Spiers (ed.), pp. 62–3.
12. HMC, Rutland, I, pp. 397–9.
13. HMC, Hastings, III, p. 309.
14. Lightbrown, p. 158.
15. Elyot, p. 103.
16. Weber, p. 121.
17. Rosenberg, p. 128.
18. Lamb, p. 164.
19. Lamb, p. 165.
20. Woodfill, pp. 59–60.
21. Woodfill, pp. 66–7.
22. Rothenberg, pp. 350–1.
Part Two: Equilibrium: 1603–1815
Chapter 9. I Honour the King as Much as I Love Parliament: The Road to Civil War
1. James, English Politics and the Concept of Honour, p. 85.
2. Malcolm, p. 136.
3. Trevor Roper, p. 354.
4. Ibid., p. 348.
5. Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, VII, pp. 185–6.
6. HMC, 13th Report, II, p. 133.
7. Zagorin, p. 53.
8. Gardiner (ed.), p. 217.
9. Trevor Roper, p. 297.
10. Malcolm, p. 158.
11. Zagorin, p. 332.
12. Fletcher, p. 285, p. 289.
13. HMC, 13th Report, I, p. 87.
14. Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660, p. 155; The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelock, 1605–1675, pp. 138–9.
Chapter 10. A Circular Motion: Revolution and Restoration 1642–60
1. Carlton, pp. 211–14.
2. CSP, America and the West Indies, 1574-1660, p. 380, p. 387.
3. CP, XII, ii, pp. 706–8.
4. Kelsey, pp. 55–6, p. 116, pp. 120–1.
5. Bush, p. 134.
6. Malcolm, p. 147.
7. Ibid., p. 157.
8. Warmington, p. 103; Underdown, p. 133.
9. Hughes, Politics, Society, p. 202, p. 251.
10. DNB, 49, pp. 124–7.
11. Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for Compounding, 1643–1660, I, pp. 839–40; CP, XII, i, pp. 691–2.
12. Calendar of the Proceedings, I, pp. 914–15; CP, XI, pp. 26–7.
13. Ward, pp. 23–4.
14. Ibid., p. 31.
15. Thirsk, p. 188.
16. Durston, pp. 47–8.
17. Gentles, ‘The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution’, passim; Gentles, ‘The Purchasers of Northamptonshire Lands’, p. 217.
18. Thirsk, p. 188.
19. O’Hart, pp. 248–304.
20. Ohlmeyer, p. 284.
21. CSP, Ireland, 1647–1660, pp. 624–5; CSP, Ireland, 1660–1662, p. 318.
22. Ohlmeyer, p. 242.
23. Ibid., pp. 263–4.
24. Hughes, Politics, Society, pp. 293–4.
25. Bush, p. 135.
26. Zagorin, p. 14.
Chapter 11. Signal Deliverances: Restoration 1660–85
1. SR, V, 12 Charles II c. xxiv.
2. SR, V, 12 Charles II c xiv.
3. Slater, p. 133.
4. Harris, p. 22.
5. Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1681, pp. 69–70; Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1683–1684, p. 30.
6. A. N., p. 2.
7. Stillingfleet, pp. 27–8.
8. L’Estrange, p. 24.
9. Clark, English Society 1688–1832, pp. 16–17.
10. Bush, p. 29.
11. The Late Apology in Behalf of the Papists Re-Printed and Answered in Behalf of the Royalists, p. 46.
12. Depositions from the Castle of York Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century, p. 230.
13. Clark, English Society, pp. 16–17.
14. Slater, pp. 129–30.
15. HP, House of Commons, 1660–1690, I, p. 2, p. 16.
16. Ibid., II, pp. 419–20.
17. SR, V, 16 Charles II, c.iv.
18. SR, V, 30 Charles II, c. 1.
19. Slater, pp. 141–2.
20. Evelyn, IV, pp. 225–34.
21. Halifax, p. 255, p. 234.
22. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, III, pp. 209–10; Pepys, IX, 335–6.
