by Yong Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese authoritarian capitalism: as aspiration of many Western nations; Coca-Cola's reentry into Chinese market and; Deng Xiaoping's “cat theory” on; determination for rapid development of technology by; economic reforms and “market socialism” policies on; getihu (individually owned businesses) experiment in; global praise of “the Beijing consensus” of; held as model for developing countries; “medical journals” fraud (2009–2013) and “pink butterflies,”; Nian Guangjiu's Fool's Sunflower Seeds experiment in; uniform and quantifiable standard barrier to innovation; Wenzhou merchants' entrepreneurship as; Xiaogang village peasants meeting (1978) marking beginning reform of. See also China (PRC since 1978)
Chinese authoritarian culture: as barrier to technological innovation; emotional response to any criticism of; upward accountability barrier to innovation; wishful thinking barrier to innovation. See also Authoritarian culture
Chinese Bureau of Foreign Affairs
Chinese Central TV (CCTV) station: Chinese Spring Festival Evening program of; filming Mao Zhong school students leaving for gaokao exam; River Elegy (documentary) shown by
Chinese Christian Home Mission
Chinese college admissions: Chinese Ministry of Education recent regulations on; consideration of bonus points for; failed experiment on more flexible; gaokao test required for; increasing call for “naked tests” used for; policy allowing lower score cutoffs in admissions (1987); recommendation for Chinese government to give up control over; Renming University of China scandal over; scandals over correction in; student innovation providing access to; transparent
Chinese Communist Party: concerns over Western influence by; control over Chinese education by the; Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1976) promoted by leaders of; economic reforms led by Deng Xiaoping; efforts to reform public education by the; ending Mao's dogmatic ideology (1978); evolution of authoritarian rule of modern governance by; governing without action approach taken by modern; Great Leap Forward promoted by leaders of; “harmony and innovation” concept of the modern; innovation barrier of upward accountability to; publications on success of autocratic leadership of; Qiushi (Hongqi Wengao) magazine of the; River Elegy (documentary) reaction within the; Self-Strengthening Movement failures of the; Third Plenum of the Central Committee (1978) reforms of the. See also China (People's Republic of China, PRC); China (PRC since 1978)
Chinese Confucian tradition: continued influence in modern China by the; continuing problem of Western technology conflict with; dictating obedience to authority; failure to defeat the West using the; keju system as; Qing dynasty failure to secure Western technology while “restoring,”; River Elegy (documentary) criticism of; on success through suffering; unorthodox thought forbidden by; value for education as part of the; weakened by spread of Christianity. See also Confucius
Chinese economy: Coca-Cola's reentry into the; declining poverty rates (1981–2005); doubts and questions about the continued success of; expansion between 1980 to 2011 of; first entrepreneurs since 1978 reforms; getihu (individually owned businesses) driving the; Likonomics policies (2013) on the; Pew survey on American concerns over; projected to overtake US economy; rapid growth and increased Western interactions (1990s to present); shrinking workforce and increasing labor costs impacting the; slowdown (2013) of; warnings regarding the slowdown of the; Wenzhou merchants' entrepreneurship; Xiaogang village peasants meeting (1978) marking beginning reform of. See also China (PRC since 1978)
Chinese education: authoritarian nature of; Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program (1911); clearly defined goals of; damage of eliminating individual differences and imposing conformity by; Deng's decree on Tsinghua University's overseas study program (1978); determining people's livelihood and future; doctoral degree programs and graduates in; as effective for producing great test takers; the essence as the same as a thousand years ago; evolution as survival strategy; excessive amount of homework and testing issue of; failure of Mao's revolution against using testing in; failure to produce even one Nobel prize winner; focused on test preparation; government control over; hierarchical order value of; illusions of excellence and equity of; imperial keju system producing scholar-officials; Lu Buxuan's story on success and failure of; Mao Zedong's desire for a new educational paradigm for; “medical journals” scam (2009–2013); NCEE's study of Shanghai's education system; as opposite of what we need for twenty-first century; “poisonous pedagogy” principles as foundation of; the prisoner's dilemma of; publish or perish driven by competition; Qing dynasty's Chinese Education Mission (CEM) program; Sinophiles pronouncing it as best system in the world; struggle to retreat from authoritarian tradition of; threat of Western infatuation with; three basics that explain Shanghai's PISA scores; Tong Wen Guan institute (1862) offering Western language instruction; warning to West on not following path of; why we must not emulate the. See also Authoritarian education; Chinese education reform; Chinese Ministry of Education; Education systems
