by Adam Tooze
65.Fung, The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat, 137–44.
66.Kuo, Komintern, 202–17.
67.Karl, Mao Zedong, 33.
68.Hofheinz, The Broken Wave, 53–63.
69.Craft, Wellington Koo, 92.
70.M. Jabara Carley, ‘Episodes from the Early Cold War: Franco-Soviet Relations, 1917–1927’, Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 7 (2000), 1,297.
71.L. Viola, The War Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930: The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside (New Haven, CT, 2005), 9–56.
72.L. D. Trotsky, ‘The New Course in the Economy of the Soviet Union’(March 1930), http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/03/newcourse.htm
73.P. Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1988), 286–2.
74.Humphreys, Heavenly Sword, 136–42.
75.W. F. Morton, Tanaka Giichi and Japan’s China Policy (New York, 1980), 71.
76.K. Colegrove, ‘Parliamentary Government in Japan’, The American Political Science Review 21, no. 4 (1927), 835–52.
77.Humphreys, Heavenly Sword, 122–57.
78.N. Bamba, Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma (Vancouver, 1972), 134.
79.T. Sekiguchi, ‘Political Conditions in Japan: After the Application of Manhood Suffrage’, Pacific Affairs 3, no. 10 (1930), 907–22.
26 THE GREAT DEPRESSION
1.M. Friedman and A. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, NJ, 1963), and K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Times (Boston, MA, 1944), 21–44.
2.B. Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939 (Oxford, 1992), and A. Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 2003), vol. 1.
3.H. James, The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–1936 (Oxford, 1986).
4.Z. Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005), 470–91; P. Heyde, Das Ende der Reparationen (Paderborn, 1998), 35–77; P. Cohrs, The Unfinished Peace after World War I: America, Britain and the Stabilisation of Europe, 1919–1932 (Cambridge, 2006), 477–571.
5.S. Schuker, ‘Les États-Unis, la France et l’Europe, 1929–1932’, in J. Bariéty (ed.), Aristide Briand, la Société des Nations et l’Europe, 1919–1932 (Strasbourg, 2007), 385.
6.L. Trotsky, ‘Disarmament and the United States of Europe’ (October 1929) http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1929/10/disarm.htm
7.S. Adler, The Uncertain Giant, 1921–1941: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1965), 79.
8.A. Ritschl, Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur 1924–1934: Binnenkonjunktur, Auslandsverschuldung und Reparationsproblem zwischen Dawes-Plan und Transfersperre (Berlin, 2002).
9.B. Fulda, Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic (Oxford, 2009), 144–6.
10.H. Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996).
11.F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge, 2013), 185–6.
12.Adler, Uncertain Giant, 130.
13.R. Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation: 1868–2000 (London, 2001), 150.
14.I. Gow, Military Intervention in Prewar Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato- Kanji and the ‘Washington System’ (London, 2004), 249–66, and J. W. Morley (ed.), Japan Erupts: The London Naval Conference and the Manchurian Incident, 1928–1932 (New York, 1984).
15.L. Connors, The Emperor’s Adviser: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-War Japanese Politics (Oxford, 1987), 117–26; T. Mayer-Oakes (ed.), Fragile Victory: Saionji-Harada Memoirs (Detroit, IL, 1968).
16.R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke, 2009).
17.Schuker, ‘États-Unis’, 393.
18.W. Lippman, ‘An American View’, Foreign Affairs 8, no. 4 (1930), 499–518; R. Fanning, Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922–1933 (Lexington, KY, 1995), 125.
19.W. Lipgens, ‘Europäische Einigungsidee 1923–1930 und Briands Europaplan im Urteil der deutschen Akten (Part 2)’, Historische Zeitschrift 203, no. 1 (1966), 46–89. For a prominent example of this enthusiasm see former Prime Minister E. Herriot’s Europe (Paris, 1930).
20.Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis.
21.Société des Nations, Documents relatifs à l’organisation d’un régime d’Union Fédérale Européenne, Séries de publ. questions politique, VI (Geneva 1930), 1–16.
22.Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, 258–72.
23.W. Lipgens, ‘Europäische Einigungsidee 1923–1930 und Briands Europaplan im Urteil der deutschen Akten (Part 2)’, Historische Zeitschrift 203, no. 2 (1966), 341.
24.H. Pogge Von Strandmann, ‘Großindustrie und Rapallopolitik. Deutsch-Sowjetische Handelsbeziehungen in der Weimarer Republik’, Historische Zeitschrift 222, no. 2 (1976), 265–341; R. Spaulding, Osthandel and Ostpolitik: German Foreign Trade Policies in Eastern Europe from Bismarck to Adenauer (Oxford, 1997), 267–9.
25.W. Patch, Heinrich Brüning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic (New York, 1998).
26.T. Ferguson and P. Temin, ‘Made in Germany: The German Currency Crisis of 1931’, Research in Economic History 21 (2003), 1–53.