23. Kenyon, p. 330.
24. Keeton, pp. 266–7.
25. Halifax, p. 49, p. 101, p. 195, p. 216.
Chapter 12. The People Assembled and Freely Chose Them: The Glorious Revolution and After
1. Harris, p. 285.
2. Lindsay, pp. 39–41.
3. Slater, p. 167.
4. HMC, Buccleuch and Queensbury, II, p. 31.
5. Harris, p. 265.
6. Slater, p. 181.
7. Lindsay, p. 18, p. 20.
8. Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, XIII, p. 352, p. 355.
9. HMC, Le Fleming, p. 214, p. 220, p. 223, p. 226.
10. Letter
s and Papers chiefly addressed to George Earl of Melville, Secretary of State for Scotland 1689–1691, p. 12.
11. Clark, English Society, p. 120.
12. Charges to the Grand Jury, 1689–1803, p. 37.
13. Ibid., p. 67–8, p. 73.
14. The Letterbooks of John Hervey First Earl of Bristol, I, pp. 74–5, p. 139.
Chapter 13. I’ll Share the Fate of My Prince: Jacobites
1. NLS, MS 7104, pp. 3-4.
2. James, Warrior Race, pp. 109–12.
3. Lindsay, iv.
4. NLS, MS 7044, p. 50.
5. NLS, MS 7104, pp. 128–9, p. 143.
Chapter 14. Magnificence: Grand Houses and Grand Tours
1. Henderson, p. 11.
2. Tinniswood, p. 81.
3. Ibid., pp. 21–2; Peck, pp. 197–200.
4. HMC, Mar and Kellie, II, pp. 77–9.
5. Nashe, pp. 300-1.
6. HMC, Mar and Kellie, II, p. 98.
7. Stoye, p. 134.
8. Bacon’s The Advancement of Learning quoted in Strong, p. 50.
9. HMC, Twelfth Earl of Lindsey, p. 279.
10. Stoye, p. 146.
11. Strong, p. 29.
12. Tinniswood, pp. 42–3.
13. Ibid., p. 42; HMC, De Lisle and Dudley, I, pp. 290–1.
14. Strong, p. 50.
15. Hesemer (ed.), I, pp. 87–8.
16. Shakeshaft, p. 123.
17. Ibid., pp. 123–4.
18. Whalley, passim.
19. Wootton, pp. 18–19, pp. 20–1.
20. Stone, pp. 719–20.
21. Smuts, passim.
22. Cohen, pp. 55–6.
23. Uglow, pp. 322–3.
24. Lady’s Magazine, IV (1773), p. 8.
25. Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas on the Sublime and Beautiful, p. 136, p. 140.
Chapter 15. Public Character: The Aristocratic Century 1714–1815
1. Cannon, Aristocratic Century, and Clark, English Society, 1688–1832.
2. The Creevey Papers, I, p. 275; Burke, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire, p. vii.
3. SR, George III, XXXI, c. xxxi.
4. The Speeches of the Duke of Wellington in Parliament, I, p. 406.
5. Colley, pp. 177–93.
6. Cannon, p. 40, p. 42, p. 44.
7. Maxwell Lyte, p. 431; CP, VI, p. 326n.
8. Bourne, p. 9.
9. Yonge, I, pp. 7–8.
10. Creevey Papers, I, p. 4, pp. 50–1, 260; Creevey Papers, II, p. 117.
11. HMC, Egmont, I, p. 34.
12. The Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle 1724–1750, p. xxvi, p. 4, p. 7, p. 8, p. 40, p. 63, p. 46.
13. Ibid., p. 6, p. 13.
14. BL, Add. MSS 32,995, p. 162, p. 252.
15. BL, Add. MSS 32,998, p. 407, p. 409.
16. BL, Add. MSS 32,995, p. 262d.
17. Wraxall,
18. Beckett, The Aristocracy of England 1660–1914, pp. 428–9.
19. BL, Add. MSS 32,995, pp. 175–9.
20. Clay, p. 19.
21. MacCahill, p. 273.
22. HMC, 10th Report, pp. 6–7.
23. Wraxall, 413–14.
24. Clark, English Society, pp. 212–13.
25. Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1784, p. 577.
