by Joshua Zeitz
Andrew, John, 5–6, 158, 219
Angell, Hannah, 16–19, 21, 62, 93
Angell, James, 16, 62
Angle, Paul, 338
Antietam, 121, 297
antislavery politics, before Civil War, 24–32, 113–15
“Bleeding Sumner” episode, 42–43
Compromise of 1850, 25–26, 31, 37
discussion in Nicolay-Hay biography, 291–93
economic views and, 8, 27–30, 39, 116, 217–18
Frémont emancipation affair and, 102–3
Fugitive Slave Act resistance, 26–27, 28, 38
Hay’s views, 115–17
Kansas-Nebraska Act and its aftermath, 31–32, 38, 39–42, 50
later political conservatism and, 7–8, 213–14, 217–18, 220, 226
Lincoln’s views and speeches, 28, 56–57, 73, 289–90
Missouri Compromise, 25, 31, 38, 47, 73
moral arguments in, 27, 28, 53–54, 56, 113–14, 266
Nicolay’s views, 37–39, 43, 50–51
political fallout and alliances, 31–32, 39–40
reaction to Dred Scott decision, 48, 52–53
Republican Party’s founding and, 43–44
twentieth-century scholarly views of, 309, 310–11
and views on African American rights, 27, 51–52
Wilmot Proviso, 24–25
See also abolitionism; emancipation; slavery
Appomattox Court House, 165
Armour, Philip, 215
Arnold, Isaac, 234, 235, 247–48
Ashtabula Creek bridge accident, 212, 223
Atchison, David, 41
Atlanta, surrender of, 156
Atlantic Monthly, 187, 191, 196, 224, 268
Austria, Hay in, 184–86
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike, 221–22
Bancroft, George, 232–33, 257
“Banty Tim.” See “Remarks of Sergeant Tilmon Joy”
Barnard, George Grey, 242
Basler, Roy P., 339
Bateman, Newton, 234
Bates, Therena. See Nicolay, Therena Bates
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War series, 269–70, 272
Beard, Charles, 308
Beauregard, P. G. T., 269
Bell, John, 64
Belmont, August, 115
Benét, Stephen Vincent, 306
Bennett, Mrs. James Gordon, 110
Benton, Thomas Hart, 44, 102
Bigelow, John, 173–74, 178, 180, 185, 187
Birth of a Nation, The, 313
Bixby letter, 158–59
Black, Chauncey, 245, 246
Black, Jeremiah, 245, 246
Blair, Frank, 103
Blair, Montgomery, 273
Booth, John Wilkes, 141
Boston Fugitive Slave Act resistance, 26–27
Boutwell, George, 192
Bread-Winners, The (Hay), 224–25, 261
Breckinridge, John C., 64
Britain, Hay in, 324–25
Brockway, Beman, 36
Brooks, Noah, 2, 87, 90, 162, 164, 194, 255, 305
Brooks, Preston, 42
Brough, John, 146, 147
Brown, John, 274
Brown, William Wells, 203
Browning, Orville, 110, 249
Bryant, William Cullen, 48
Buchanan, James, 44, 48–49, 52, 55, 73–74, 82, 168, 226
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 240–41
Buel, Clarence, 269
Bull Run, 101, 103
Burns, Anthony, 26–27
Burwell, William, 91
Butler, Andrew, 42
Cable, George Washington, 268, 272
California, 24, 25
Cambridge Modern History, The, 321–22
Cameron, Don, 323
Cameron, Simon, 104–5, 323
Campaigns of the Civil War series, 286–87
Carlyle, Thomas, 194
Carpenter, Francis, 235, 243
Carr, Clark, 14
Cartter, David K., 61
Castilian Days (Hay), 187
Century Magazine, 224, 267–75, 278–80, 286, 303
Chandler, Zachariah, 192
Channing, Edward, 307
Charleston Harbor, 129, 130, 165
Fort Sumter, 98, 165, 287
Chase, Kate, 161–62
Chase, Salmon P., 27, 97, 122, 220
and Lincoln, 97, 153–54, 298–99
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 298–99
presidential ambitions of, 57, 61, 147, 153, 299
as wartime treasury secretary, 105, 106, 153–54
Chicago
1860 Republican National Convention, 60–63, 259
1871 fire, 194–95
World’s Fair of 1893, 304, 326
Chicago Republican, 191, 193
Chicago Times, 54, 145
Chicago Tribune, 50, 54, 93, 102, 143, 145, 237
Chippewa tribe, Nicolay’s mission to, 127–29
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 182
civil rights of African Americans
Jim Crow and the twentieth-century civil rights movement, 312–13, 314
nineteenth-century views, 27, 38, 51–52, 290–91
post–Civil War partisan struggles over, 182–83
See also African Americans; race relations and racial equality; slavery
Civil War
alternate names for, 264
broadening of scope, 113–15, 120–21, 143–44
Confederate war crimes, 293
economic impacts of, 136
1861 developments, 98–106, 329
1862 developments, 111–15, 121–23, 296–97
1863 developments, 129–30, 135–36, 147–48
1864 developments, 154, 156
1865 developments, 165
funding and appropriations, 100, 122–23, 146, 154, 215
Greeley peace negotiation incident, 155–56
human toll of, 101, 111, 121, 122, 139, 158, 159–60
impact on nineteenth-century historiography, 258
Civil War (cont.)
