The Pawnee were scouts not only at the Battle of Summit Springs, but also for other campaigns against the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.202 *1869: The Shoshoni scouted for the army in campaigns against the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Ute. They helped the army pursue Sioux chief Crazy Horse when he and his people were fleeing.203 1860s: The Shawnee, the Delaware, and the Kickapoos fought the Tonkawas.204 * 1870s: The Crows served as scouts for the army against the Sioux and the Nez Perce.205
1871: Papago together with Mexicans and citizens of Tucson massacred Apaches.206
*1872: General Crook organized a number of mobile units to fight the Apache. Included were White Mountain Apache scouts, the only people who could track their fellow Apache.207
1873: A Sioux war party intercepted a Pawnee hunting party. Pawnee chief Sky Chief and 149 other members of the tribe were killed.208
1873: The Cheyenne under Tall Bull fought the Kaw.209
1874: The Comanche fought the Tonkawas.210
*1876: A delegation of Cheyenne, Miniconjou, and Sans Arc chiefs came to talk peace with General Miles. The general’s Crow scouts attacked the peace party, killing 5 of them. Miles sent them the Crows’ ponies as an apology.211
*1876: At the Battle of the Rosebud, Crazy Horse and his Sioux and Cheyenne met the army of General George Crook. Crook had about 1,050 soldiers and approximately 266 Crow and Shoshoni scouts.212 The Crow and Shoshoni scouts attacked the flanks of the Sioux.213 The Crows helped track the Nez Perce, who were trying to flee to Canada.214
*1876: General Crook had 225 Shoshoni and 25 Ute scouts with him at the Battle of Slim Buttes when he attacked and destroyed the village of Sioux chief American Horse and killed the chief.215
*1877: When the Nez Perce were at war with the army, some of the warriors of Crazy Horse’s Sioux were recruited as army scouts and wore army uniforms.216 The Sioux and Assiniboine fought for perhaps 100 or 200 years. The Sioux claimed they had taken more scalps from the Assiniboine than from any other tribe. It is not certain when their war began.217
*1877: General Howard had some Bannock scouts with him while fighting the Nez Perce. The Bannocks dug up Nez Perce dead to scalp and mutilate.218
*1877: At the Battle of Big Bear Paw, Colonel Nelson E. Miles had a number of Cheyenne warriors with him.219 After that battle was over and while the defeated Nez Perce were trying to flee, some of them were killed by Assiniboine and by Hidatsa.220
Before 1882: The Apache fought the Pueblos.221
The literature refers to other intertribal wars, but the author has not found specific dates. Those fights include the following:
Chickasaw, Chocktaw, and Cherokee against the White Sticks.222 Shoshoni against the Blackfeet, Cheyenne, and Sioux.223 Seneca against the Catawbas.224
Chickasaw against the Muskohge, and the Shawano against the Muskohge.225 Chickasaw against the Shawnee.226
Blackfeet fought the Crows, Sioux, Shoshoni, Flatheads, and Kootenais.227 Chippewa fought the Kickapoos.228
Chippewa, Ottawas, Potawatomis, Sac, Fox, and Kickapoos defeated the Illinois.229 Crows fought the Sioux and Blackfeet for horses, hunting grounds, and fame.230 Navajo fought the Hopi.231
Klamaths fought other northern California tribes.232 Mojaves fought the Pimas and the Papagos.233 Pequots and Narragansets attacked the Montauks.234
Navajo and Apache fought the Pueblos for food, property, women, and slaves.235
Pawnee fought Kiowa and Comanche.236
Pequots fought Narragansets and Niantics for land.237
Tonwankas fought Apache.238
Caddo, Delaware, and Shawnee fought Tonwankas.239 Pawnee and Blackfeet fought each other “time out of mind.”240
APPENDIX B
Deaths Caused by Specific Indian Atrocities
Date Number of deaths* Brief description of the atrocity
1511-12 3+ Dutch reported Indian eating wife and children
unknown 1 Tonkawas killed Comanche and made stew of him
