by Adam Tooze
between Russia and Central Powers see Brest-Litovsk Treaty
see also specific treaties
peasantry 408, 415–16, 420–22, 483
Chinese 421, 479, 480, 481, 483
First International Peasant Conference 421
German hyperinflation 443
Peng Pai 479
Penrose, Boise 372
Pentland, John Sinclair, 1st Baron 182
Pershing, John J. 202, 206
independent American Army see United States of America: American Army
Persia 330, 377
Peru
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 477
wartime wholesale price dislocation 214
Pétain, Philippe 74, 76, 469
Petlura, Simon 412
Petrograd
and Brest-Litovsk 118–19
British embassy stormed 168
Comintern Second Congress in 413–17, 418–19
Finno-German march on 150, 155
German embassy 168
proposed occupation of 167
Red Terror 168
Second All-Russian congress 84
Seventh National Congress of the Bolshevik Party 137
Petrograd formula for peace 71, 74, 76–8, 79, 115, 124, 138, 183
Petrograd Soviet 69, 70, 71, 76, 78–9, 83–4, 136, 194
peace formula see Petrograd formula for peace
Philippines
imperial rule 15
US conquest of 41
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
Pilsudski, Joseph 284, 411–12, 417, 475, 483
Pittman Act 210
platinum 153
Poincaré, Raymond 24, 430–31, 440, 469–70
decree powers 456
and the French invasion of the Ruhr 442, 446, 448, 456–7, 473
and French security based on Entente 431, 453
and the Genoa Conference 431, 433
and Lloyd George 431, 454
resignation (1924) 457
retirement 473
Poindexter, Miles, US Senator 230
Poland/Poles
Allied sponsorship of new state of Poland 276
assembling and integrating Polish republic 284–5
Bolshevik negotiations (October 1919) 411
and Brest-Litovsk 116, 118, 138–9
and Britain 412
coal 466
declaration of Poland as a republic 232
and France 280, 412
and German–Soviet non-aggression pact 475
and Germany 114, 138–9, 161, 285; Silesian boundary dispute 5, 281–3, 286, 314, 426
inflation 355; hyperinflation 212, 285
Jews 135
and the League of Nations 260
and Lloyd George 285
and Ludendorff 135
Ministry of War 411
National Democrats 284, 411
nationalism 284
Polish-Soviet War 284, 411–13, 417; Treaty of Riga 417
Polish-Ukrainian army 412
Soviet defensive struggle between Polish and Chinese arenas 475, 483
Tsarist anti-Semitism in Russian Poland 43
Uhlans 417
and the Ukraine 411–12
US private long-term investment (December 1930) 476
and Versailles 284–6
wars between 1918 and 1920 284
welfare spending 285
and western protection 109
and Wilson’s 14 Points manifesto 121
and the world economy hierarchy 362
political credit 37
Polk, Frank 322
Popular Catholic Party, Italy 312
Portsmouth, Treaty of 408
Portugal 255
Hoover moratorium 498
power vacuum
in the East 134
in Eurasia 21
in Rome 433
in Russia 83
in the Ukraine 124–5
Pravda (newspaper) 128, 232
Preuss, Hugo 315
Princes’ Islands conference proposal 236
private investment 37, 425, 504
US private long-term foreign investment 476–7, 495–6
productivism 201
property rights 430, 434
protectionism 15, 349, 492, 493, 501
Prussia 274, 451
‘Austro-Prussian War’ 274
democratization 75, 111
House of Lords 112
Kaiser’s constitutional reform promises 73, 75
Prussian guards unit coup plot July 1919 318
secret police in 1815 silencing pretension to German unity 273–4
and Versailles 283, 314, 316
PSI (Italian Socialist Party) 176, 177, 241, 311, 409, 418
Qingdao 89
Quai d’Orsay conference 235, 255
Radek, Karl 126, 137
rail network, European 427–8
Raj see India
Rapallo, Treaty of 435, 436, 494
Rathenau, Walther 66, 152, 200, 426, 427, 432, 433, 434–5
assassination 436
Reading, Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of 385, 387, 388
recession
cyclical 488
Great Depression see Great Depression
US, 1919–1921 345–7, 346
Reconstruction Finance Corporation 505
Red Army 21, 136, 234, 235, 236, 411
Azerbaijan invasion 415
civil war triumph 422
fight against White forces, July 1919, in Ukraine 410
First Red Cavalry Army 417
and German Communist militancy 449
Hungarian 410
Polish-Soviet War 412–13, 417
Ruhr 319, 337
Transcaucasian occupation 417
Red Guards (German detachments) 319
Red Guards (Russia) 84, 127–8, 150–51, 167, 423
clashes with Czechs 158
Red Terror 168–9, 237
Redmond, John 179, 180
regime change 9, 219, 275
Reichsbahn 427, 442, 460
Reichsbank 215, 431, 432, 460, 497, 502, 506
Reichstag peace resolution 75, 78–9, 82, 111, 113, 122, 163, 170
Reinsch, Paul S. 91–2, 98, 99, 104, 322
reparations 249–51, 288–304, 367–71, 426
