ANSWERING THE RIDDLE
denied his claim of discrimination and request for damages In the ruling against Oiler, the Louisiana court noted that “the words of Title VII do not outlaw discrimination against a person who has a sexual identity disorder, i.e., a person born with a male body who believes himself to be a female, or a person born with a female body who believes herself to be male; a prohibition against discrimination based on an individual’s sex is not synonymous with a prohibition based on an individual’s sexual identity disorder or discontent with the sex into which they were born. The dearth of legislative history on section 20ooe-2(a) (1) strongly reinforces the view that the section means nothing more than the plain language suggests.” Title VII of the Civil Rights Act adopted in 1964 provides protection from discrimination on the basis of sex.
In 1989, I became aware Phyllis Randolph Frye, “Transgenders Must Be Brave while Forging This New Front on Equality,” keynote address at the Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law Fifth Annual Symposium, Washington, D.C., February 27, 2002.
scientists are being cautioned not to use hot-button words … such as “gay” An article published in the New York Times on April 18, 2003, described the challenges faced by applicants for federal grants under the Bush administration. “Scientists who study AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases say they have been warned by federal health officials that their research may come under unusual scrutiny by the Department of Health and Human Services or by members of Congress, because the topics are politically controversial. The scientists, who spoke on condition that they not be identified, say they have been advised they can avoid unfavorable attention by keeping certain ‘key words’ out of their applications for grants from the National Institutes of Health or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These words include ‘sex workers,’ ‘men who sleep with men,’ ‘anal sex,’ and ‘needle exchange,’ the scientists said.” Erica Goode, “Certain Words Can Trip Up AIDS Grants, Scientists Say,” New York Times, April 18,2003.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following books and articles were helpful to me in understanding various aspects of the subjects discussed within these pages. Journal and magazine articles previously cited in the notes are not included in this list; book titles are duplicated in both lists. This is far from being a definitive bibliography of all the titles, both scholarly and trade, available on these topics.
Angier, Natalie. Woman: An Intimate Geography.New York: Anchor Books, 1999.
Apfel, Roberta J., and Susan M. Fisher. To Do No Harm: DES and the Dilemmas of Modern Medicine.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
Baron-Cohen, Simon. The Essential Difference: The Truth about the Male and Female Brain.New York: Basic Books, 2003.
Benjamin, Harry. The Transsexual Phenomenon.New York: Ace Books, 1966.
Berkson, Lindsey. Hormone Deception.Chicago: Contemporary Books, 2000.
Bornstein, Kate. Gender Outlaw: Of Men, Womenandthe Rest of Us.New York: Vintage Books, 1995.
Brevard, Aleshia. The Woman I Was Not Born to Be: A Transsexual Journey.Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.
Bullough, Bonnie, Vern L. Bullough, and James Elias. Gender Blending.Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books, 1997.
Bullough, Vern L., and Bonnie Bullough. Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
Butler, Judith. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex.New York: Routledge, 1993.
———. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.New York: Routledge, 1999.
Califia, Pat. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgendensm.San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1997.
Canguilhem, Georges. The Normal and the Pathological.New York: Zone Books, 1991.
Clendenin, Dudley, and Adam Nagourney. Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America.New York: Touchstone, 1999.
Colapinto, John. As Nature Made Him: The Story of a Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl.New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
Colborn, Theo, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers. Our Stolen Future.New York: Dutton, 1996.
Cromwell, Jason. Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders and Sexuali-ties.Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
de Kruif, Paul. The Male Hormone.New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945.
DeVor, Holly. FTM: Female to Male Transsexuals in Society.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Diamond, Milton. Perspectives in Reproduction and Sexual Behavior.Blooming-ton: Indiana University Press, 1968.
Dillon, Michael. Self: A Study in Endocrinology and Ethics.London: William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd., 1946.
Docter, Richard. Transvestites and Transsexuals: Toward a Theory of Cross-Gender Behavior.New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
Dorner, Gunter. Hormones and Brain Differentiation.Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976.
Dreger, Alice Domurat. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex.Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Duberman, Martin. Stonewall.New York: Plume, 1994.