unknown 1 Lipans cooked a Comanche
unknown 2+ New England Indians gnawed flesh from settlers
c.1625 1 Mohegan sachem ate Narraganset sachem
c.1630 1 Thumb of Father Jogues cut off
unknown 1 Indians made a hole in victim’s breast and sucked blood from it
1632 32 Delaware Indians massacred Dutch settlers
c.1637 6+ Indians in Massachusetts flayed settlers alive, cut off members and joints and broiled them, and ate flesh of others in their sight
1637 1 Indians roasted settler in Massachusetts to death
1637 2+ Indian tribes gave English the heads of Pequots
1638-84 4 During the Beaver Wars, Iroquois captured by Hurons and killed by torture. Iroquois chief Ononkwaya roasted, scalped, thrown into the fire, hands and feet amputated, and finally decapitated
1639 113 Hurons burned Iroquois to death
1643 80 Mohawk severed the heads of Wappinger Indians
1643 30 Mohawk tortured additional Wappingers to death for public amusement
1643 8+ Mohawk hacked babies to death, threw others in the water to drown, amputated hands and legs
1644 2 Susquehannock Indians tortured Maryland soldiers
1648 1 Iroquois hacked Father Daniel’s body apart and threw it in the fire
1655 2+ Armed Indians killed settlers in retaliation for killing of Indian pulling peaches off tree
1659 8 Esopus Indians burned Dutch soldiers alive
unknown 5 Cheyenne scalped workers; one survived
1675 8 Heads of settlers put on poles at King Philip’s village
unknown 1 Nipmucs captured a settler on a peace mission, be-headed him, and stuck his head on a pole in front of his horne
1675 4+ Massachusetts towns attacked by Indians; men and women settlers scalped, their skins flayed
1675 37 Captain Beers and his men were beheaded by Indians, who put their heads on poles
1675 12 Narraganset Indians murdered settlers at Lancaster, Massachusetts
1675 36 Indians killed settlers in dispute over an account
1676 1 Indians burned an Iroquois to death
1689 1 Indians in Maine cut off fingers and slashed chest of fur trader Major Richard Waldron
1690 60 French-Canadians and Indians attacked Schenectady, hacking men, women, and children to death
1692 100+ Abnakis and French massacred soldiers in Maine who had surrendered on condition of safe conduct
1697 1+ Abnakis smashed the baby of Hannah Duston against a tree
1703 49 Abnakis and Mohawk killed settlers in Connecticut
1721 4 Cherokee presented king of England with scalps
1729 1 Shawnee tortured by cutting off his thumbs, pulling out his nails, burning prisoner’s feet, legs, genitals, with red-hot gun barrels, stuck pine splinters into him and set them on fire, scalped him, and ran hot gun barrels up his rectum
c.1750 6+ Apache killed older women, took prisoners horne where women could shoot them with arrows and rifles, cut off arms and legs, scalped
1752 1 Indians ate Miami chief Memeskia
1754 3 Indians ate Captain Donahew and others
1754 17 Indians scalped Snider family, tomahawked and scalped Snider’s servant, scalped Adams family, raped Mrs. Adams, scalped a trader and ate him, scalped and disemboweled prisoners who had escaped, then burned them to death and buried another in a hole, scalped him, burned him to death, and cut off his head
1754 20+ Indians took 20 scalps
1755 75+ Mohawk brought scalps from Braddock’s defeat
1755 12 Prisoners burned to death by Mohawk
1755 1 Indian scalped Englishman
1755-59 95 Indians killed settlers, according to John M’Cullough memo
1756 1 An Indian woman who had fled to the settlers was stripped, tied to a post, and hot irons applied
1756 2 The Delaware tortured and killed Simon Girty’s stepfather and killed his mother
1757 3+ Indians put prisoner into kettle and forced others to
eat him and compelled mothers to eat the flesh of their children
1757 2+ Indians scalped the dead and ate some of them
1757 3 Indians scalped Captain Spikeman, who was beheaded and his head put on a pole; another prisoner was stuck with pine needles, which were set afire; and a third had his intestines cut open and was forced to walk around a sapling until he died