Chinese education hierarchy: fierce student competition due to the; impacting availability of good universities; impacting career choices; ranking schools, classes, and students; student suicide over fear of being demoted
Chinese Education Mission (CEM) program: Chinese studies and rituals required of students in the; embrace of Western culture by students of; as exemplifying China's journey to modernization; learning Western technology objective of the; origins and description of the; outcomes of the grand experiment conducted by the; students denied acceptance to West Point and Annapolis
Chinese education reform: effective solutions will require foundational changes to Chinese society values; failed attempts for lessening academic burden; failed attempts to ban middle school admission exams; government efforts toward; as introducing opportunities for corruption; recommended actions for genuine; struggle of efforts for; tragedy of the commons problem facing. See also Chinese education
Chinese education reform recommendations: give up control over what is taught in all schools; giving individual institutions control over student admission; grant autonomy to individual institutions
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) [US]
Chinese innovation: CEM program as exemplifying China's journey to modernization and; cheating as response to unrealistic mandated; China's counterproductive authoritarian approach to; China's Great Leap Forward effort toward; Chinese fake publishing market as result of determination for; college admissions as incentive for; Confucian tradition conflict with Western technology problem of; costs of authoritarian education to creativity and; cultural mind-set as fundamental reason behind failure of; determination for rapid development of technology and; Great Leap Forward as failed attempt at; Hanxin #1 scandal; missing in the China model; patriotism driving Chinese contributions to; poor quality of Chinese publications as barrier to; PRC's disastrous Self-Strengthening Movement attempt at; school failure to promote creativity and. See also Chinese patents; Creativity; Modernization; Western technology
Chinese innovation barriers: 1: wishful thinking; 2: upward accountability; 3: a uniform and quantifiable standard
Chinese Lessons: Shanghai's Rise to the Top of the PISA League Tables (NCEE)
Chinese Ministry of Education: banning exams for advancing from primary to middle schools (2014) by the; Changjiang Scholar title awarded by the; concerns over excessive amount of homework and testing by; Deng Xiaoping's request for plan to increase study abroad; denouncement of Chinese education by; failed experiment on more flexible college admissions process; forbidding job advertisements requiring degrees from specific schools; Hanxin chips investigation conducted by; middle school exams given in defiance of orders by (2009 to 2014); new regulations on college admissions issued by; order to limit frequency of testing and amount of homework by; orders banning middle school exams and contest prizes (2009, 2013, and 2014); orders to stop offering Math Olympiad classes (2005) by; policy allowing lower score cutoffs in admissions (1987); prohibiting use of exams to select middle school studen
ts (2000); statistics on doctoral degree (2012) by; ten actions required for schools to take (2013) order by the. See also Chinese education
Chinese parents: bribery engaged in by wealthy; of Mao Zhong students; promoting hard work as path to success; Xiao Baiyou's seven principles of beating his children toward success
Chinese patent categories: of Chinese applications; design; invention; “utility model,”
Chinese patents: Dalian school students' applications for; higher value of those filed outside of China; large number of “junk patents” filed; motivation issue impacting quality ofe; poor quality of majority of; Wu's Rapid Search Method and Its Dictionary; Yingying Wu scandal over fraudulent. See also Innovation
Chinese primary schools: ban of exams for advancing to middle schools from; no home allowed for students in; no standardized testing allowed for grades 1 through 3 and limited for other grades