26. NAS, GD 51/1/36.
27. NAS, GD 51/1/120, p. 2.
28. NAS, GD 51/26/31; CP, V, p. 607.
29. HMC, Bathurst, p. 278.
30. Speeches of the Duke of Wellington, I, p. 80, p. 81, p. 91.
31. HMC, Egmont, p. 420–6.
32. HMC, 10th Report, p. 15.
33. McCahill, p. 273.
34. NAS, GD 22/1/318, p. 1, p. 4, p. 5.
35. The Later Correspondence of George III, I, 183n.
36. Gentleman’s Magazine, LX, ii (1785), p. 619.
Chapter 16. A Fair Kingdom: Fame, Taste and Fashion
1. Public Advertiser, 18 and 20 January 1758.
2. Saville, Secret Comment, pp. 92–3.
3. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 1 August 1824.
4. The Oracle and Daily Advertiser, 16 June 1800.
5. The Universal Register, 14 April 1785.
6. Lady Caroline Lamb, I, p. 184, p. 186.
7. Lady’s Magazine, IV (1773), p. 4 (the novel was serialised in this publication).
8. Tillyard, pp. 65–6.
9. The Connoisseur, 16 January 1754.
10. The Connoisseur, 27 June 1754.
11. Postle (ed.), p. 29.
12. Brewer, pp. 256–9.
13. The Universal Register, 14 June 1785.
14. Brewer, pp. 256–9.
15. Ibid., p. 285.
16. The Art Journal (1849), p. 165.
17. John Constable’s Correspondence, pp. 180–1; Haydon, III, p. 386.
18. See Brewer and Porter.
19. Schultz, pp. 1–2; Gay, p. 80.
20. Deutsch, p. 746.
21. Ibid., p. 426.
22. The Connoisseur, 6 June 1754.
23. Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1784.
24. Tait, 439-441.
25. NAS, GD 248/589/1, p. 11, p. 32, p. 34, p. 37, p. 44.
26. NAS, GD 248/589/1, p. 18, p. 47.
27. NAS, GD 248/589/1, p. 19.
28. HMC, 10th Report, p. 6.
29. Clark, English Society, p. 112 n.
30. The Oracle: Bell’s New World, 3 June 1789.
31. Lord John Hervey, pp. xxviii–xix; NA, WO 71/85, p. 176.
32. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 8 February 1824 and 11 April 1824.
33. The Connoisseur, 28 November 1754.
34. The Oracle: Bell’s New World, 11 June 1789.
35. Lady Caroline Lamb, I, pp. 199–200, p. 206.
36. Anti-Jacobin, VII (October 1800), p. 144.
37. Clark, English Society, p. 110.
38. Andrew, p. 429, p. 433.
39. Ibid., p. 423.
40. Hall-Witt, p. 224.
41. The General Advertiser, 1 March 1780.
42. Brewer, p. 457, p. 461.
43. Robbins Landon, p. 165.
44. Weber, Did People Listen?, pp. 688–90.
45. Weber, Did People Listen?, p. 690.
46. Art Journal (1849), 3-5.
47. Haydon, V, p. 471.
48. The Greville Diary, II, p. 26.
49. Hansard, 3rd Series, 146, 333–4, 1152.
50. Rhodes James, p. 107.
Chapter 17. We Come for Pheasants: Peers and Poachers
1. Munsche, p. 222.
2. HMC, Stopford-Sackville, II, p. 17.
3. Munsche, p. 63.
4. Archer, ‘Poachers Abroad’, p. 63.
5. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters, pp. 101–2, 110–12.
6. Hay, p. 190.
7. Archer, ‘Poachers’, p. 54; Hansard, 1st Series, 38, 542; Hansard 3rd Series, 47, 939, 956.
8. The Times, 11 March 1844.
9. Hay, p. 239 (e.g. Public Advertiser, 10 June 1758).
10. Munsche, p. 222.
11. King, p. 104–5.
12. Cirket, p. 83.
13. Hansard, 3rd Series, 47, 940.
14. The Times, 4 April 1859.
15. Spectator, I, 413.
16. Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle, p. 25, p. 241.