1758 1+ Montcalm took Fort William Henry and promised soldiers safe conduct, but Indians killed or took prisoner as many as 1,500
1758 3 Delaware Indians killed Thomas Potter, then a small child who was scalped, then Samuel Hunter, who was also scalped, and Daniel M’Manimy, who was burned, then his scalp was put on a pole before his face and finally red-hot gun barrels and a bayonet were passed over his body
1758 c.267 Scottish soldiers beheaded and heads put on stakes
1758 2+ Shawnee burned settlers and put their burned heads, arms, and legs along shore of Ohio River
1763 2,000 Pontiac’s Rebellion resulted in many settler deaths
1763 8 Settlers murdered by Indians at Detroit
1763 12+ At Fort Michilimackinac, which was captured by Chippewa and Sac, a lieutenant was beheaded, the dead scalped and mangled, the dying tomahawked, some bodies ripped open and Indians drank their blood, 5 knifed to death by a Chippewa chief, and the fattest cooked and eaten
1763 1 Commander of the garrison at Venango tortured for 3 days by Iroquois, then roasted to death by the Seneca
1763 1 Chippewa chief Wasson scalped Captain Campbell
1763 1 Captain Dalyell was killed; Pontiac’s men cut out his heart, wiped it on prisoners’ faces, cut off his head, and mounted it on a pole
1763 1 Pontiac served French settlers body of a British soldier, then showed them his severed head
unknown 2+ Sioux scalped Mandans
c.1770 1 The Boggs baby was not permitted to nurse, was thrown into the road intermittently, was sometimes kicked, then murdered and scalped
c.1775 1 Indians seared prisoner’s body with heated gun barrels, scalped, hot coals applied to his skull, one end of his intestines tied around a tree around which he walked until they were all drawn out, his genitals cut off, and a hot gun barrel thrust into his heart
1777 2 A Wyandot and another Indian friendly to the British escorted American Jane MacCrea to a British post to meet her British fiance. The Indians tomahawked and scalped her. Her scalp and that taken from an American officer were taken to the Indian camp
1778 360 The Wyoming Valley Massacre took 360 settler lives at the hands of the Iroquois, and the British commander Butler claimed 227 scalps were taken
1778 110 British colonel Hamilton claimed he bought 110 scalps that year alone
1778 30+ Indians attacked Cherry Valley, New York, and some engaged in cannibalism
1778 5+ Major Moses Van Campen’s father and brother were scalped; he found an Indian village that had scalped 3 families
1779 2 Manheim twin sisters stuck with splinters dipped in turpentine and burned
1779 unknown Mohawk struck town of Minisink, burning 12 houses
1779 2 Iroquois captured Oneida chief Hanyerry, hewed his body to pieces, and impaled his scalped head on a branch; at same time, Lieutenant Boyd was captured, his fingernails pulled out, nose and tongue cut off, eye gouged out, genitals cut off, and he was skinned alive and beheaded
1779 4+ Colonel Lochy and some of his men tortured by Mohawk
1779 18 Indians attacked town of Goshen and scalped all 17 hospital patients and their physician
c.1780 1 Sutler Potts was scalped, hung upside down on a sapling, then cut open so that his intestines hung down over his head
1781 9 Settlers burned at the stake by Wyandots
unknown 3 Kwakiutl Cannibal Society bit flesh from arms of those watching them dance, then ate a slave
1782 3 Indians scalped Mrs. Wallace, her infant, and John Carpenter near Raccoon Creek
1782 5 Delaware women and boys tomahawked prisoners
1782 1 Delaware tortured Colonel Crawford: Powder was shot into his body from feet to neck, his ears cut off, his body burned with sticks, burning coals thrown on him, he was scalped, a squaw put more coals on his back and head, and his body burned almost to ashes
1782 5 The Reverend Corly’s family was scalped by Indians
1782 7 Shawnee and Mingos killed captives by burning, the bodies of 3 given to the dogs
