by Will Podmore
19. Ronald Suny, editor, The structure of Soviet history: essays and documents, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 21.
20. Hugh Phillips, p. 2, ‘The heartland turns red: the Bolshevik seizure of power in Tver’, Revolutionary Russia, 2001, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-21.
21. Hugh Phillips, p. 18, ‘The heartland turns red: the Bolshevik seizure of power in Tver’, Revolutionary Russia, 2001, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-21.
22. John Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: the forgotten peace, March 1918, Macmillan, 1963 (1938), p. 28.
23. Robert Service, Lenin: a biography, Macmillan, 2000, p. 267.
24. Donald Raleigh, Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov, Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 331.
25. Rex A. Wade, The Bolshevik revolution and the Russian civil war, Greenwood Press, 2001, p. 29.
26. Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 309.
27. Frederick Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948, p. 129.
28. Cited p. 17, Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930).
29. Isaac Deutscher, The prophet armed: Trotsky 1879-1921, Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 382.
30. Cited p. 186, John W. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: the forgotten peace, March 1918, Macmillan, 1963 (1938).
31. Isaac Deutscher, The prophet armed: Trotsky 1879-1921, Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 393.
32. Cited p. 381, Isaac Deutscher, The prophet armed: Trotsky 1879-1921, Oxford University Press, 1970.
33. Cited p. 384, Isaac Deutscher, The prophet armed: Trotsky 1879-1921, Oxford University Press, 1970.
34. Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930), p. 68.
35. For evidence of his treachery, see Grover Furr, Evidence of Leon Trotsky’s collaboration with Germany and Japan, Cultural Logic, 2009.
36. See Oleh S. Fedyshyn, Germany’s drive to the East and the Ukrainian revolution, 1917-1918, Rutgers University Press, 1971.
37. Cited p. 352, John W. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: the forgotten peace, March 1918, Macmillan, 1963 (1938).
38. Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930), p. 76.
39. See Giles Milton, Russian roulette: a deadly game: how British spies thwarted Lenin’s global plot, Sceptre, 2013, pp. 156-63.
40. Cited p. 217, Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930).
41. Winston S. Churchill, The world crisis: Volume 4, The aftermath, Thornton-Butterworth, 1929, p. 235.
42. See Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930), p. 199.
43. Cited pp. 143-4, Evan Mawdsley, The Russian civil war, Allen & Unwin, 1987.
44. Cited p. 137, Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930).
45. See Giles Milton, Russian roulette: a deadly game: how British spies thwarted Lenin’s global plot, Sceptre, 2013, pp. 251-5.
46. Cited p. 315, Clifford Kinvig, Churchill’s crusade: the British invasion of Russia, 1918-1920, Hambledon Continuum, 2006.
47. Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, ‘A test of the news’ in Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the news, New York: Dover Books, 2010 reprint of the 1920 edition, p. 126.
48. Cited p. 127, Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, ‘A test of the news’ in Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the news, New York: Dover Books, 2010 reprint of the 1920 edition.
49. Evans Clark, Facts and fabrications about Soviet Russia, Rand School of Social Science, 1920, pp. 18-22.
50. Cited p. 19, Evans Clark, Facts and fabrications about Soviet Russia, Rand School of Social Science, 1920.
51. Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, ‘A test of the news’ in Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the news, New York: Dover Books, 2010 reprint of the 1920 edition, p. 63.
52. See Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, ‘A test of the news’ in Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the news, New York: Dover Books, 2010 reprint of the 1920 edition, p. 139.
53. Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, ‘A test of the news’ in Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the news, New York: Dover Books, 2010 reprint of the 1920 edition, p. 43.
54. Cited p. 245, Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930).
55. Report (Political and Economic) of the Committee to Collect Information on Russia, HMSO, 1921, p. 30.
56. Sir Paul Dukes, Red dusk and the morrow: adventures and investigations in Red Russia, Williams & Norgate, 1922, pp. 224-5.
