Olivia 76
Raffles 83
Singapore 218–19, 226
Manna 201
Manners of My Time, The (Hawkins-Dempster) 18
Mariner (ship) 277–9
Marsden, William 39–40, 70, 156–7, 162, 212
East India Company 282
History of Sumatra 67–8, 166, 167
letters to
Bencoolen 197–8
cannibalism 230
European tour 179–80
The History of Java 145
Singapore 210, 218, 224, 255
Yogyakarta 113
Menangkabau 206
Singapore Institution 251
Upas Tree 122
Marx, Karl 112
Masonic Lodges 130
Mataram 101
Mauritius 61
Memoir of the Conquest of Java (Thornton) 189
Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Stamford Raffles (Sophia Raffles) xiv, 204, 298–9
Banjarmasin 98
dedication 306
Farquhar 55
Java invasion fleet 78
Olivia 29, 192
Palembang 107
Raffles in England 163
Raffles’ illnesses 45, 148
Raffles’ personality 5, 14, 242
Travers 40–1
Menangkabau 205–7, 208
mercury 148, 165, 239, 240, 275
Metcalfe, Charles 247
Methven, Captain 145, 241
Mill Hill 287
Milne, Rev. William 243, 250
Milton, Rev. Mr 251
Milton, Harriet see Soper-Dempster, Harriet
mines 154, 162, 192
Minto, Earl of 282
Minto, Lord 33, 59–62, 109–10
death 141–2, 143
East India Company procedures 11
Java 144
Banjarmasin 98
Daendels 95
Eurasian wives 140
farewell party 94–5
governance 93–4, 97
invasion xiii, 78–9, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92
invasion plans 63–4, 71, 73, 76, 78
land sales 118
land tenure reform 110, 113, 115
Palembang 106
Yogyakarta 104, 106
Malacca 54, 68, 80–2
mosquitoes 47
and Olivia 22
portraits 126
and Raffles 56, 78, 81, 125, 126
and Rajah of Kedah 80
returns to England 118, 125, 127
Minto, Anna Maria 79
Minto (ship) 77, 84
‘Minto Stone’ 126, 305
missionaries 242–4
Modeste (ship) 60, 78–80, 84, 85, 87, 101
Moira, Lord see Hastings, Marquess of Moluccas 59
Mont Blanc 182–3
Montgomerie, Dr William 249, 252
Montholon, Count 150
Montholon, Countess 150
Moore, Thomas 21, 22, 34, 51
Morrison, Rev. Robert 250, 252
mosquitoes 47
Muda, Rajah 217, 218
Mudge, Alice 173, 194, 280
Mudge, Jenny Rosdew 310
Mudge, Richard 173, 194
Muntinghe, Herman Warner 97, 112, 166
Batavian Society of Arts and Science 121
land sales 116, 117
Palembang 205, 207, 208
Surakarta 147
Yogyakarta 102
Murdoch, Thomas 242, 257–8, 270, 294
Murray, John 188, 233
Murray, Captain Thomas 264
N
Nagasaki 137
Najmuddin, Sultan of Palembang 99, 100, 205
Napier, Anna 253, 254
Napier, David Skene 253, 254
Napier, Professor Macvey 253
Napoleon xiii, 62, 85, 144, 150–2, 307
Napoleonic Wars xii–xiii, xvi, 60–1, 92, 144, 146–7
natural history 5–6, 304–5
Farquhar 52–3, 304, 305
Jardin des Plantes 184–5
Java 102, 121–3
Malacca 75
Rafflesia arnoldii 201–3
Singapore 221
tapirs 212, 304
Zoological Society 285–6, 289, 295
Nearchus (ship) 127
Nepenthe 221
Newbolt, Henry 90
Nias 236
Nightingall, General 127, 133–4, 138, 146, 147
Noltie, Henry 305
Norfolk, Earl of 178
O
O’Brian, Patrick xii
Ocean (ship) 58
Oliphant, Miss 44
Order of the Golden Sword 73–4
Oriental Club 282, 283
Ossian (McPherson) 166
‘Ozymandias’ (Shelley) 135
P