27.Heyde, Das Ende, 130–44.
28.Schuker, ‘États-Unis’, 394.
29.Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, 305.
30.Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, 278.
31.Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, 307–08.
32.Schuker, ‘États-Unis’, 395.
33.Heyde, Das Ende, 208–16.
34.The New York Times, ‘Germany Pledges a Holiday on Arms’, 6 July 1931.
35.A. Tooze, Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London, 2006).
36.C. Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931–1933 (London, 1972).
37.Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, 314–22.
38.Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, 279–316.
39.N. Forbes, Doing Business with the Nazis (London, 2000), 99.
40.K. Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan (Lexington, MA, 1978), 139.
41.J. Maiolo, Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931–1941 (London, 2010), 31.
42.Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 1–33; R. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (London, 2003).
43.Steiner, The Lights, 755–99.
44.D. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear (Oxford, 1999), 70–103.
45.Cohrs, Unfinished Peace, 581–7.
46.I. Katznelson, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York, 2013).
47.B. Ackerman, We the People, vol. 2, Transformations (Cambridge, MA, 1998).
48.R. Dallek, Franklin Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (Oxford, 1979), 23–100.
49.C. Romer, ‘What Ended the Great Depression?’, The Journal of Economic History 52, no. 4 (1992), 757–84.
50.S. Schuker, American ‘Reparations’ to Germany, 1919–1933 (Princeton, NJ, 1988), 101–5.
51.R. Self, Britain, America and the War Debt Controversy: The Economic Diplomacy of an Unspecial Relationship, 1917–1941 (London, 2006), 74.
52.R. Self, ‘Perception and Posture in Anglo-American Relations: The War Debt Controversy in the “Official Mind”, 1919–1940’, The International History Review 29, no. 2 (2007), 286.
CONCLUSION: RAISING THE STAKES
1.S. Hoffmann, Gulliver’s Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), 53.
2.J. Stalin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1954), vol. 13, 41–2.
3.H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933), 108.
4.P. Yearwood, Guarantee of
Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy, 1914–1925 (Oxford, 2009), 342.
5.S. Adler, The Uncertain Giant, 1921–1941: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1965), 150.
6.R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke, 2009), 251.
Index
Page references in italic indicate figures and tables. These are also listed in full after the Contents. The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Abdullah I of Jordan (brother of Feisal I of Iraq) 381
Abyssinia 511
Adenauer, Konrad 239, 451–2
AEG 454
Afghanistan 393, 418
and the Soviet Union 416
AFL see American Federation of Labour
Africa
Pan African Congress 374
South see South Africa
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
West 374
African Americans 63, 339
Agadir, Second Moroccan Crisis 59
‘aggressive war’, pact to outlaw 9, 23
Ahmedabad 383
air superiority 200
aircraft 137, 200, 201, 202, 204
Albania 446
Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) 165
Allahabad 181
Allenby, Edmund, 1st Viscount 201, 379, 380
Allies see Western Powers
All-Russian congress of Soviets
Second 84
Fourth 138, 145–6, 164
Lenin’s May 1918 addressing of Central Executive Committee 141
Menshevik and SR expulsion from Central Executive Committee 157
Alsace-Lorraine 52, 86–7, 175, 242, 276, 290
Ambassadors, Conference of (September 1923) 447
America, North see United States of America
American Civil War 14, 29, 41, 44, 61, 63, 65
American Federation of Labour (AFL) 340, 341
AFL-CIO 342
Amiens, battle of 140, 219
Amritsar massacre 383–4, 385, 387, 463
Anatolia 381, 382, 390, 437, 438
Angell, Norman 278–9
Ankara 381, 437
Annunzio, Gabriele d’ 311
anti-colonial activists 23
anti-Semitism 17, 195–6
in Argentina 353
of British Tory backbenchers 384
of the DNVP 460
of the Kaiser 134–5
of Polish National Democrats 284
Tsarist 43
Arabia 193
Arabic 34
Argentina 353–4
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
armaments race 512–13
Armenia 147, 148, 193, 378, 381
armistice negotiations (October– November 1918) 218–31, 286
and British Empire reservations 227–8
controversy 218
German disarmament 227
and regime change 9
and reparations see reparations
and the US 220–29; contention over Wilson’s negotiations 229–31
Wilson’s unilateral negotiations with Berlin 222–5, 229, 231
artillery 180, 200, 204, 375
Ashurst, Henry F., US Senator 230, 373
Asquith, H. H., 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith 42, 48, 179
