The Deluge
Page 75
Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma) 182, 189, 384, 385–8, 436
in South Africa 392
arrest 389–90
Gary, Elbert Henry, ‘Judge’ 341
Gary, Indiana 341
Gaza 193
Geddes, Auckland 395
General Electric 341
Geneva 515
disarmament talks in 1932 504
Protocols 470–71
Genoa Conference (April–May 1922) 430, 433–6
and France 431, 433, 435
and the gold standard 464
and London’s diplomacy at breaking point 433–9
and the Rapallo Treaty 435, 436
and the Soviet Union 433–5
and the US 430
George V 52, 74, 191
George Washington, USS 257
Georgia 44, 147, 148, 161, 167
German Congress of Soviets 237
German National People’s Party (DNVP) 320, 459–61, 503
German People’s Party (DVP) 320, 450
Germany
‘The Aims of German Policy’ 161
and Alsace-Lorraine see Alsace-Lorraine
anti-Young campaign 503, 506
armistice see armistice negotiations
Austro-German customs union (Zollverein) 494–5
autocracy 86, 155, 170
bankruptcies 503
Bavaria see Bavaria
Berlin demonstrations (January 1919) 238
blockade by Entente 34–5, 39, 56, 473
and Britain: attack on British front line (March 1918) 140; and credit 427–9; and the French invasion of the Ruhr 443, 446, 456; Imperial Forces deployed in Germany, February 1920 375; ‘knock-out blow’ goal against Germany 40, 59, 207–8, 296; multilateral trade underwritten by Britain 503; Murmansk intervention and Operation Capstone plans 166–7, 170; and reparations 249–50, 292–5, 349, 427–9; Rhineland security pact 471 see also Locarno Treatyand the Russian revolution 141; and Russian trade possibilities (1921) 427–9; and the U-boat campaign 74–5
Brüning government 493, 494, 503
Centre Party see Centre Party, Germany
and China see China: and Germany
Christian Democrats (CDU) 24, 25, 75
coal 167, 290, 366, 426, 431, 440, 442, 452, 466
coalition of SPD, Centre Party and Liberals 163, 239, 243, 313, 320
Communism: and the Comintern 413, 449; Communist Party (KPD) 238, 319, 320; coup (21 March 1921) 418; Hamburg uprising 449; January 1919 uprising 238–9; Party’s paramilitary drilling 449; and the Red Army 319, 337, 449; Red Guard detachments 319; USPD slogan ‘All Power to the Soviets’ 409
complicity in Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia 313
Constituent Assembly (February 1919) 237, 239–40
constitutionalism 41, 162
cooperation with Entente and US powers 23
credit 300–301
and Czechoslovakia 281
declaration as a republic 232
democracy 25, 75, 111, 112–13, 130, 223, 224–5, 237–8; and the Constituent Assembly 237, 239–40; Dawes rescue 453–61; and Versailles 312–13; vote for first Reichstag of Weimar Republic 319–20
disarmament 227, 277, 280, 313
DNVP (German National People’s Party) 320, 459–61, 503
DVP (German People’s Party) 320, 450
East Germany 275
economy 199, 200, 237–8; deflation 360, 427, 460, 503; domestic debt 464; and the French invasion of the Ruhr 443; GDP 13; and the gold standard 503; the Goldmark 370; and the Great Depression 495–6, 497–8, 502–3; inflation/hyperinflation 355, 371, 443, 444–5, 454, 464; the mark 436, 443; national wealth 12; and reparations see reparations: and the German economy; stabilization after 1924 by US credit 461, 464–5; trade recovery, 1929–1931 494; wartime wholesale price dislocation 213
and the eight-hour day 247, 426
embassy in Mexico City 65–6
and the EU 276
fascism 17; and Fascist Italy 494
and Finland 150–51, 155
food shortages 111
food subsidies, ending of 431
Foreign Office 65–6, 147–8, 152, 167, 169, 434
and France see France/the French: and Germany
Free Democrats (FDP) 25