Lincoln and Republicans’ political fortunes and, 146
Lincoln’s reelection and, 5–6, 147, 154
opposition and antiwar sentiment, 123, 146
precipitating events, 71–75, 97
See also Lincoln, Abraham, AS UNION COMMANDER IN CHIEF; Union army; specific battles, states, territories, and individuals
Civil War historiography, 6–7, 116, 262–66, 296, 307–14
African American agency and, 313, 314
Century Magazine’s Battles and Leaders series, 269–70, 272
debate over slavery’s causal role, 262–63, 265–66, 288–92, 307–10, 313–14
Nicolay-Hay biography’s viewpoint and contributions, 4, 6–7, 272–77, 285–91, 297–98, 307–8
Nicolay-Hay document collection, 260–61
Nicolay’s contributions to Cambridge Modern History, 321–22
Nicolay’s contribution to Campaigns of the Civil War series, 286–87
Northern interpretation, 4, 264–65
popular literature and, 265–66
Sandburg’s War Years, 306–7
Southern interpretations, 262–64, 313
in twentieth century, 308–14
Civil War’s aftermath
Confederate commemorative organizations, 262–64
North-South reconciliation, 7, 264–65, 268–70, 271–72, 286–88
postwar economic boom and its impacts, 214–23
postwar social change, 132–34, 136, 214, 291
See also Reconstruction
class tensions, 220–24, 326
Hay’s novel about, 224–25
Clay, Henry, 25
Cleveland
as Hay’s residence, 205–6, 211, 322–23
strike of 1877 and, 223
Cleveland, Esther, 174
Clotel (Brown), 203
Coles, Edward, 91
Colfax, Schuyler, 162, 192, 216, 260
Collected Works o
f Abraham Lincoln (Basler, ed.), 339
Collins, Charles, 212
Colorado, Nicolay in, 136
Complete Works (Abraham Lincoln), 304
Compromise of 1850, 25–26, 31, 37, 47
Confederate veterans
Blue and Gray reunions, 265
veterans’ organizations, 263–64, 265
Conscience Whigs, 31–32
Constitution, 28, 143–44, 145
Thirteenth Amendment, 45
Fourteenth Amendment, 182
“contrabands,” African Americans as, 132, 200, 293, 294
Cooke, Jay, 215, 217, 221
Cooke, John Esten, 265
Cortelyou, George, 91
Cotton Whigs, 27
Craft, Ellen and William, 26
Craven, Avery, 309–10
Crédit Mobilier scandal (1872), 216
Crittenden, John, 73
Cuba
Nicolay’s trip to, 164, 166
revolution and Spanish-American War, 325, 327–30
Curtin, Andrew, 139–40, 142, 146, 147
Dana, Charles, 259–60
Dana, Richard H., Jr., 26
Davis, David, 231, 232, 243, 246, 249
Davis, Jefferson, 155, 273–74, 276, 285, 288
Dayton, William, 44, 173
Declaration of Independence, 144, 145, 291
Democratic Party, 23, 24, 86
antislavery politics and, 24–25, 31–32, 39–41, 47–49
1858 Illinois election results, 55
1860 presidential campaign and, 63–64, 68–69
1862 elections, 123
1863 elections, 146
1864 presidential campaign, 156–57
officeholders replaced after Lincoln’s election, 90
and postwar Liberal Party, 219
reaction to Emancipation Proclamation, 122–23
Reconstruction and, 182
Tammany Hall, 216
See also specific Democratic politicians
Desert Land Act, 218
Dickens, Charles, 186
Dix, John, 178–79
Dixon, Elizabeth, 166
d’Orléans, Philippe, 296, 300
Douglas, Stephen A., 25, 31, 38, 47, 56
1858 Senate campaign, 48–56
1860 presidential campaign, 64, 68–69
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 49–50, 53–55, 56, 57