1783-90 c.l,500 Settlers killed in Little Turtle’s War in the Old North-west
1785 4 Scott family killed by Indians in Virginia
c.1785 1 This prisoner of the Indians was burned from all sides by women with torches; when he fell unconscious, he was scalped, dismembered, and all his extremities, including his genitals, cut off
1786 1 Grandfather of Abraham Lincoln killed by Indian in Kentucky
1788 3 Tecumseh and his men scalped at Drake Creek
1788 110 British colonel Hamilton bought these white scalps
1789 1 Medicine man Aiskawbawis ate his wife
1789 1 Indian showed Ironside the heart of a settler whom he had killed
1789 1 Charles Builderback, who had murdered Indians at Gnadenhutten, and his wife were captured; he was slowly emasculated and dismembered
1790 8 Johnston was captured, and others also captured scalped by Indians, then 6 more killed, 2 of whom were scalped by Indians
1790 3 Miamis killed prisoners
1790 1 William Flinn was burned at the stake and eaten by Miamis
1790 1 Abner Hunt was tied to a log, stretched out, a fire built around him, knife slits made in his body, and hot coals put in the slits
1791 24 Mingos captured boats on the Ohio River and killed passengers
1791 2 Daniel Greathouse, who allegedly murdered part of the family of Mingo chief Logan, and his wife were captured by Mingos, pieces of their intestines lashed to a sapling, and they were made to walk around it until they died
1791 1 Officer Richard Butler was captured by Shawnee, who killed and scalped him, then cut out his heart and divided it into 14 pieces so that each tribe in the battle could eat it
1791 1 Soldier George Aikins was scalped by Kickapoos, then stabbed in every sensitive part of his body
1791 4 Soldiers were severely beaten, fainted, and were scalped and tortured
1791 6 Settlers scalped, perhaps by Wabash Indians
1792 12+ After St. Clair’s defeat, captives were roasted, soldiers’ intestines pulled out; they were flayed alive, their limbs hacked and pulled off, brains of children were dashed out, women run through with stakes, and some women’s breasts hacked away before they were cut in 2
1792 2 The Herbeson boys, 5 and 3, were scalped
c.1795 1 The Shawano captured Anantooeah, who tried to use strategy to escape. He sat on burning torches there to torture him. A Shawano warrior said he would not have died except that he was spoiled by fire, and tomahawked him
c.1800 12 Warrior captured by Catawba escaped and was pursued by Seneca; he killed them, chopped them to pieces, scalped them, went to the place he had buried other Seneca earlier, dug them up, scalped them too, and burned their bodies
c.1805 3 Chickasaw warrior went into enemy Muskohge country, killed a young man and 2 women, then scalped them
1806 4 Delaware medicine man Tenskwatawa had a witch hunt where an accused witch was roasted 4 days, then confessed, and 3 more burned
1807 7 Jordan and his children were put in holes dug in the ground up to their necks; dried branches were placed around them and burned
1812 1 The body of Captain Wells was beheaded by Indians and stuck on a pole, while other Indians took out his heart and divided it among chiefs
1812 10+ The garrison at Fort Dearborn surrendered, and troops, settlers, wives, and children evacuated and Potawatomis killed many by torture
unknown 4 Moore family captured; infant and retarded son killed; mother and daughter roasted by Cherokee
1812 20 Tecumseh’s Indians scalped prisoners at Fort Meigs
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br /> 1813 400 Creeks attacked Fort Mims and massacred settlers
1813 850 American army failed in its attack on Frenchtown on the Raisin River in Michigan, and soldiers massacred by Indians
1813 40 At the Battle of Fort Meigs, Indians massacred prisoners
1816 4+ Creek and Seminole mothers killed their small children before going into battle
1820 1+ Every year the Pawnee kidnapped a young girl, and then cut out her heart
The Wild Frontier Page 38