Padang 206–7, 208
Palembang 72, 99–100, 106, 107, 126, 127, 133, 205, 207–9
Palmer, John 74, 302
Acheen 225
briefing against Raffles 131, 210–11, 212, 229
Gillespie’s charges 133
and Queiros 247
Singapore 234, 262, 264, 278
Singapore Institution 251
and Syed Hussein 213
Panular, Bendara Pangeran Arya 105, 107
Paris 181, 184–5
Parr, Thomas 197
Pasumah 197, 201, 204
Peacock, Thomas Love 171–2
Pearson, Henry Shepherd 39, 44, 50, 57, 58
Peel, Robert 286
Pekin (ship) 138
Penang xiii, 30–2, 209, 210–11, 212–15
and Acheen 73
Acting Naval Agent 57–8
country retreats 49–50
Court of Justice 49
East India Company 16, 48–9, 51–2, 57–8
illnesses 35, 43
Java invasion fleet 79–80
Leonora’s wedding 64
Leyden 33–4
Raffles pitches for governorship 228–9
Runnymede 50, 64
slavery 45
social life 36, 37, 44, 50–1
Straits Settlements 283
pepper 8, 51, 114, 197, 198, 199
Perceval, Spencer 95
Petimun Sikinlili 201–3
Petrie, William 136
Phillips, Janet 213
Phillips, William Edward 31, 48, 67, 74, 229, 283
as Acting Governor 79, 228
as Governor 231
and Raffles 212, 213
Pollock, Sir Frederick 190
Pontianak, Rajah of 82
Poor Gentleman, The (Colman) 139
Portuguese xii, 46, 143
Prambanan 134, 143
Prelude, The (Wordsworth) 182–3
Presgrave, Edward 201, 202, 203, 204
Prince Regent 92
and Princess Charlotte 174, 175
haircut 184
and Lord Moira 125
Order of St Michael and St George 179
and Raffles 158, 165, 176, 177
Prince of Wales Island see Penang
Prince of Wales Island Gazette 32, 34, 36, 38, 44, 45, 49, 50–1, 64
Probolingo paper 115–16
Proceedings of the Agricultural Society established in Sumatra 233, 234
puppets 136
Q
Quarterly Review 233–4, 299, 303
Queiros, Claude 247, 262
R
Raden Rana Dipura 149, 155, 168, 191, 196
Raffles, Ann (sister) 3, 232–3, 285
Raffles, Anne (mother) 3
Cheltenham 164
death 278–9
Hampstead 155
husband’s death 108
letters to 197, 200, 207, 235
Margate 232–3
money 14–15
and Raffles 7, 22
Raffles, Benjamin (brother) 3
Raffles, Captain Benjamin (father) 3–4, 6–7, 14–15, 22–3, 108
Raffles, Sir Ben
jamin (forbear) 178
Raffles, Charlotte (daughter) 196–7, 208, 235–6, 239, 240
Raffles, Elizabeth (sister) 3
Raffles, Ella (daughter) 237, 238–9, 271, 309
bust of 307
Raffles’ will 290, 291
reunited with 280, 284, 285
sent to England 240, 241, 253, 254
Raffles, Flora (daughter) 269, 270
Raffles, Harriet (sister) see Brown, Harriet
Raffles, John 178
Raffles, Leonora (sister) see Loftie, Leonora
Raffles, Leopold Stamford (son) 225–6, 227, 235, 236, 238
Raffles, Maryanne (sister) see Flint, Maryanne
Raffles, Olivia (first wife) xiii, xiv, 18, 19, 21
daughter 18, 19, 23
death 139–40, 150
and Dempster 18–19
and Fancourt 19–20
and Gillespie 123
Java 140–1
birthday party 131
Buitenzorg 96
and Dutch 138
illness 138–9
Minto’s farewell party 94–5
Robison’ attack on 133
Samarang 128
social life 123, 124
Surakarta 128
wedding anniversary party 132
Yogyakarta 128–9, 148
Malacca 45, 47, 52, 65
Abdullah 70, 75–6, 84
illness 67
and Minto 81
marriage to Raffles 17–18, 22, 23–4