Freikorps 242, 318–19, 337, 426
and Georgia 148, 161
German Army 40, 82, 112, 139–40, 228; abolition of conscription 277, 313; advance into Russia 135–6; disarmament 227, 277, 280, 313; and Ludendorff’s aims for Russia 161–2; summer of 1918 173; in the Ukraine 154
German embassy in Petrograd 168
German Navy 34–5, 148, 225, 317; battle of Jutland 35; German Admiralty 225; internment in Scapa Flow 271, 317, 395 see also U-boats
and the Hague conference on international arbitration 221
High Command 147
Hindenburg programme 48
Hitlerism 495
Homeland Party (Vaterlandspartei) 82, 111, 112, 130
Independent Social Democratic Party see USPD
and Italy see Italy: and Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm see Wilhelm II of Germany
Keynes’ proposal of German foreign bonds 300–301
labour movement 319, 371
leaders of National Socialist Germany 7
and the League of Nations 313, 315–16, 506
Liberal Democrats/Progressive Liberals 24, 34, 75, 111,130, 134–5, 219–20, 239, 312, 315, 317, 318, 319; coalition with SPD and Centre Party 163, 239, 243, 313, 320;
Marxism 237
Max von Baden government 224, 225
militarism: 1919 revival 361; military spending 513, 514; radicalization of military policy after Brest 161; rearmament drive 506, 513
National Assembly 237, 238; and Versailles 313, 317, 318–19
National Liberals, Bismarckian 240, 459
nationalism 225, 273–4, 306; DNVP 320, 459–61, 503; and militarism revival (1919) 361; nationalist right 426–7, 494–5; NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party; putschist movement of 1919 318–19
Nazi 472, 513
nexus between domestic and foreign policy 24–5
and Noske’s politics of order 238–9
NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party
pan-Germans 113, 281, 459–60
parliamentarization 111
and Poland/the Poles 114, 138–9, 161, 285; Silesian boundary dispute 5–6, 281–3, 286, 314, 426
Presidential decree powers 494, 498
Prussia see Prussia
putschist movement of 1919 318–19
rearmament drive 506, 513
reasons for entering war 42
reconstruction after World War II 275
Reichsbank 215, 431, 432, 460, 497, 502, 506
Reichstag majority 25, 75, 82, 108, 111, 119, 122–3, 130, 132, 138–9, 140, 153–5, 168, 170, 219–23, 225, 228, 237, 239, 316, 320
Reichstag peace resolution 75, 78–9, 82, 111, 113, 122, 163, 170
restructuring of Weimar state 490
reunification 275–6
Rhineland see Rhineland
Ruhr see Ruhr
and Russia/USSR: 1917 military defeat of Russia 82, 276; Bolshevik surrender 136; Brest-Litovsk see Brest-Litovsk Treaty; and Communist 1923 militancy 449; effect of Russian Revolution 73; and the Genoa Conference 434–5; German advance into Russia (February 1918) 135–6; German exports 494; Lenin’s economic cooperation proposal with and shift towards Germany 151–2, 156–7, 159, 164, 166, 170, 200; Ludendorff’s aims for a dependent Russian state 161; Murmansk intervention and Operation Capstone plans 166–7, 170; non-aggression pact following Rapallo 475; Petrograd formula fo
r peace 71, 74, 76–8, 79, 115, 124, 183; post-armistice relations 237; Rapallo Treaty 435, 436, 494; and the Red Terror 168–9, 237; response to Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising 165; rumours of treachery by Tsar and Tsarina 70; Russian overshadowing of German history 276; secret police in 1815 silencing pretension to German unity 273–4; Supplementary Treaty to Brest 167–9; USPD slogan ‘All Power to the Soviets’ 409; World War I struggles 70, 81–3
SA (Sturmabteilung) 451
self-determination/sovereignty 113, 114, 117, 119, 138–9, 289, 448–9; and the 1945 peace settlement 275–6; and Versailles 272–6, 287, 289, 436, 448–9