57. Cited p. 136, Christopher Hill, Lenin and the Russian revolution, Penguin, 1971 (1947).
58. Cited p. 165, Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948.
59. Cited p. 164, Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948.
60. General Sir Brian Horrocks, A full life, Collins, 1962, p. 48.
61. Alexander Statiev, The Soviet counterinsurgency in the Western borderlands, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 33.
62. Michael Hughes, Inside the enigma: British officials in Russia, 1900-1939, Hambledon Press, 1997, p. 181.
63. Clifford Kinvig, Churchill’s crusade: the British invasion of Russia, 1918-1920, Hambledon Continuum, 2006, p. 318.
64. Edward Acton and Tom Stableford, editors, The Soviet Union: a documentary history, Volume 1 1917-1940, University of Exeter Press, 2005, p. 114.
65. Cited p. 178, Peter Kenez, Civil war in South Russia, 1918, University of California Press, 1971.
66. See Peter Kenez, Civil war in South Russia, 1918, University of California Press, 1971, p. 79.
67. Cited p. 387, Jonathan Smele, Civil war in Siberia: the anti-Bolshevik government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918-1920, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
68. Cited p. 93, Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, ‘A test of the news’ in Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the news, New York: Dover Books, 2010 reprint of the 1920 edition.
69. Cited p. 129, Edward Acton and Tom Stableford, editors, The Soviet Union: a documentary history, Volume 1 1917-1940, University of Exeter Press, 2005.
70. Cited p. 130, Edward Acton and Tom Stableford, editors, The Soviet Union: a documentary history, Volume 1 1917-1940, University of Exeter Press, 2005.
71. Cited pp. 164-5, Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948.
72. Cited p. 163, Michael Hughes, Inside the enigma: British officials in Russia, 1900-1939, Hambledon Press, 1997.
73. Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948, p. 149.
74. V. I. Lenin, Speech at a Plenary Session of the Moscow Soviet, 1922, Collected works, Volume 27, Moscow: FLP, p. 366.
75. V. I. Lenin, On cooperation, 1923, Collected works, Volume 33, Moscow: FLP, p. 467.
76. E. H. Carr, Socialism in one country, 1924-1926, Volume 2, Macmillan, 1959, p. 48.
77. See Stephen Dorril, MI6: fifty years of Special Operations, Fourth Estate, 2000, p. 268.
78. Stephen Dorril,
MI6: fifty years of special operations, Fourth Estate, 2000, p. 8.
79. Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand delusion: Stalin and the German invasion of Russia, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 2.
80. Stephen Dorril, MI6: fifty years of special operations, Fourth Estate, 2000, p. 402.
81. Raymond L. Garthoff, A journey through the cold war: a memoir of containment and coexistence, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 383.
82. Cited p. 218, Keith Jeffery, MI6: the history of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909-1949, Bloomsbury, 2010. For an account of the whole affair, see his pp. 214-22.
83. See Michael Kort, The Soviet colossus: history and aftermath, 7th edition, M. E. Sharpe, 2010, p. 197.
84. E. H. Carr, Socialism in one country, 1924-1926, Volume 1, Macmillan, 1969, pp. 329-30.
85. See Sarah Davies and James Harris, Stalin’s world: dictating the Soviet order, Yale University Press, 2015, pp. 65, 77 and 87.
86. On the Arcos raid, see Louis Fischer, The Soviets in world affairs: a history of the relations between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, 1917-1929, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951 (1930), pp. 686-92.
87. See Christopher Andrew, The defence of the realm: the authorized history of MI5, Allen Lane, 2010, p. 154.
88. The Observer, 29 May 1927.
89. See James Harris, Intelligence and threat perception: defending the revolution, 1917-1937, Chapter 2, pp. 29-43, in James Harris, editor, The anatomy of terror: political violence under Stalin, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Chapter 2 The Soviet Union from 1927 to 1939
1. Cited footnote 1, p. 189, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet communism: a new civilization, 3rd edition, Longmans, Green and Co., 1947.