in Memoir 29
and Moore 21–2, 34–5
Penang 25, 30, 32, 52, 53
Dickens 49
Dundas 25–6
illnesses 35–6
Leyden 33, 34–6, 49, 56–7, 63–4
social life 50, 51
and Ramsay 28–9
Samarang 101
Raffles, Rachel (aunt) 155–6, 187
Raffles, Sophia (second wife) xiv, 2
after Raffles’ death 305–6, 307, 308, 309, 310
Bencoolen 235, 236
arrival 198
departure 271, 272
expedition 200–1, 203, 204
Fame fire 273–7
illness 238
and Mary Travers 200
Menangkabau 205, 206
passage to 191, 192–3, 195
Rafflesia arnoldii 202, 203
return to 226–7
sails for Calcutta 208
slaves 198
Charlotte’s birth 196–7, 198
Charlotte’s death 240
Cheltenham 164
Cooksey’s birth 231
death 310
diamonds 223
Ella’s birth 237, 238
Ella’s death 309
European tour 176–7
fan 179
Flora’s birth 269–70
Hero of Malown 269
Highwood House 289, 290, 294
Leopold’s birth 225–6
Leopold’s death 238
Mariner 277, 278
marriage xii, 169–71, 172, 177, 254
and Maryanne 301–2
miniature of 307
and Olivia 29
Penang 210, 212, 214, 215, 218, 222
poetry 183
pregnancies 183, 201, 239, 253–4, 269
Raffles’ busts and statue 299–300
Raffles’ death 296, 297–8
Raffles’ family 285
Raffles’ health 294
Raffles’ private life 192
Raffles’ will 290
return to England 280–1, 284
Singapore 226, 227
departure 267
friendships 253
returns to 245, 248
Singapore Institution 251
and Cousin Thomas 186, 187
and Wilberforce 287
see also Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Stamford Raffles
Raffles, Sir Stamford xi–xvi
Acheen 37, 210, 213, 214–15, 223–5
Albion tavern dinner 187
and Amherst 185
and Banks 157
Bataks 230, 231
Bencoolen 125–6, 145, 148, 171, 235–7, 257
administration 198–9, 241
arrival 197–8
departure 271–3
Fame fire 273–7
Menangkabau 205–7, 208
missionaries 244
Palembang 205, 207–9
passage to 191, 192, 193–4, 195
Pasumah 201, 203–4
Rafflesia arnoldii 202, 203
resignation 240
return to 269
slaves 198–9
Sophia’s illness 270–1
spice trading 241
sugar plantation 288
birth 3
busts of 307
Calcutta 212
and Princess Charlotte 174, 175–6, 193
Cheltenham 156, 163–4
childhood 5–7
children xiv, 196–7, 235–7, 238–40, 253–4
clubs and institutions 162–3, 282–3
collection 164, 165, 187, 188, 308–9
and Davy 160, 162
death 295–8
East India Company xii, 183–4
administration 40
advancement 16–17
enters Company 7–8
Farquhar’s Memorial 291–2
Malacca report 54, 55
personal finances 272, 281–2, 289, 292–4, 298
resignation 240
East Indies 210–11, 215–16
education 6, 14
and Elliot 60
European tour 176–7, 179–83, 184–5
family 3–5, 22, 165, 285
father’s death 108
Hamond 189–91, 232, 233
mother 191–2
mother’s death 278–9
Cousin Thomas 154–6
financial crash 288
Freemasonry 130
funeral 297
hair 300
Hendon Park 295
Highwood House 286, 287, 289–90
and History of the Indian Archipelago 233–4
and Home 162–3
honorary degree 253
Hood dinner 138
illness 165, 284, 294–5
and Inglis 186–7
Ireland 186
Japan 136–8
Java xiii, xv, 61, 62–4, 68–9, 71–3, 76–8, 83–4, 257
administration 95, 96, 97, 109–10, 118–19
Bali 143–4
Banjarmasin Enormity 98–9
Batavian Society of Arts and Science 121