Social Democrats see Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
Socialist Party 219, 450
socialists 48, 234, 237; and the Berne conference 241–2; German vote against a socialist republic 237–40 see also Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
Spartakist faction 238
Spring offensive 140, 192
starvation 39–40
state capitalism 200
Stresemann and the anchoring of its western orientation 24
strikes 130, 247, 432; general strike (1919) 319
trade unions 43, 237–8, 313, 503
and the Treaty of Westphalia 273
Two Plus Four 1990 negotiations 275–6
U-boats see U-boats
and the Ukraine: and Brest-Litovsk 109, 124–6, 130–32, 148–9; fall of Kiev 136; German Army in Ukraine 154; German coup d’état and Hetmanate 150; Ludendorff’s bartering over Ukraine’s return to Moscow 161; maintenance of independence 154; military interference 154–5
unemployment 503
unification in nineteenth century 5
and the US see United States of America: and Germany
and Versailles see Versailles/Paris peace conferences and Treaty
war reparations see reparations
and the Washington Naval Conference 11
Wirth government 370, 371, 426, 431
working-class patriotism 112
and the world economy hierarchy 362
Giolitti, Giovanni 177, 361
Glasgow 356
Glass, Carter 298, 345
global economy see world economy
global order see new world order
globalization 13–14
of world economy 199
Goering, Hermann 200
gold
American 344, 345, 349, 359, 505
and the British Empire 374–5
British reserves 52
Entente reserves 36–7, 51, 52
French reserves 469–70, 495, 502
London as a world supply centre for 209
Russian/Soviet reserves 51, 427
South African 209, 212; Rand gold miners 374–5
standard 207–9, 365, 383, 464, 487–8; Britain 36, 208, 363, 465–6, 500–501, 504; France 502; German 503; Italy 502; Japan 94, 467, 486, 487, 502, 504; US 38, 345, 346, 355, 363, 505
trans-Atlantic gold flow 345
Goltz, Rüdiger von de 150
Gompers, Samuel 340, 341
Gorky, Maxim 128, 422, 424
Goto Shinpei 22, 96, 143, 144, 146
government bonds
British 37, 189, 210, 211, 215
European 215
grain 39, 47, 111, 125, 132, 149–50, 237, 310
Great Depression 14, 18, 28, 487–507
and the Austro-German customs union (Zollverein) 494–5
and the Bank of England 500–501
deflation during 345, 487, 495, 500, 502–3, 504
and Germany 495–6, 497–8, 502–3
and Japan 499–500, 501–2
and sterling’s departure from the gold standard 500–501, 504
and the US 345, 488–9, 495–7, 504–6
Great War see World War I
Greece
and Albania 446
coup by Greek Army 438
and the League of Nations 260
London Treaty’s effect on Greeks 307
and Turkey 381, 382, 390, 437–8
US debts 302, 468, 498
Grey, Sir Edward 62, 92, 95
Groener, Wilhelm 317, 318
Guomindang/Kuomintang, China 90, 91, 100, 101, 478–83
Northern Expedition 480–83, 511
Soviet sponsorship 480–83, 511
Habsburg Empire 3, 5, 9, 173, 177
bartered over Czech assistance in Siberia 158
and the Brusilov offensive 46–7
disintegration 306
Entente self-determination demands 52, 177
and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 121
Hague Conference on international arbitration 221, 267
Second Conference 488
Haifa 193
Haig, Douglas, 1st Earl 78
Haiti 44
Hamaguchi Osachi 491, 499
Hamburg 418
Communist uprising 449
Hankou-Wuchang 481
Hannover 274
Hanseatic League 221
Hara Takashi 96, 104, 144, 146, 258, 321, 330, 335, 403
assassination 398–9
Harare 212
Harbin 331–2
Harding, Warren 347, 348, 349, 372
and the Washington Conference 397
Hay, John 15
Hearst, William Randolph 66