17. Hansard, 1st Series, 39, 1086–7.
18. Hansard, 3rd Series, 47, 925.
19. Oerlemans, pp. 71–4.
20. Hansard, 1st Series, 39, 937, 1082–7; The Times, 23 March 1819.
21. The Economist, 11 January 1845.
Chapter 18: A Gang of Ruffians: Americans and Aristocracy
1. Pennsylvania Evening Post, 23 and 28 November 1776.
2. Paine, Common Sense, p. 8, pp. 17–19.
3. Foner, p. 208.
4. Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789, V, p. 804.
5. Pennsylvania Evening Post, 11 January 1777.
6. Kramer. p. 230.
7. Maryland Gazette, 29 December 1780.
8. Roeber, p. 29, p. 44.
9. Kay, p. 74, p. 75, p. 104.
10. Foner, p. 195.
11. Marshall, p. 112.
12. Devine, p. 218.
13. Yarborough, pp. 89–95.
14. Calhoun, pp. 140–1, p. 209.
15. HMC, Hastings, I, p. 157, p. 170, p. 179.
16. Documents of the American Revolution 1770–1783, VI, pp. 72–3.
17. Correspondence of Charles First Marquis Cornwallis, I, p. 67, p. 75, p. 78.
18. Conway, pp. 393–4.
19. Wyatt Brown, p. 146.
20. Maryland Gazette, 18 September and 27 November 1780.
21. Evan Davies, pp. 5–13.
22. De Tocqueville, pp. 24, 53.
23. Goodrich, pp. 93–4.
24. Gorgon, 24 April 1819.
25. Shelley, IV, pp. 11–12.
Chapter 19: The Aristocrat to Quell: Peers, Paineites and Patriots 1789–1815
1. Burke, The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, IV, p. 150–1.
2. Goodrich, pp. 46–9.
3. Paine, The Rights of Man, 62.
4. Hansard, 6th Series, 319, 959–60 and 324, 741; 6th Series (Lords), 559, 26.
5. The Letter Journal of George Canning 1793–1795, p. 59.
6. James, Mutiny, pp. 39–40.
7. Elmsley, p. 96.
8. Royle, pp. 40–1.
9. Goodrich, p. 117.
10. Macleod, A War of Ideas, pp. 84–5.
11. Goodrich, p. 95.
12. Ibid., p. 117.
13. Anti-Jacobin, January 1799, p. 104.
14. Macleod, War of Ideas, 84-85.
15. Davies (ed.), VI, p. 275, p. 282.
16. Royle, p. 33.
17. Aberdeen Chronicle, 30 June and 9 September 1794.
18. True Briton, 16 July 1800.
19. Naval Chronicle, IX (1804), pp. 317–25.
20. The Times, 4 March 1814.
21. NAS, GD 22/1/318, p. 2.
22. For the history of the militia see Cookson, passim.
23. NAS, GD 46/6/43, p. 1.
24. NLS, Sep 313/3270, p. 3171.
25. These incidents are described in J. Prebble, Mutiny (1975).
26. Edinburgh Review, V (October 1804), pp. 5-6, p. 11.
27. Hudson, ‘Volunteer Soldiers in Sussex during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, p. 172, p. 173, p. 179.
28. The Times, 25 March 1814.
29. The Times 14 April 1814.
30. James, The Iron Duke, p. 10.
31. Ibid., p. 172, quoting W. P. Woodberry, ‘The Idle Companion of a Young Hussar in the Year 1813’ (National Army Museum).
32. CP, X, p. 580.
33. Edinburgh Review, XXIII (April 1814), pp. 35–7.
Part Three: Decline: 1815–
Chapter 20. Rats: Crisis and Compromise
1. NLS, MS 11,865, p. 58d.
2. NLS, MS 11,981, p. 2d–3.
3. Haydon, IV, p. 15.
Aristocrats: Power, Grace, and Decadence: Britain's Great Ruling Classes from 1066 to the Present Page 38