currency 117, 131, 115–16, 117, 131
departures 149–50, 152
dismissal 145–6, 148, 149
Dutch 138, 180
East India Company 144–5
and Fendalls 148–9
gamelan music 135–6
and Gillespie 119–21, 123–5, 126, 127
Gillespie’s charges 131–4, 142, 144, 146, 154, 159, 171–2
Gunong Gede 142–3
Harmonie Club 123
Hero of Malown 269
illness 142
invasion 84, 85–6, 87, 88
kris 102, 178–9
land sales 116–18, 131–2
land-rent reforms 110–15, 130, 131
Lieutenant-Governor 90, 93, 94
missionaries 243
Mount Tambora 143
natural history 102
Olivia’s illness 138
Palembang 99–100, 106, 107, 133
puppets 136
Robison’ attack on 133
ronggengs 194
Samarang 101, 128
sepoy rebellion 147
slavery 121
smallpox vaccinations 121
steps down as Lieutenant-Governor 145
Surakarta 101–2, 128, 147–8
temples and antiquities 134–5
Upas Tree 122, 123
wedding anniversar
y party 132
Yogyakarta 101, 102–8, 128–9, 148
see also History of Java, The
knighthood 177–9
and Leyden 51, 91–2
London 164, 284–5, 286, 292
Malacca 45, 47, 48, 52–5, 64, 65, 70–2, 79
diplomatic letters 69–70
and Flint 82
freed slaves 82
Malay history and literature 74–5
Minto 80, 81
natural history 75
Order of the Golden Sword 73–4
torture instruments 83
marble busts and statue 299–300
Mariner 277–9
marriage to Olivia 17, 22, 23–4, 141
memorial 18
Olivia’s death 139–40, 150
marriage to Sophia xii, 169–71, 172, 192
and Marsden 67–8, 156–7, 162–3
and Minto 54–5, 56, 59, 62, 76, 78, 80, 126, 142
and Murdoch 257
name 164
and Napoleon 144, 150–2
natural history 5–6, 53, 305
Jardin des Plantes 184–5
Java 102
Malacca 75
Singapore 221
tapirs 212, 304
Penang xiii, 2, 16, 30, 32, 53, 212–15
Acting Naval Agent 57–8
Acting Secretary 39, 40
Calcutta 58–9
Commissioner of the Court of Requests 56
disallowed salary rise 58, 154
and Dundas 27–8
and Ibbetson 28
illness 45, 52
language learning 28, 34, 37–9
Leonora’s wedding 64
and Leyden 33, 34
and Marsden 39–40
Minto 56–7
posted to 16
Registrar 49, 52
and Robinson 51
Runnymede 50, 64
Secretary to Government 43–4, 52
slavery 45
social life 44
voyage 25–8
personality xiii–xiv
portraits 184, 306–7
and Prince Regent 158, 165, 176–7
punctuality 179
and Ramsays 14, 15, 16, 22, 28–9
religion 241–2, 243
returns to England 153–4, 160, 280–1
rulers and ruled 256–8
Singapore xv, 210, 216, 228–30, 256–7, 272
administration 220–1, 245–7, 255–6
arrival xi, 1–2, 217–19
departure 267–8
Farquhar 254–5, 259–66
Flint 266
friendships 253, 254
illness 255
Residency House 249–50, 255
returns to 245
Singapore Institution 250–3
Straits Settlements 283
town planning 226, 247–9
Treaty of Alliance 219–20, 222–3
and Somersets 158–9, 186
steam engines 288
Sumatra xv
and Travers 40–1, 284
waistcoat 300
Wheal Busy mine 154
and Wilberforce 185–6, 286–7, 290, 295
will 290–1
Zoological Society 285–6, 289, 295
Raffles, Stamford Marsden (Cooksey)
(son) 231, 239–40
Raffles, Rev. Thomas (cousin) 4–5, 160
Berners Street 154–5
book 189
capital punishment 231
death 311
European tour 177, 181, 182, 183
Raffles Page 38