The Deluge
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Bolsheviks see Bolshevism/Bolsheviks
British Red Scare 465, 470
in China see China: Communism
Communist Manifesto 414
Congress of Peoples of the East 415–16, 420
Congress of the Toilers of the Far East 420
defensive fight of 21
French Communist Party 418, 430–31
in Germany see Germany: Communism
and the Hungarian uprising 409–10
international revolution spectral threat 353–4
in Iran 419
Left Communists 137, 151
and Lenin’s one-party dictatorship 138
Marxist see Marxism
and the peasantry 408, 415–16, 420–22, 483; in China 421, 479, 480, 481, 483
and the revolutionizing of central Europe 409–10
Soviet determination to catch up with and beat capitalist regimes 512
Soviet diplomacy to revolutionize China 419–21, 478–80
Soviet revolution prospect failure between 1917 and 1923 408
Stalinist/Trotskyite split within Soviet Communist Party 483
Third Communist International see Comintern
western European Communist adoption of Lenin’s class war doctrine 418
and the Whites see White forces
Conference of Ambassadors 447
Confucianism 91
Congress of Peoples of the East 415–16, 420
Congress of the Oppressed Nationalities 177–8
Congress of the Toilers of the Far East 420
Congressional World War Debt Funding Commission 440
conscription
and democracy 265
German abolition 277, 313
in India 190
in Ireland 192, 193
Russian 136
Versailles and the abolition of 265, 277, 313
Conservative Party, Britain see Britain and the United Kingdom: Tory Party
Constantinople see Istanbul/Constantinople
Constituent Assemblies
Germany 237, 239–40
Russia see under Russia
Ukraine 149
constitutionalism 41, 162
Copperheads 65
Corfu crisis 446–7
cotton 181, 212, 347, 379
Courland 113, 116, 138
credit 36–40, 70, 204, 425
American: credit-fuelled boost in exports 45–6; Entente borrowing and war debts 36–40, 45–6, 48–9, 50, 51, 52–3, 78, 173, 206–8, 298–304, 302, 349, 366, 372–3, 439, 440, 466–70, 468, 496–7, 498, 506–7; and gold 359; from J. P. Morgan see J. P. Morgan (banking house); and the stabilization, after 1924, of Weimar Republic 461, 464–5
British 204
French 37, 372
German 300–301
Indian 210
political 37
Cuba, US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
Curtius, Julius 494
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquis 186–7, 192–3, 194, 195, 390, 436, 437, 446
Czechoslovakia
Allied sponsorship of new state of 276
British and French declaration of support for Czech nationalism 159
declaration as a republic 232
and France 280
and Germany 281
Hoover moratorium 498
independence 158, 284
and the League of Nations 260
Masaryk’s Czech forces 157–8, 161
nationalism 158, 159, 284
and Versailles 281, 284
Czernin, Ottokar von 47, 118, 130, 131, 132
D’Abernon, Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount 430, 446
Daily Mail 465
Dan Takuma 499
Danat bank 495
d’Annunzio, Gabriel 311
Danzig 282, 286
David, Eduard Heinrich 114, 139, 162, 316
Dawes, Charles 454
Dawes Plan 453–61, 464, 497
and Versailles 458–9, 460–61, 470
de Gaulle, Charles 290
de Haviland DH9A bombers 364
Debs, Eugene 340
decolonization 512
deflation
American 345–7, 346, 349, 354, 358–9, 367, 397, 504; inflation–deflation succession (1919–1920) 342–7
British 358–60, 367, 397, 466
and the Federal Reserve’s 50 per cent interest rate increase 349
French 502
German 360, 427, 460, 503
during Great Depression 345, 487, 495, 500, 502–3, 504
Italian 502
Japanese 358, 363–4, 397, 499
of world economy see world economy: deflation
democracy
American see United States of America: democracy
British see Britain and the United Kingdom: democracy
Chinese 88, 90, 102–3
and conscription 265
German see Germany: democracy
Indian 386
Italian democratic interventionists 307–8
Japanese 25, 96, 259, 355
and the League of Nations 243, 258
post-war pressure and challenges 232–51
results in 1930s of earlier failure of democratic powers 511
Russian see Russia: democracy
in tension with empire 177–8
US failures to aid global democratic campaigns 86–7, 102–6
and Wilson see Wilson, Woodrow: and democracy
see also liberalism
democratic capitalism 200–201
Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 234, 410, 411
Denmark
strikes 247
wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
Deutsche Bank 152
Deutsche Vaterlandspartei 82, 111, 112, 130
Diagne, Blaise 227
Dicey, A. V. 184
Dillon, John 190
diplomacy
armistice see armistice negotiations
at Brest-Litovsk see Brest-Litovsk Treaty
Dawes Plan 453–61
dragging countries into the war 33–4
Genoa and London’s diplomacy at breaking point 433–9
Kasumigaseki 25