Chinese research publications: cash or perks as incentives for; high rate of plagiarism found in; Jinggangshan University's research papers and books published; “medical journals” scam (2009–2013) in China; motivation issue impacting; poor quality of many; publish or perish competition for career advancement driving; quantity as mattering more than quality; Zhong Hua's fraudulent papers
Chinese schools: banned from offering extra instruction or classes; banning exams for advancing from primary to high school; Chinese Ministry of Education's ten actions required for schools to take (2013); college admissions corruption; focus on test prep by; gaokao college admission exam; impact of Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1976) on; middle school exams given in defiance of Ministry of Education orders (2009 to 2014); minimizing supplemental materials allowed for use in; permitted to use traditional 100-point system to assess students; promoting hard work as path to success; recommendation that each institution select their own curriculum; Renming University of China admissions scandal; research publications produced from; revised Compulsory Education Law (2006) forbidding middle school entrance exams; student cheating at; transparent. See also Mao Zedong School (or Maotanchang Secondary School)
Chinese Spring Festival Evening (CCTV program)
Chinese Statistics Bureau
Chinese students: assessed using the traditional 100-point system; balanced grouping of; banning exams for advancing from primary to high school; cheating and bribery by parent of; Chinese Education Mission (CEM) program; Chinese education producing great test takers out of; Chinese education system determining their future livelihood; clear and focused goals defined for; competition for college among; corruption of college admissions process for; damage of eliminating individual differences and imposing conformity on; doctoral degree graduates; external incentives for learning by; extra instruction or classes not permitted for; failed attempts for lessening academic burden of; fierce competition due to hierarchy pressures; gaokao college admission exam taken by; as good at problem-solving skills but not creativity; hierarchical order imposed on all; high PISA scores based on three basics of Chinese education; high PISA scores of; impact of Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1976) on; inability to question authority; Lu Buxuan's story on success and failure of education system; of Maotanchange Secondary School or Mao Zhong; Math Olympiad as de facto mandatory extracurricular activity for; minimizing supplemental materials allowed for use by; no homework allowed for primary school; as outscoring Western students; patent applications made by; poor quality of Mao's “worker-peasant-soldier,”; producing great test takers at the cost of creativity; Renming University of China scandal over admission of; rioting (2013) in Hubei Province after cheating scheme stopped; romanticized misery of; suicide over fear of being demoted; their diligence as result of ancient social control ploy; “Three-Good Student” awards given to; Tiananmen Square protests and crackdown (1989) of; Tsinghua University's overseas study program (1978) for; Xiao Baiyou's seven principles of beating his children; “zero-starting point” teaching of
Chinese Summer Olympic Games (2008)
Christensen, Karl Bang
Christianity: Chinese Christian Home Mission formed by Chinese students; Chinese Confucian tradition weakened by spread of; Jesuit missionaries sent to Chinato teach
Chua, Amy
Cixi, Empress Dowager (Imperial China)
Club of Rome
Coca-Cola: battle over reentry to China; now household name in china; as representing Western culture
Collateral Damage: How High-Stakes Testing Corrupts America's Schools (Nichols and Berliner)
College admissions. See Chinese college admissions
Columbia University
Common Core State Standards Initiative
Comte, Father Louis le
Confucius: on governing without action; on government officer positions; great civilization rules and principles set forth by; keju system based on teachings of. See also Chinese Confucian tradition
Connecticut State Board of Education
Coors
Coughlan, Sean
Creativity: Chinese students' difficulty with problem-solving; costs of authoritarian education to innovation and; entrepreneur-oriented education that values; modern need for innovation and; PISA exam's limited ability to assess; producing great test takers at the cost of; tremendous pressure on Chinese to homogenize instead of engage in. See also Chinese innovation
Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1976) [People's Republic of China]: academic burden reduction during the; exams banned during the; opposition to anything foreign during the; universities dismantled and scholars imprisoned during the; Zhonng Shuhe's imprisonment during the
D
Dalian school (People's Republic of China)
Davis, A. R.