Douglass, Frederick, 144, 266
Dred Scott decision, 47–48, 52–53, 290–91
Dubois, Jesse, 249
Dudley, Thomas, 272
Dunning, William, 310–11
Du Pont, Samuel, 130
Eames family, 97, 107
Early, Jubal, 262, 263
economics
class (labor) legislation, 220
economic critiques of slavery, 8, 27–30, 39, 116, 217–18
economic issues in pre–Civil War politics, 23–24
economic narratives in Civil War historiography, 308, 309, 313
financial crashes and panics, 221, 326
postwar economic boom, 214–23
postwar labor tensions, 221–24
postwar political views and, 7–8, 213–14, 217–18, 220–21, 226
wartime inflation and its impacts, 136
Edwards, N. W., 249
Egypt, Hay’s and Nicolay’s trips to, 321, 325
Eliot, Charles, 302
Ellsworth, Elmer, 69, 329
emancipation, 7, 313
background of proclamation, 113–15, 118–19, 120–21
discussion in Nicolay-Hay biography, 292–93
Lincoln as Great Emancipator, 4, 294, 311–12, 314, 322
Lincoln’s reversals of limited emancipation orders, 102–3, 113, 114
reaction and controversy, 121–23, 136, 292
signing of proclamation, 3, 123–24
social impacts of, 132–34
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 25, 145, 194
England, Hay in, 324–25
Enlow, Abraham, 244
Europe, Hay and Nicolay in, 173–89
Hay as ambassador to England, 324–25
Hay’s early postings, 164, 178–81, 184–89
Nicolay in Paris, 164–65, 174–78, 181, 185, 186
Evarts, William, 207
Everett, Edward, 140, 295
federal patronage, 89–90, 147, 153, 154, 190, 192–93
Fessenden, William Pitt, 31, 220
financial crashes and panics, 221, 326
financial scandals, 216
Fitzhugh, George, 30
Fitz Lee, 262, 263
Florida
Hay’s trips to, 129, 130–34, 147–52
Nicolays in, 190, 191
football, 327
Forney, John, 107, 137, 142, 143, 144
Fort Sumter, 98, 165, 287
See also Charleston Harbor
“Foster-Brothers, The” (Hay), 201–3
Fourteenth Amendment, 182
France. See Paris
Franklin, Benjamin, 35
free-labor narratives. See laissez-faire capitalism
Free-Soil Party, Free-Soilers, 31, 32, 39, 41–42
See also antislavery politics
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 102
Frémont, John C., 44, 101–3
French, Benjamin, 108
fugitive slaves
during Civil War, 113, 117, 293, 294
Fugitive Slave Act, 23, 26–27, 28, 38, 73, 290
Gardner, Alexander, 140
Garfield, James A., 209, 210, 214, 254, 323, 331–32
Garrison, William Lloyd, 27
Gettysburg, 135, 136, 139–40, 146
Gettysburg Address, 3, 140–46, 294–96
Giddings, Joshua, 27
Gilder, Richard, 250–51, 267–68, 270–75, 302, 305
See also Century Magazine
Gillmore, Quincy, 149–50, 151
Glover, Joshua, 38
Godkin, E. L., 220
Gone with the Wind, 313
Grant, Ulysses S., 269
during Civil War, 111, 112, 154, 156, 165
as president, 186, 190, 192, 218, 219, 222
on strike of 1877, 222–23
Great Strike of 1877, 221–22, 224
Greeley, Horace, 29, 36, 114, 174, 193–94, 250
1864 peace negotiation incident, 155–56
presidential candidacy, 195, 219
Grimes, James, 5
Grow, Galusha, 94, 99, 123
Guam, 325
Halleck, Henry, 111, 166
Halpine, Charles G., 94
Hamlin, Hannibal, 82, 302
Hammond, James, 29–30, 54
Hanks, John, 289
Hanna, Mark, 323, 324
Hansen, Harry, 306
Harlan, James, 192
Harper’s, 56, 196, 201, 216, 268
Harris, Ira, 110