Ekins, Richard, and Dave King. Blending Genders: Social Aspects of Cross-Dressing and Sex-Changing.London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
Ellis, Havelock. Man and Woman: A Study of Human Secondary Sexual Characters.London: Walter Scott, 1897.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality.New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Feinberg, Leslie. Stone Butch Blues.Ithaca, N.Y.: Firebrand Books, 1993.
Feinberg, Leslie. Trans Liberation: Beyond Pink or Blue.Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
Foucault, Michel. Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-Century French Hermaphrodite.Translated by Richard McDougall. Pantheon Books: New York, 1980.
Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety.New York: Routledge, 1992.
Gilman, Sander L. Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Green, Richard. The “Sissy Boy Syndrome” and the Development of Homosexuality.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
Green, Richard, and John Money. Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
Haeberle, Erwin J. The Birth of Sexology: A Brief History in Documents.Washington, D.C.: World Association for Sexology, 1983.
Heilman, Ann. New Woman Fiction: Women Writing First Wave Feminism.New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
Herdt, Gilbert, ed. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture. New York: Zone Books, 1994.
Hirschfeld, Magnus. Transvestites: The Erotic Urge to Cross Dress. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. Buffalo N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1991. Originally published as Die Transvestiten(Leipzig: Max Spohr, 1910).
Hodgkinson, Liz. Michael, Nee Laura: The Story of the World’s First Female to Male Transsexual.London: Columbus Books, 1989.
Hoyer, Niels. Man into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1933.
Isherwood, Christopher. Christopher and His Kind.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976.
Israel, Gianna E., and Donald E. Tarver II, M.D. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information and Personal Accounts.Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
Jay, Karla. Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation.New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Jorgensen, Christine. Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography.San Francisco: Cleis Press, 2000.
Kammerer, Paul. Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency: Experiences with the Steinach Operation on Man and Animals.New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923.
Kates, Gary. Monsieur d’Eon Is a Woman: A Tale of Political Intrigue and Sexual Masquerade.New York: Basic Books, 1995.
Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. New York: Thomas Y C
rowell Company, 1976.
Kessler, Susan J. Lessons from the Intersexed.New Brunswick N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
Krimsky, Sheldon. Hormonal Chaos: The Scientific and Social Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis.Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Kutchins, Herb, and Stuart A. Kirk. Making Us Cravj: DSM—The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of ‘Mental Disorders.New York: Free Press, 1997.
Laub, Donald, and Patrick Gandy Proceedings of the Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on Gender Dysphona Syndrome.Stanford, Calif.: Division of Reconstructive and Rehabilitation Surgery, 1973.
Ledger, Sally. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siecle.Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997.
LeVay, Simon. Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality.Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 1996.
Marks, Patricia. Bicycles, Bangs and Bloomers: The New Woman in the Popular Press.Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.
Martino, Mario. Emergence: A Transsexual Autobiography.New York: Crown Publishers, 1977.
Medvei, Victor Cornelius, ed. A History of Endocrinology.Lancaster, Boston, The Hague: MTP Press Ltd., 1982.
Meyerowitz, Joanne. How Sex Changed: A History of Transsex uality in the United States.Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Money, John. Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History.New York: Continuum, 1995.
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Stone, Sandy. “The Empire Strikes Back: A Post-Transsexual Manifesto,” in Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory.Ed. by K. Conboy, N. Medina, and S. Stanbury. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, 337—59-Thompson, Raymond (with Kitty Sewall). What Took You So Long? A Girl’s Journey to Manhood.London: Penguin Books, 1995.Thurman, Judith. Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette.New York: Knopf, 1999.
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About the Author
DEBORAH RUDACILLE
THE RIDDLE OF GENDER
Deborah Rudacille is a science writer at Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict Between Animal Research and Animal Protection. She lives in Baltimore.
ALSO BY DEBORAH RUDACILLE
The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict Between Animal Research and Animal Protection
Copyright
Copyright © 2005, 2006 by Deborah Rudacille
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1. Transsexualism—United States. 2. Transsexuals—United States—Interviews.
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