102. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 281-83. Catlin witnessed and described another Sioux Sun Dance (Catlin, Letters and Notes, 226-27).
103. Waldman, Atlas, 219.
104. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 237.
105. Richardson, Rupert N., The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement (1933), 37-38.
106. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 106.
107. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 100.
108. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 196-97.
109. Brandon, Indians, 136.
110. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 174.
111. Of course, settlers scalped as well. Wilson, in The Earth Shall Weep, p. 237, stated that “on good authority I can report the case of an old prospector-pioneer-miner-trapper of this region who had on his bed even in recent years a blanket lined with Indian scalps…. The Indians he had killed purely on his own account.” This was a California prospector. Such a blanket would contain perhaps 150 scalps, which is 146 more than Wilson reported the Indians took.
112. Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country, 88.
113. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 37.
114. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 283.
115. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 15.
116. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 267-68.
117. Quoted in Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country, 207.
118. Brady, Indian Eights and Fighters, 323.
119. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 99.
120. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 1234.
121. Ibid., 1234.
122. Ibid., 1234-35.
123. Ibid., 1234.
124. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 192-93.
125. Quoted in Washburn, The Indian in America, 220.
126. Matthiessen, Peter, Indian Country (1984), 329.
127. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 27.
128. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 236.
129. Ibid., 18.
130. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 194.
131. The American Heritage Book of the Revolution (1958), 242.
132. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 4.
133. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 292.
134. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 153.
135. Esarey, Logan. A History of Indiana (1970), 70-71.
136. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 213.
137. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 145.
138. Ambrose, Stephen E., Undaunted Courage (1996), 84, 88, 135.
139. Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 151.
140. Quoted in Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 17.
141. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 190.
142. Andrist, Long Death, 178.
143. Catlin, Letters and Notes, 259-60.
144. Washburn, The Indian in America, 66. Other reports about unnecessary slaughter of buffalo by Indians are found in Waldman, Atlas, 4, and Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 5.
145. Waldman, Atlas, 25.
146. Ibid., 214.
147. Driver, Indians of North America, 218.
148. Quoted in Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 158.
149. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 76.
150. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 212.
151. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 254.
152. War chiefs were the principals in times of war, peace chiefs in times of peace.
153. Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 99.
154. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 19.
155. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 160.
156. Waldman, Atlas, 128.
157. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 243.
158. Waldman, Who Was Who, 264-65.
159. Quoted in Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian, 170.
160. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 120.
161. Waldman, Atlas, 63.
162. Ibid., 87.
163. Washburn, The Indian in America, 43.
164. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 188.
165. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 234.
166. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 126.
167. Ibid., 127.
168. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 191.
169. Debo, A History of the Indians, 192.
170. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 103.
171. Debo, A History of the Indians, 265.
172. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 161.
173. Waldman, Atlas, 88.
174. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 289-90.
175. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 280.
176. Washburn, The Indian in America, 88-89.
177. Quoted in Brodie, Fawn M., Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (1988), 434.
178. Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 36.
179. Quoted in Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 84.
180. Quoted in Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 57.
181. Quoted in Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 38.
182. Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859-1865: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations (1989), 441-42.
183. Quoted in Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 198.
184. Quoted in Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 107.
185. Quoted in Hays, A Race at Bay, 191.
186. Quoted in Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 116.
187. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 271.
188. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 40.
189. Quoted in Jackson, A Century of Dis-honor, 226.
190. Ibid., 162.
191. Jackson, 244.
192. Quoted in Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 329.
193. Quoted in Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 380.
194. Some slaveholding tribes follow: Mohegan, Narragansets, Niantics (Waldman, Atlas, 91); Osages (Debo, A History of the Indians, 73); Miami, Delaware, Shawnee (Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 133); Ute (Debo, 159); Nootkas (Drimmer, 233); Apache and Navajo (Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 153); Wichitas, Comanche, and Creeks (Abel, Annie Heloise, The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist, 166-67); Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole (Debo, 128); Papagos, Northwest Pacific Indians, and Iroquois (Debo, 269; Josephy, Indian Heritage, 77; and World Book, vol. 1, 119); Makahs and Wascos (Spicer, The American Indians, 155, 153).
195. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 35. The Yurok tribe of northern California held land individually and sold it to one another. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 261.
196. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 195, 202-3.
197. Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 54.
198. Title was obtained by 2 methods other than treaties: title by conquest through the English government, and title by conquest on the part of the settlers themselves (both will be described later). When imperialistic Indians took the hunting grounds of other tribes by force, as they frequently did, it was done under title by conquest and was no more theft than was the taking of Indian-occupied land by the settlers.
199. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 106.
200. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 104.
201. Ibid., 104-5.
202. Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country, 130.
203. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 287-88.
204. Pearce, The Savages of America, 43.
205. Quoted in Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 173. Both Lewis and Clark were marvelously brave and resourceful leaders. They were not good spellers. Their original spellings are used here in order that their words are not mistranslated. An example is Clark’s entry referring to the work entitled A New and Complete Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences. Captain Clark said he had been thumbing through the “Deckinsery of arts an ciences.” Ambrose, 226.
206. Ambrose, 180.
207. Ibid., 340.
208. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 36.
209. Catlin, Letters
and Notes, 121.
210. Ibid., 126.
211. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 95.
212. Ibid., 96.
213. Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country, 50.
214. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 173.
215. Quoted in Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 111.
216. Brown, 226-27.
217. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 310; Waldman, Who Was Who, 4.
218. Quoted in Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 327.
219. Quoted in Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 15-16.
220. Pearce, The Savages of America, 93.
221. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 13.
222. Quoted in Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 91.
223. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 59.
224. Ibid., 59. Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock escorted the band of Seminole chief Pascofa out of Florida. His journal said this: “A story exists that in the early part of the [Seminole] war, the children of this band were put to death by their parents to prevent being discovered by their noise and to make themselves light for hasty retreats; and it is a fact that the children among them [on the boat] extend up from infancy to 4 years of age—mostly to but 3 and then jump to 15 or 16. It would really seem from this that some 4 years ago they did put some of their children to death.” Quoted in Foreman, Grant, Indian Removal (1932), 383.
225. Foreman, 179.
226. Quoted in Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 341.
227. Catlin, Letters and Notes, 214.
228. Ibid., 214.
229. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 3.
230. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 12.
231. Quoted in Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 191.
232. Heard, J. Norman, White into Red: A Study of the Assimilation of White Persons Captured by Indians (1973), 21, quoting Coleman, Emma Lewis, New England Captives Carried to Canada (1925), 44-58.
233. Quoted in Heard, White into Red, 17.
234. Waldman, Atlas, 152; Waldman, Who Was Who, 265.
235. Debo, A History of the Indians, 288.
236. Heard, White into Red, 131.
237. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 5.
238. Ibid., 4.
239. Ibid., 215.
240. Ibid., 206.
241. Ibid., 206-7.
242. Heard, White into Red, 138.
243. Brandon, Indians, 369.
244. Waldman, Who Was Who, 146.
245. Debo, A History of the Indians, 107.
246. Quoted in Hagan, American Indians, 121.
247. Richardson, Rupert. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement (1933), 53.
248. Matthiessen, Indian Country, 26.
249. Quoted in Hays, A Race at Bay, 102.
250. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 298.
251. Matthiessen, Indian Country, 156.
252. Quoted in Wissler, Indians of the United States, 138-39.
253. Ibid., 139.
254. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 49.
255. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 160.
256. Quoted in Brandon, Indians, 318-19.
257. Quoted in Andrist, Long Death, 317.
258. Quoted in Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian, 19.
259. Catlin, Letters and Notes, 47.
260. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 180.
261. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier, 27-28.
262. Quoted in Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 163.
263. Ambrose, 193.
264. Quoted in Ambrose, 335.
265. Ambrose, 353.
266. Quoted in Ambrose, 355-57.
267. Ambrose, 384-85.
268. Ibid., 387-91.
269. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 12-13.
270. Driver, Indians of North America, 323.
271. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 191.
272. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 278.
273. Quoted in Drimmer, 282-83.
274. Waldman, Who Was Who, 85-87.
275. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 406-7.
276. Ibid., 211.
277. Waldman, Atlas, 61.
278. Quoted in Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 257.
279. Ibid., 257.
280. Quoted in Wissler, Indians of the United States, 293.
281. Schultz, The Month of the Freezing Moon, 19.
282. Washburn, The Indian in America, 107.
283. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 239.