League of Nations Covenant 255–6, 259–70, 271, 324–6, 335
London’s debt settlement with Washington 439
naval conferences see London Naval Conference (1930); Washington Naval Conference
‘new diplomacy’ 517
power shift through interaction of military force, economics and 23–30
between Russia and France 176
Soviet diplomacy to revolutionize China 419–21, 478–80
Stresemannian 23, 462, 488 see also Locarno Treaty
at Versailles see Versailles/ Paris peace conferences and Treaty
Wilsonian Treaty Fight 335–8
see also specific treaties
disarmament/armaments limitation 45, 53, 227, 264–5, 277, 280, 313, 504, 506
naval see naval disarmament
Dmowski, Roman 326
DNVP (German National People’s Party) 320, 459–61, 503
Dominican Republic 44
Don 130
Doshikai party, Japan 94
Duan Qirui 90–92, 98, 100, 101, 104, 321, 323, 403
Dublin, Easter uprising 79, 180, 376
Duisburg 319
Dutch East Indies, US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
DVP (German People’s Party) 320, 450
Dyer, Reginald 383–4, 385
East Germany 275
Eastern Front 33, 46–7, 73, 139, 143
Ebert, Friedrich 111, 219, 223, 238, 312, 317–18, 460
economic models
of democratic capitalism 200–201
of inter-Allied cooperation 204–5
of planned national economy 199–200
economic supremacy see new world order: and economic supremacy
Edward, Prince of Wales 387
Egypt
British proctectorate 193, 378–80
deployment of Imperial Forces, February 1920 375
economic dislocation through imperial war effort 212, 213, 378–9
Hoover moratorium 498
independence 379–80
martial law 379, 380
nationalism 378–80
Wafd 378, 380
Eichhorn, Hermann von 150
Eisner, Kurt 242
Emergency Fleet Corporation 35, 203
Engels, Friedrich 138
Entente
1916 plans and struggles 33–4
1917 January statement of war aims and demands 52
1917 offensives 40
1917 paralysis 74
1918 final drive 40
and the armistice see armistice negotiations
blockade 34–5, 39, 56, 473
Brest-Litovsk’s wrong-footing of 116
and China see China: and the Entente
concentric assaults on Central Powers 33–4, 40
as a democratic coalition, and Russia 69–73
economic effort 199
and the end of Ottoman and Habsburg empires 9
energizing of 173–98
and the German U-boat campaign 74–5 see also U-boats
and German war reparations see reparations
and global strategic entanglements 20
gold reserves 36–7, 51, 52
Hindenburg line assault 173, 200
and the Hungarian-Romanian War 410
Inter-Allied Conference (November 1917) 116, 197
inter-Allied economic cooperation 204–5
Inter-Allied Supply Council 207
Italy’s siding with 33, 116, 176
and Japan see Japan: and the Entente
London Treaty 116, 176, 177, 178, 306–7, 438
Petrograd war conference 52
Princes’ Islands conference proposal 236
Romania’s siding with 47
and Russia/USSR: attempt in 1919 to roll back Bolshevik revolution 410–11; and the Entente as a democratic coalition 69–73; Genoa Conference see Genoa Conference; Russian blockade 235–6; Russian scenario as auxiliary of German imperialism 156–7; Russia’s repudiation of foreign debts 129, 425; Russia’s separate peace at Brest 143
Siberian intervention 156–70
and the Soviet regime 235–7, 434
Supreme War Council 205
Sykes-Picot agreement 193
and Turkey 52, 381
US relations see United States of America: Entente relations
war finance 36–40, 48–9, 50, 51, 52–3, 78, 173, 206–8; and debts 298–304, 302, 349, 366, 372–3, 439, 440, 466–70, 468, 496–7, 498; and US tax on exports 46
Enver Pasha 147, 148, 416, 418
Enzeli 415
Erzberger, Matthias 24, 75, 82, 112, 113, 154–5, 168, 220, 221–2, 223, 228, 243–4, 448
assassination 426
Der Völkerbund 221
and Versailles 312, 313, 315, 316, 317
Brest-Litovsk peace 114, 118, 138–9
Essen 319
Estonia 117, 134, 167
declaration as a republic 232
Europe as the ‘Dark Continent’ 17–18, 26
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 205, 290
European economy 290, 293, 320, 428, 429
European integration 290, 492
European Peace Pact, Locarno Treaty see Locarno Treaty
European rail network 427–8
European Union 109, 205, 276
exceptionalism 27, 28–9, 54–5
Falkenhayn, Erich von 47
fascism 17, 174, 354
Italian 17, 174, 311, 354, 433; and the 1919 election 311; and Corfu 446–7; and France 442; German ties with 494; launch of Mussolini’s Fascist Party 10; and the lire 466–7; and the power vacuum in Rome 433; and the US 7
Fawcett, Millicent 185
FBI 339–40
Federal Reserve 334, 344–5, 346–7, 358–9, 500, 504
Board 38–9, 51, 206, 304, 344, 345
interest rate 50 per cent increase 345, 349
Feisal, Amir, Feisal I of Iraq 380, 381
Feng of Zhili, General 90, 101, 104
Finland 122, 150–51, 161, 167
declaration as a republic 232
Finno-German march on Petrograd 150, 155
US debts 507