The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education (Ravitch)
Dell Computers
Democracy in Retreat: The Revolt of the Middle Class and the Worldwide Decline of Representative Government (Kurlantzick)
Deng Xiaoping: Anti-Spiritual Pollution campaign ended by; economic reform and “market socialism” policies led by; on economic state of China and need for reform; Nian Guangjiu verdict using his “cat theory,”; speaking out for Xiaogang peasants; speech against Western liberal views (1986) made by; tour of China (1992) made by; Tour of the South (1992) made by; Tsinghua University's overseas study program decree (1978) by; visit to the United States (1979) by; Western education of
Denmark's PISA rankings
Design patent category
Dewey, John
Dion, Celine
Distinguished Community Service Award (American Educational Research Association)
Doctoral degree programs (People's Republic of China)
Dragon symbol
Drezner, Daniel W.
Duncan, Arne
E
Edison, Thomas
Education systems: Chinese education as opposite of what we need for twenty-first century; criticism of PISA's assessment of global; employee-oriented; entrepreneur-oriented; homogenizing versus autonomy and student-driven; NCEE research on five leading; need to redefine excellence in; paradigm shift needed for Western; “poisonous pedagogy” principles of; Qing dynasty's Chinese Education Mission (CEM) experiment with Western. See also American education; Chinese education
Einstein, Albert
El Paso Independent School District (Texas)
Eliot, Charles
Employee-oriented education
Entrepreneur-oriented education
European Union chamber of Commerce
Exams. See High-stakes testing
F
Fairbank, John
Fengshui
Finland's education system
First Emperor (221 B.C.) [Imperial China]
First Opium War (1842)
Fishman, Ted
Fool's Sunflower Seeds (People's Republic of China)
For Your Own Good (Miller)
Forbes blog post (Leeb)
Ford Motor
; Fraudulent publication problem
French PISA ranking
Friedman, Thomas
From East to West: Chinese Travellers before 1911 series
Fudan University (People's Republic of China)
G
Gaokao college admission exam
Garcia, Lorenzo
General Motors
George III (King of England)
Getihu (individually owned businesses)
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Hofstadter)
Goldman, Merle
Gong, Prince (Qing dynasty)
“Goodnow Constitution” (China, 1914)
Goodnow, Frank Johnson
Gove, Michael
Government official positions (People's Republic of China)
Grant, Mrs.
Grant, Ulysses S.
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Great Leap Forward (People's Republic of China)
Great Wall symbol
Gregory, David
Gribble, David
Guangxu, Emperor (Imperial China)
Guanxi (relationships)
Gunpowder invention
H
Hall, Beverly: rise and fall of; “rule by fear” by
Halper, Stefan
Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) [Imperial China]
Hanxin #1 chip scandal (People's Republic of China)
Hanxin Lab (People's Republic of China)
Hard power concept
Hardin, Garrett
Hartford Daily Courant (newspaper)
Harvard Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
High-stakes testing: as America's Faustian bargain; cheating scandals related to; China's hierarchical model reinforced by frequent; Chinese authoritarian education as effective for producing great test takers; Chinese ban for advancing from primary to high schools; Chinese college admissions consideration of bonus points in addition to; Chinese Ministry of Education concerns over excessive amount of homework and; Chinese Ministry of Education's order to limit frequency of; Chinese schools' focus on preparation for; Cultural Revolution's bans against; failure of Mao's revolution against; faulty accountability system of; gaokao college admission exam; increasing call for “naked tests,”; as not ensuring a healthy “commons,”; People's Daily (PRC newspaper) on tyranny of; prisoner's dilemma of reforming; recommendation for Chinese government to give up control of college entrance; tragedy of continued public and professional support of; as a Trojan horse. See also PISA (Program for International Student Assessment)