2. See E. A. Rees, Iron Lazar: a political biography of Lazar Kaganovich, Anthem Press, 2012, p. 97.
3. Cited p. 73, E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, Foundations of a planned economy, 1926-1929, Volume 1 Part 1, Macmillan, 1969.
4. Moshe Lewin, Russian peasants and Soviet power: a study of collectivization, George Allen & Unwin, 1968, p. 488.
5. See Anna Louise Strong, I change worlds, Routledge, 1935, p. 290.
6. Thomas D. Campbell, Russia: market or menace? Longmans, 1932, p. 65.
7. See Walter S. Dunn, Jr., The Soviet economy and the Red Army 1930-1945, Praeger 1995, Table on p. 16.
8. Mark Tauger, pp. 109 and 112, Stalin, Soviet agriculture and collectivisation, in Frank Trentmann and Flemming Just, editors, Food and conflict in Europe in the age of the two world wars, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, pp. 109-42.
9. Cited p. 56, E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, Foundations of a planned economy, 1926-1929, Volume 1 Part 1, Macmillan, 1969.
10. Leon Trotsky, The real situation in Russia, International Publishers, 1928, p. 31.
11. Anna Louise Strong, I change worlds, Routledge, 1935, p. 331.
12. R. W. Davies, The Soviet economy in turmoil, 1929-1930, Macmillan, 1989, p. 486.
13. David Granick, Soviet metal-fabricating and economic development: practice versus policy, University of Wisconsin Press, 1967, pp. 26-7.
14. Cited p. 666, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet communism: a new civilization, 3rd edition, Longmans, Green and Co., 1947.
15. Loren R. Graham, Science and philosophy in the Soviet Union, Alfred A. Knopf, 1972, p. 430.
16. Cited p. 455, Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, editors, The Cambridge history of the Cold War, Volume I Origins, Cambridge University Press, 2010. See also Alexei Kojevnikov, Stalin’s great science: the times and adventures of Russia’s physicists, Imperial College Press, 2004.
17. Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a history, 4th edition, University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 388.
18. See for examples, Frederic Chaubin, CCCP: Cosmic communist constructions photographed, Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 2011.
19. Cited p. 37, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet communism: a new civilization, 3rd edition, Longmans, Green and Co., 1947.
20. All cited p. 189, Sarah Davies and James Harris, Stalin’s world: dictating the Soviet order, Yale University Press, 2015.
21. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and social mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 16-7, 205 and 254.
22. See Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin’s industrial revolution: politics and workers, 1928-1932, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 116.
23. Cited p. 165, Edgar Snow, The pattern of Soviet power, Random House, 1945.
24. Robert W. Dunn, Soviet trade unions, New York: Vanguard Press, 1928, p. 45.
25. See Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic backwardness in historical perspective, Harvard University Press, 1962.
26. Isaac Mazepa, Ukrainia under Bolshevist rule, Slavonic Review, Vol. 12, 1933-34, pp. 342-3.
27. Stalin’s letter to Sholokhov, 6 May 1933, cited p. 824, Michael Ellman, The role of leadership perceptions and of intent in the Soviet famine of 1931–1934, Europe-Asia Studies, 2005, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 823-41.
28. Michael Ellman, Footnote 9, p. 837, The role of leadership perceptions and of intent in the Soviet famine of 1931–1934, Europe-Asia Studies, 2005, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 823-41.
29. See Wolf Ladejinsky, Collectivisation of agriculture in the Soviet Union, Political Science Quarterly, June 1934, pp. 229 and 243.
30. See Mark B. Tauger, Le Livre Noire du Communisme on the Soviet Famine of 1932-1933, p. 4, available at chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/taugerroterhol.pdf.
31. See R. W. Davies and S. G. Wheatcroft, The years of hunger: Soviet agriculture, 1931-1933, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 214.
32. R. W. Davies and S. G. Wheatcroft, The years of hunger: Soviet agriculture, 1931-1933, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 221. For more details on the government’s food aid, see their pp. 221-3, 424-5 and 440.