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 233, 382, 419, 436, 437, 446
Atlantic blockade 34–5, 39, 56, 473
Atlas 89
austerity 487, 488
Australia
and the Commonwealth 394, 395
Hoover moratorium 498
and the Japanese amendment to the League covenant 325
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
White solidarity 392, 393
Austria
Austro-German customs union (Zollverein) 494–5
and Brest-Litovsk 130, 131
and the Brusilov offensive 70
crippling blows to 52, 57, 70
declaration as a republic 232
fleet mutiny 129
Hoover moratorium 498
inflation 355; hyperinflation 212
and the Inter-Allied Conference (November 1917) 197
and Keynes’ proposal of German foreign bonds 301
Parliament 42
peace appeal (September 1918) 219
Socialist Party 243
strikes (January 1918) 129
and the Ukrainians 132
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
and the world economy hierarchy 362
Austro-Hungarian Army 306
authoritarianism 90–91, 96, 102, 144, 154–5, 161, 259, 354, 380, 515
fascist see fascism
see also autocracy
autocracy
and the British Empire 187–9
challenged by Germany’s surrender 8
German 86, 155, 170
Tsarist 24, 59, 69, 73, 93–4, 276
US stand against 8, 67, 103, 190
Axson, Samuel E. 341
Azerbaijan 147, 148, 415
Bad Homburg conference (February 1918) 133–5
Baden, Max von see Max von Baden, Prince
Baden (Germany) 274
Bainville, Jacques 271, 272, 449
Baker, Ray Stannard 309
Baku 148, 167, 415
Congress 420
Baldwin, Stanley 465
Balfour, Arthur James, Lord 62, 78, 192, 195, 231, 248, 283, 308, 394–5, 434–9
and Japan, human equality and the League Covenant 324–5
and the Washington Conference 398, 400, 401
Balfour Declaration 196, 380
Balkans 5, 193
Baltic states 109, 115, 122, 124, 131, 134, 138, 161, 167, 284
Bank of England 36, 52, 215, 359, 457, 461, 465
and the Great Depression 500–501
Bank of France 215, 356, 361, 457, 469–70, 500
Bank of International Settlements 489
Bank of Japan 361, 467
Bari, Abdul 384–5
battleships 11, 12, 317, 394, 397, 398, 401, 490
see also naval disarmament
Bauer, Gustav 317, 318
Bauer, Max 112
Bavaria 232, 242, 274, 316
crisis of the right (1923) 450–51, 452
Beard, Charles Austin 55
Beijing 93, 100–101, 328
University 91, 93
Belgium/Belgians
Entente demands for evacuation of 52
and the French invasion of the Ruhr 441, 442, 452–7
German occupation of Belgium 279
and the League of Nations 261, 266
neutralization 163
threat of national extinction >during war 5
US debts 302, 468, 498
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
and Versailles 255, 282
and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 121
Belorussia 117, 411
USSR treaty (28 December 1922) 417–18
Benes, Edvard 284
Berber peoples 233
Berlin 238
pogroms 511
Berne, Second Socialist International 240, 241–3, 409
Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich von 52, 56–7, 72
Bes
ant, Annie 180, 182, 187, 189–90, 382
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von 3, 10, 34, 42, 48, 56, 58, 73, 75, 114
Bevin, Ernest 247
Birmingham 179
Bismarck, Otto von 24
Bissolati, Leonida 176, 306, 307, 310
Bizenko, Anastasia 110
Blikuher, Vasily 479–80
Blum, Léon 251
Bohemia 281
Bolshevism/Bolsheviks 71–2, 76, 79, 81, 164–5
1917 Revolution see under Russia
and the Allied Siberian intervention 156–70
All-Russian congress see All-Russian congress of Soviets
American anti-Bolshevik >agitation 340
Bolshevik Central Committee 132, 136, 151, 165, 168
Brest-Litovsk see Brest-Litovsk Treaty
capital moved to Moscow 413
and Churchill 235, 236, 410
Constituent Assembly elections (1917) 85, 85
debt repudiation 129
and Finland 150–51
and the Hohenzollerns 134
and the Kronstadt rebellion 422–3
and Lloyd George 235–6, 411
October Revolution (1917) 83–6
Polish negotiations (October 1919) 411
post-1918 threat of Bolshevik revolution 21
Red Terror 168–9, 237
and the revolutionizing of central Europe 409–10
Seventh National Congress 137
shift towards German alliance 151–2, 156–7, 159, 164, 166
and the Soviet regime see Soviet Union
Stalinist/Trotskyite split within Communist Party 483
Supplementary Treaty to Brest 167–9
surrender to Germany (February 1918) 136
and the Ukraine 124–6, 234
violent suppression of Constituent Assembly 127–8
and the Whites see White forces
and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 121–3, 134, 145
Bombay 180, 210, 383, 386
Borodin, Mikhail 478, 479
Boulogne agreement 36
Bourbons 273
Bourgeois, Léon 258, 261, 262, 267, 268, 457
Brandler, Heinrich 449
Bratianu, Ion I. C. 47
Brazil 255, 282
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
Brest-Litovsk Treaty 22, 24–5, 108–23, 124–7, 129–31, 136–9, 143, 145, 146–7, 155, 157–8, 161, 166, 169, 170, 197, 222, 225, 236, 418