hegemonic crisis model 18–20, 26
Helfferich, Karl 166, 169
Helsinki 150
Henderson, Arthur 76, 244
Herrick, Myron T. 456, 469
Herriot, Edouard 457, 458–9, 469, 470
Hertling, Georg von 111, 113, 133, 155, 160–61, 163, 219
Hesse 274, 316
Hindenburg, Paul von 43, 47–8, 57, 82, 111, 129, 155, 219, 317, 494
and Brest-Litovsk 118
Hindenburg armaments programme 200
Hindenburg line 173, 200
Hindenburg programme 48
Hindu–Muslim Lucknow agreement 181, 188, 384, 391–2
Hintze, Paul von 163, 169
Hirsh, Julius 427
Hitchock, Gilbert M. 337
Hitler, Adolf
and the 1923 Bavarian crisis 450, 451, 452
as Chancellorship candidate 503
default announcement on Germany’s international obligations 506
effect of World War I on 305
electoral popularity 239
and France 450
and the League of Nations disarmament talks 506
and Lloyd George 306
Mein Kampf 26, 305
and Mussolini 305–6
and the new order 4–5, 18, 23, 26
and the NSDAP 450, 503, 506
and the see also 451
‘Table Talk’ 162
and the US 6, 7
and the Young Plan 489
‘Zweites Buch’ (‘Second Book’) 4–5
Ho Chi Minh 421
Hoffmann, Max 114, 117, 126, 127, 131, 133, 135, 150, 166
Hoffmann, Stanley 30
Hohenzollerns 134
Hong Kong 420, 479
Hoover, Herbert 17, 200, 291, 301, 303, 372, 439, 497, 504, 505, 507, 516
and the London Naval >Conference 491
and MacDonald 474, 504
moratorium on political debts 496–7, 498, 502–3, 506, 507
Relief Administration 425, 435
Houghton, Alanson 460
House, Edward M., Colonel 35, 45, 49, 56, 62, 86–7, 145, 159, 192, 197–8, 226, 227, 228, 267
and China 103–4
and Japan, human equality and the League Cov
enant 324–5, 326
Howard, Sir Esme 471
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo 154
Hugenberg, Alfred 506
Hughes, Charles Evans 46, 368, 372, 395, 406, 425, 441, 443–6, 453, 454, 458, 492
and Geneva Protocols 470
and the Washington Conference 397–8
Hunan 104, 483
Hungary
declaration as a republic 232
Hoover moratorium 498
Hungarian Red Army 410
and Keynes’ proposal of German foreign bonds 301
and Russia/USSR 410
threat of national extinction during war 5
uprising and Romanian war (1919) 409–10
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
Hymans, Paul 261
hyperinflations, interwar 37, 212, 362
Germany 443, 444–5, 454, 464
Imperial Conference, London 394–6
imperial liberalism 179, 383–93;
Imperial Silk Filiature company, Japan 361
Imperial War Cabinet 181, 196–8
imperialism 15–16
anti-colonial activists 23
British 15, 17, 20, 22; post-war challenges and crises 374–93; seen by Wilson as threat to new order 223–4; in Soviet imagination 483 see also British Empire
Communist struggle against 111, 412–13, 415–16, 419 see also Bolshevism/Bolsheviks; Communism
destructive force of 19–23
French 17, 22, 223–4, 273, 280
German 22
German reparations and echoes of the age of 289
Germany vs imperialism of Entente 313
Italian 22
Japanese 16, 22, 258, 515
‘liberal imperialism’ 15–16
market-based liberalism as guard against 488
new imperialism of the 1930s 515
of the ‘old world’ 233
US suppression of 15–16
and Wilson 17, 22–3
Independent Labour Party, Britain 26, 76, 79, 183, 241, 296
Independent SPD see USPD
India 180–82, 185–90, 196–7, 364, 382–90, 475
and Afghanistan 393
Amritsar massacre 383–4, 385, 387, 463
Chauri Chaura violence 389
Communist movement 387
credit 210
currency and the rupee 209, 210–11, 383
democracy 386
economic drain 209, 383
franchise 188, 386
general elections 386
and Germany’s East African colonies 194
Government of India Bill 385
Indian Army 186, 194, 375
Indian rights in South Africa 392–3
Justice Party 386