and the Bank of International Settlements 489
and Britain 249–50, 292–5, 349, 427–9, 488–9; British unilateral cancellation of allied debts 435–9
Dawes Plan 453–61, 464, 470, 497
deleverage 349, 366
and the European economy >290, 293
and France 288, 292, 294–5, 366, 367–72, 426, 429, 432, 488–9, 496–7; Dawes Plan 453–61, 470, 497; and the French invasion/occupation of the Ruhr 440–46, 447–9, 452–7, 459; Young Plan 489, 497
and the German economy 368–71, 369, 427, 431–2, 441, 495–6; and the Dawes Plan 453–61, 464
and inter-Allied war debts 298–304, 302, 349, 439, 440, 466–70, 468, 473, 488–9, 496–7, 498
and Keynes see Keynes, John Maynard: and war reparations
Lausanne Conference (1932) resolution 504, 506
and Lloyd George 249–50, 293, 314
London Reparations Ultimatum 368, 371–2
payments made 1918–1931 369
Reparations Commission 294, 431, 432, 458–9
Soviet bill for damage by Allies in civil war 434
transfer protection system 489
and the US 293–5, 297–304, 441, 453–61, 488–9, 496–
7, 498, 506
and Versailles 288, 292, 295, 297–8, 313–14, 489
Young Plan 488–9, 493, 497; anti-Young campaign 503, 506
restorationist monarchism, absence of 232
Reuter, Lugwig von 317
Review of the Far East 88
Reza Khan 419
Rhineland 277, 278, 279
and Adenauer 451–2
and the French 176, 227, 272, 274, 277, 278, 288
Ruhr see Ruhr
Rhodesia 374
rice riots, Japan 212, 258, 324
Riezler, Kurt 58, 112, 114
Riga 82
Riga, Treaty of 417
Robins, Raymond 145, 152–3
Rocky Mountain News 230
Romania
and the Brusilov offensive 70
Entente diplomacy over 34
and France 280
Hungarian-Romanian War 410
and the League of Nations 260
peace imposition 158
siding with Entente 47, 70
threat of national extinction during war 5
US debts 302, 468, 498
Romanov family, murder of 165
Rome
Congress of the Oppressed Nationalities 177–8
power vacuum 433
Ronaldshay, Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland 182
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 505
‘bombshell telegram’ 506
Roosevelt, Theodore (Teddy) 28, 43, 44, 55, 59, 66, 67, 230
on Hughes 372
Portsmouth Treaty arbitration 408
on Wilson and the ‘Copperheads’ 64–5
Root, Elihu 80, 336
Root resolutions 402–3
Rothschild, Walter, 2nd Baron 196
Rowlatt, Sir Sidney Arthur Taylor 182, 383
Roy, M. N. 414, 415, 416
Islamic army 416, 418
Royal Air Force 446
Royal Navy
1931 battleship construction 490
battle of Jutland 35
British Admiralty 34, 194, 365, 394
and China 481–2
cut in spending (1919) 364–5
and the defence of France 491
‘navalism’ challenge to US 45
post-war dominance 374, 398
and the proposition of an imperial navy 394–5
and Soviet vessels in eastern Mediterranean 438
and US claim to naval dominance 269
and the Washington Conference 398, 401
Ruhr
1919 uprising 319
1923 crisis 24
French 1922 invasion and occupation 440–46, 447–9, 452–7, 459, 473
and Hitler 450, 452
Red Army 319, 337
starvation 443, 447
Russia
1917 Revolution 68–72, 73, 79–80; October Revolution 83–6; spring democratic revolution 189
abandonment of War 133
Bolshevism see Bolshevism/Bolsheviks
Brest-Litovsk see Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and Britain see Britain and the United Kingdom: and Russia/USSR
Brusilov offensive 46–7, 70
Central Powers’ victory over 11
and China see China: and Russia/USSR
civil war 142, 165, 173, 422
coal 108
Constituent Assembly 69, 83–5, 85, 86, 125; Bolshevik violent suppression of 127–8
currency 422
death penalty 69, 83
Declaration of the Rights of the People of Russia 114
democracy: 1917 spring democratic revolution 189; Allied intervention in Siberia on behalf of 156–70; Constituent Assembly elections (1917) 84–5, 85; democratic renewal (1917) 68–70; and the Entente as a democratic coalition 69–73; war grave of 76–87; and Wilson 145
Duma revival 42
Entente relations and membership see Entente: and Russia/ USSR
famine 12, 423, 424, 425
and France see France/the French: and Russia/USSR
and Germany see Germany: and Russia/USSR
gold reserves 51
hyperinflation 212
and independence movements throughout the old Tsarist Empire 234–5
and Japan see Japan: and Russia/USSR
Jews 69
Kronstadt rebellion 422–3
Left Socialist Revolutionaries see Left Socialist Revolutionaries, Russia
Manchurian railway system rights 420
Menshevism see Menshevism/Mensheviks
military spending 514
nationalism 150, 411
and the Ottoman Empire 193, 194
Petrograd formula for peace 71, 74, 76–8, 79, 115, 124, 138, 183