Harris, Joel Chandler, 265
Harrison, William Henry, 65
Harte, Bret, 199
Hasheesh Eater, The (Ludlow), 15
Hatch, Ozias M., 46, 69, 99
Hay, Adelbert “Del,” 206, 327
Hay, Alice (later Wadsworth), 206, 295, 325
Hay, Augustus, 20
Hay, Charles (Hay’s brother), 12–13, 164, 329
Hay, Charles (Hay’s father), 12, 13, 20, 97
Hay, Clara Stone, 295, 336
courtship and marriage, 204–6, 248
in England, 324–25
during Hay’s tenure as assistant secretary of state, 207, 208, 209–10, 211
Washington years, 211, 212
Hay, Clarence, 206
Hay, Helen Julia (Hay’s daughter), 205, 206, 325
Hay, Helen Leonard (Hay’s mother), 12, 20
Hay, John Milton
—BACKGROUND AND EARLY LIFE, 1, 11–22, 197
childhood, 12–13
first meeting and early association with Nicolay, 13, 22, 35, 59
first meeting with Lincoln, 56
formal e
ducation, 11–12, 13–19
friends and correspondents, 18, 19, 58–59
legal studies and clerkship, 20–22, 58–59
literary interests, 13–14, 15, 17–19, 20, 21
personal qualities, 3, 13–14, 15–16, 59
political views, 8, 21–22, 23, 62
relationships with women, 16–19, 58–59
—LINCOLN YEARS, 173–230
biography plans, 247
Bixby letter, 158–59
1860 campaign and election, 21–22, 62–63, 66, 69
1861 journey to Washington, 76, 78, 79–80
Emancipation Proclamation, 118
at first inauguration, 82
friendship with Henry Adams, 208
friendship with Robert Todd Lincoln, 3, 137, 165
Gettysburg Address trip, 142, 144–45, 294, 296
health, 125, 126
Lincoln’s death, 166, 167
military commission, 130, 149, 164
opinion of Lincoln, 124, 137–38
organization and removal of Lincoln’s papers, 168–69, 231–32
personal qualities, 78, 92–93, 137
pleasure trips out of Washington, 126–27
political connections, 96–97
political missions, 129–35, 146–47, 148–52, 155–56
political views, 8, 115–18, 132–35, 137, 152–53, 183, 203–4
relationship with Lincoln, 2, 3, 91, 96–97, 154
relationship with Mary Todd Lincoln, 108–9, 161–62
rumored political ambitions, 152
secretarial appointment and duties, 2, 71, 90–95, 207–8
wartime journalism, 115–17, 122
Washington social life, 96–97
—POST–CIVIL WAR YEARS, 8, 253. See also Abraham Lincoln: A History
acquisition of Lincoln papers, 295, 336
antiwar sentiment, 328–29
appointment as assistant secretary of state, 207–10, 224
appointment as British ambassador, 1–2, 322, 324–25
appointment as secretary of state, 2, 212, 299–300, 321, 325, 330–36
attempt to stop Lamon biography, 246
children, 205–6
death, 336–37
early European diplomatic appointments, 164, 174, 176–77, 178–81, 184–86, 187–88
1860s returns to Washington, 180–85, 186–87, 189, 193
friendship and travels with Nicolay, 213, 319–20
friendship with Helen Nicolay, 321
friendship with Henry Adams, 208–9
health, 211, 252, 261, 334, 336
impact of McKinley’s assassination, 331–32
journalism and New-York Tribune job, 193–96, 205, 210, 219, 250, 254
later years, 1–2, 319–21, 322–37
Lincoln Memorial plans, 299–300
literary writings, 196–203, 224–25, 261
marriage and newfound wealth, 204–6, 212–13, 248
move to Ohio, 205–6, 211
Nicolay’s wedding, 169–70
personal qualities, 174, 197
political involvement and ambitions, 206–7, 209–10, 213, 323–24, 334–35