284. Quoted in Sheehan, 237.
285. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 130.
286. Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 12.
287. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 305.
288. Andrist, Long Death, 14.
289. Catlin, Letters and Notes, 480.
290. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service, Regional Differences in Indian Health (1992), 5.
291. Dippie, The Vanishing American, 34-35.
292. Ibid., 34-35.
293. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 254.
294. Dippie, The Vanishing American, 35.
295. Driver, Indians of North America, 396-98.
296. Ibid., 391.
297. Catlin, Letters and Notes, 34-35.
298. Driver, Indians of North America, 447.
299. Ibid., 447.
300. Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America (1986), 215.
301. Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 161.
302. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 265; Andrist, The Long Death, 184-85.
303. Andrist, The Long Death, 188.
304. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 265-66. Isatai fared better than 6 or 8 Fresno medicine men in California who could not cure the sick. It was determined they would be killed, and they were. Trafzer, Clifford E., and Joel R. Hyer, Exterminate Them! (1999), 49.
305. Waldman, Atlas, 107.
306. Waldman, Who Was Who, 354.
307. Ibid.
308. Quoted in Andrist, Long Death, 177.
309. Waldman, Atlas, 132; Waldman, Who Was Who, 89.
310. Andrist, Long Death, 237.
311. Catlin, Letters and Notes, 143.
312. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 252.
313. Andrist, Long Death, 340.
314. Ibid., 340-41.
315. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 374-80.
316. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 35.
317. Coward, 8.
318. Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian, 6.
319. Ibid., 28.
Chapter 3: Some Settler Cultural Characteristics
1. Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 9-13.
2. Ibid., 69-70.
3. Ibid., 80.
4. Ibid., 70.
5. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 29-30.
6. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 69.
7. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 31.
8. Ibid., 30.
9. Ibid., 31.
10. Ibid., 31.
11. Ibid., 32.
12. Ibid., 37-38.
13. Ibid., 38.
14. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 266.
15. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 266.
16. Wallbank, T. Walter, and Alastair M. Taylor, Civilization—Past and Present, vol. 2 (1942), 228.
17. West, Elliott, The Contested Plains (1998), 88.
18. Peckham quoted in Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 99.
19. Quoted in Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 204.
20. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 70.
21. Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 79.
22. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 119.
23. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 10.
24. Waldman, Atlas, 170.
25. Brogan, Denis William, The American Character (1944), 5-6.
26. Crèvecoeur
, Letters from an American Farmer, 81.
27. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 49.
28. Ibid., 129-30.
29. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 114.
30. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 268.
31. Quoted in Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 10.
32. West, The Contested Plains, 335.
33. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 167.
34. Ibid., 268.
35. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 196.
36. Hays, A Race at Bay, 178.
37. Ibid., 27.
38. Erlich, J. W., Erlich’s Blackstone (1959), 791.
39. Debo, A History of the Indians, 311. This statement refers to the Cherokee, but it could refer to all Indians.
40. Quoted in Commager, The West, 235.
41. Quoted in Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 35.
42. Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 121.
43. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 206.
44. Found at 8 Wheaton 543, 572 (1823).
45. Hagan, American Indians, 70.
46. Debo, A History of the Indians, 287.
47. Ibid., 287.
48. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 12.
49. Washburn, The Indian in America, 43.
50. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 280.
51. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 16.
52. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 13.
53. Ibid., 13.
54. Ibid., 13.
55. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 124.
56. Quoted in Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 167.
57. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 263.
58. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 34.
59. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 268.
60. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 102.
61. Quoted in Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 1.
62. Debo, A History of the Indians, 88.
63. Ibid., 90.
64. Hagan, American Indians, 39-40.
65. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 124.
66. Ibid., 124.
67. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 269.
68. Quoted in Debo, A History of the Indians, 121-22.
69. Quoted in Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 103.
70. Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 49.
71. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 49.
72. Andrist, Long Death, 202.
73. Washburn, The Indian in America, 111.
74. Ibid., 112.
75. Hagan, American Indians, 89, 127-28.
76. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 124.
77. Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, 78.
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