33. Terry Martin, The affirmative action empire: nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 315.
34. David R. Shearer, p. 197, Stalinism, 1928-1940, Chapter 7, pp. 192-216, in Ronald Suny, editor, The Cambridge history of Russia, Volume III The twentieth century, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
35. Diane P. Koenker and Ronald D. Bachman, Revelations from the Russian archives: documents in English translation, Library of Congress, 1997, p. 401.
36. Barbara B. Green, p. 156, Stalinist terror and the question of genocide: the Great Famine, pp. 137-61, in Alan S. Rosenbaum, editor, Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on comparative genocide, Westview Press, 1996.
37. Steven J. Katz, p. 31, The uniqueness of the Holocaust: the historical dimension, pp. 19-38, in Alan S. Rosenbaum, editor, Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on comparative genocide, Westview Press, 1996.
38. Adam Ulam, Stalin: the man and his era, Viking, 1973, p. 349.
39. Michael Ellman, p. 833, The role of leadership perceptions and of intent in the Soviet famine of 1931–1934, Europe-Asia Studies, 2005, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 823-41.
40. Mark B. Tauger, What caused famine in Ukraine? A polemical response, RFE/RL Poland, Belarus and Ukraine Report, Prague, 25 June 2002, Vol. 4, No. 25.
41. Mark B. Tauger, p. 168, Grain crisis or famine? The Ukrainian State Commission for Aid to Crop-Failure Victims and the Ukraine famine of 1928-29, Chapter 7, pp. 146-70, in Donald J. Raleigh, editor, Provincial landscapes: local dimensions of Soviet power, 1917-1953, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
42. Globe and Mail, 28 February 1984, cited p. 100, Douglas Tottle, Fraud, famine and fascism: the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard, Toronto: Progress Books, 1987.
43. Cited p. 267, R. W. Davies, The industrialisation of Soviet Russia, Volume 6: the years of progress: the Soviet economy, 1934-1936, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
44. Eugène Zaleski, Stalinist planning for economic growth, 1933-1952, Macmillan, 1980, p. 259.
4
5. N. Hans and S. Hessen, Educational policy in Soviet Russia, P. S. King & Son, 1930, p. 185.
46. Terry Martin, The affirmative action empire: nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Cornell University Press, 2001, pp. 1-2 and 15.
47. Michael Ellman, Socialist planning, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 187-8.
48. Elena Shulman, Stalinism on the frontier of empire: women and state formation in the Soviet Far East, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 138. On the campaign, see her pp. 66-79, 130-9 and passim.
49. Cited p. 222, Edgar Snow, People on our side, Random House, 1944.
50. Cited p. 157, Edgar Snow, Glory and bondage, Gollancz, 1945.
51. See John Loftus and Mark Aarons, The secret war against the Jews: how western espionage betrayed the Jewish people, New York: St Martin’s Griffin, 1994, p. 495.
52. Stephen F. Cohen, Sovieticus: American perceptions and Soviet realities, W. W. Norton, 1987, pp. 99-100.
53. Cited p. 491, Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948.
54. See R. W. Davies, The socialist offensive: the collectivisation of Soviet agriculture, 1929-1930, Macmillan, 1980, p. xiii.
55. See Ronald Suny, The Soviet experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the successor states, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 239-40.
56. See David L. Hoffmann, Cultivating the masses: modern state practices and Soviet socialism, 1914-1939, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 312.
57. See Girsh Khanin, The 1950s – the triumph of the Soviet economy, Europe-Asia Studies, 2003, Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 1187-212.
58. See Michael Kort, The Soviet colossus: history and aftermath, 7th edition, M. E. Sharpe, 2010, p. 212.
59. See David M. Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from above: the demise of the Soviet system, Routledge, 1997, p. 27.
60. See Tim Pringle and Simon Clarke, The challenge of transition: trade unions in Russia, China and Vietnam, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 46.