First International Peasant Conference 421
First World War see World War I
Fiume 308, 310, 311, 337
Five Year Plan, Soviet 483–4, 511–12
Flanders 40, 82
Foch, Ferdinand, Marshall 158, 205, 227, 264
Fontainebleau memorandum 285
Ford, Henry 200–201, 202
Fordney-McCumber tariff, US 349
France/the French
1917 crisis 74, 174–5
aircraft 202
Atlantic alliance 24
Bank of France 215, 356, 361, 457, 469–70, 500
Bloc national government 360
and Britain: British suspicion of the French 395; and debts 367; French goal of trilateral transatlantic pact 268, 290; and the Genoa Conference 431, 433, 435; and German reparations 455–6, 461, 496; and Germany’s appeal for credit 428; and the Kellogg-Briand Pact 472–3; and the MacDonald Labour government 455–6, 457; and the Middle East 193–4, 378, 379, 380; mutual guarantees against Germany 431; Poincaré’s pursuit of an Entente 431, 453; and the Royal Navy’s support 491; solidarity 59; and the threats of emergent powers of Japan and Germany 20; trilateral security guarantee with US 277–80; and the US 277–80, 400–401; and the Washington Conference 400–401 see also Entente
Cartel de Gauche 457, 467
coal imports 365–6, 426
Communist Party 418, 430–31
and conscription 265
and Czechoslovakia 280
economy 199, 469–70; credit 37, 372; deflation 502; the franc 37, 208, 355, 361, 366, 456–7, 458, 459, 469, 497, 506; GDP of French Empire 13; gold reserves 469–70, 495, 502; and the gold standard 502; inflation 355–6, 469; public/foreign debt 249, 298, 299, 302, 304, 349, 366, 367, 440, 467–70, 468, 473, 496–7, 498, 506–7; stabilization 360–61, 362, 495; wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
food imports 74
French Army 33, 73–4, 491–2; invasion/occupation of the Ruhr 440–46, 447–9, 452–7, 459, 473; mutiny 74, 174; of the Rhine 442
French Empire 13, 20
French Navy 235, 401
and the Genoa Conference 431, 433, 435
and Germany: and Alsace-Lorraine see Alsace-Lorraine; and the Austro-German customs union 495; Briand and Stresemann relationship/discussions 473, 492, 493; Clemenceau and German sovereignty 272–4, 289; disarmament goal 277; Franco-British guarantees against Germany 431; and the French transatlantic alliance 276; German attacks in 1918 on Allied lines in France 173; German occupation and devastation of northern France 279; German violations of laws of war 278–9; and Hitler 450; and the incitement of German nationalism 273; invasion/occupation of the Ruhr 440–46, 447–9, 452–7, 459, 473; occupation of Frankfurt (1920) 337; and reparations see reparations: and France; and the Rhineland 176, 227, 272, 274, 277, 278, 288, 440–46; Thoiry initiative 473; and th
e US after the Ruhr crisis 453; Versailles and the balancing of French security with German sovereignty 272–5, 448–9
Herriot government 457, 458–9
imperialism 17, 22, 223–4, 273, 280
Inter-Allied Conference (November 1917) 197
and Italy 308; and Mussolini 447, 491
and Japan 323, 325, 327
and the League of Nations 257–8, 261, 262, 263, 264–5, 266–8, 271, 277, 287, 325–6, 470, 492–3
left Radicals 457
and the London Naval Conference 491–2, 493
loss of French global power through war 5, 11
and the Middle East 193–4, 378, 380
military spending 361, 514
Napoleonic France 273, 289
national wealth 12
as part of Entente see Entente
and Poland 280, 412
reasons for entering war 42
reconstruction of northern France 292, 355–6, 367
and Romania 280
and Russia/USSR 176, 235, 236, 276, 425; and the Kellogg-Briand Pact 472 see also Entente
Senegalese rights deal 227
Socialists 42, 55, 175, 221, 240, 241, 250, 457; and the Berne conference 241, 242–3; Communist split from 418; and Millerand 361; ‘patriotic’ 241
strikes 247, 356, 360
subordination in new order 289–90
Sykes-Picot agreement 193
and Syria 380, 381
taxation 251
and total war 175–6
trade unions 175
and Turkey 437
Union Sacrée 42, 175
and the US see United States of America: and France
and the Versailles conference 5, 255, 256, 257–8, 271–5, 277–80, 281, 286–7, 291 see also Versailles/Paris peace conferences and Treaty
war damage 251, 279, 365–6
and war debt relief 298, 299
and the Washington Conference 400–401, 406
and Wilson 240, 276–7
working class militancy 246, 247
franchise
British reform 183–5
emerging default of manhood suffrage 515
Indian 386; urban 188
Japanese 259, 324, 356
Russia and the Kronstadt rebellion 422–3
suffragette militants 340
Frankfurt 337
Free Democrats (FDP, Germany) 25
free trade 13, 14, 75, 501
freedom of the seas 16, 45, 53, 75, 120, 226, 228, 257, 268–70
Freikorps 242, 318–19, 337, 426
French, the see France/the French
Freud, Sigmund 335
Galin, Republic of 415
Gambetta, Léon 220