Provisional Government 68, 70, 71, 75–6, 79, 80, 81, 110, 125
Red Guards see Red Guards (Russia)
repudiation of foreign debts 129, 425
requisitioning 422, 423
revolutionary defensism 71–2, 76, 82, 87, 110, 118, 122
Russian Army 69, 71, 81–3; Imperial 46; rebellion of peasant soldiers 82–3
self-determination 79, 108, 110, 114, 116, 125–6, 130–31
Siberia see Siberia
Socialist Revolutionaries see Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs, Russia)
and the Soviet regime see Soviet Union
Soviets see Soviets (assemblies)
strikes 247
Sykes-Picot agreement 193
treaty of the USSR (28 December 1922) 417–18
Tsarist autocracy 24, 59, 69, 73, 93–4, 276
Tsar’s abdication 68
and the Ukraine 124–6
and the US see United States of America: and Russia/USSR
weakening between 1918 and 1920 21
Russian empire 5, 21
Ruthenia 132
Saar 277, 278, 279, 288, 289, 366, 447, 473
Saint-Germain Treaty 330
St Quentin, battle of 140
Saionji Kinmochi, Prince 144, 258–9, 321, 327, 478, 491
Salisbury, James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of 184
Salter, Arthur 205, 290
Salvemini, Gaetano 310
Saxony 232, 274, 418, 449–50
Scapa Flow 271, 317, 395
Schacht, Hjalmar 460, 506
Scheidemann, Philipp 114, 221, 312, 313, 315, 317, 426
Schurman, Jacob Gould 405, 406
seas, freedom of the 16, 45, 53, 75, 120, 226, 228, 257, 268–70
Seattle general strike (February 1919) 340
Second Moroccan Crisis, Agadir 59
Second Socialist International, Berne 240, 241–3, 409
Second World War see World War II
Seeckt, Hans von 66, 147, 450
Seiyukai 96, 105, 144, 355, 363, 399, 467, 485, 491, 511
Selborne, William Palmer, 2nd Earl of 191
Semana Tragica 353
Senegal 227
Serbia/Serbs
Entente demands for evacuation of 52
German complicity in Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia 313
and the League of Nations 261
threat of national extinction during war 5, 48
and Versailles 255
Serrati, Giacinto Menotti 414
Severing, Carl 432
Sèvres, Treaty of 381–2, 385
Shandong, Japanese occupation and claims 33, 89, 92–3, 99, 485
and Versailles 321, 323, 326–9, 336, 397
and the Washington Conference 403
Shanghai 321, 328, 478, 481–2
Shidehara Kijuro 23, 403, 478, 484
shipping 202�
�4, 205, 207, 292
Emergency Fleet Corporation 35, 203
see also Atlantic blockade
Siberia 130, 235
Allied intervention 156–70
clashes between Red Guards and Czechs 158
and Japan 143, 146, 170, 321, 355, 363
White forces in 410
Sierra Leone 212, 374
Silesia 5, 281–3, 286, 314, 426
silver 209, 210–11, 355, 358
Singapore 394–5
Sinha, Satyendra Prassano 181
Sinn Fein 79, 180, 190, 192, 193, 227
Irish civil war 377
Easter uprising 79, 180, 376
Lenin, the Marxists and 79
Sisson, Edgar 119
Skoropadskyi, Pyotr 150, 154
slave trade 27
Slavs 158, 283–4, 307, 308
and the London Treaty 307
see also Yugoslavia
Smith, Al 347
Smoot Hawley tariff 501, 504
Smuts, Jan 181, 197, 285–6, 375
Smyrna 381, 437
Snowden, Philip 456
Social Democratic International 409
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 24, 25, 34, 42, 73, 75, 112, 113, 162, 163, 319, 371, 448
and the armistice 219–21
and the Berne conference 241–2
and Brest-Litovsk 139
coalition with Centre Party and Liberals 163, 239, 243, 313, 320
Constituent Assembly election success 239
counter-revolutionary barbarity licensed by 238–9
and the DNVP 459
and the establishment of democracy 237–8
MSPD 73, 75, 130
and the Second Socialist International 240, 241–2
and the Soviet regime 237
USPD see USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party, Germany)
and Versailles 317–18
Vorwaerts (newspaper) 162–3
socialism
1919 defeat of radical socialism 233
in Austria 243
in Britain: labour movement see Britain and the United Kingdom: labour movement; Labour Party see Britain and the United Kingdom: Labour Party
European socialism and post-war reconstruction 240–44
in France see France/the French: Socialists
in Germany see Germany: socialists
in Italy 176, 177, 241, 311, 409
labour movement see labour movement
in Russia 141, 151–2; SRs see Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs, Russia) see also Bolshevism/Bolsheviks; Russia
Socialist International 416
Second 240, 241–3, 409
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs, Russia) 84, 85, 85, 118, 128, 136, 138, 157
expulsion from Central Executive Committee of All-Russian Congress 157
Left SRs see Left Socialist Revolutionaries, Russia
Sokolnikov, Grigori 136
Somme, battle of the 33, 37, 46, 47