All the Shah’s Men

by Stephen Kinzer

  Background of Allen Dulles: Grose, Peter, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).

  Allen Dulles urges CIA to launch worldwide covert action program: Grose, ibid., p. 292.

  Smith tells Roosevelt to get going: Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 115–116.

  Henderson says Mossadegh lacks stability: Goode, op. cit., p. 82.

  Henderson on National Front: Ambrose, op. cit., p. 109.

  Joint cable from Henderson and Middleton: Brands, op. cit., p. 272.

  Henderson in touch with Zahedi: Brands, ibid., pp. 272–279.

  United States can no longer approve of Mossadegh government: Service History, op. cit., p. 2.

  Eisenhower complains about British efforts: Elm, op. cit., p. 277.

  Sinclair visits Washington: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, ibid.

  Shah in hysterical state: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., pp. 681–683.

  Shaban crashes through gate: Kennett Love article in Allen Dulles papers, op. cit.; and New York Times, August 23, 1953.

  Mob organized by Kashani: FO 371/10562, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 295.

  Allen Dulles warns of communist takeover: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 689.

  March 4 meeting of National Security Council: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 693.

  Eisenhower considers Mossadegh only hope for West and wants to give him $10 million: FO 371/104614, quoted in Elm, op. cit., pp. 282–283.

  Dulles and Eden issue communiqué: Elm, op. cit., pp. 277–283.

  Pardon for Tahmasibi: Azimi, Fakhreddin, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy 1941–53 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989), p. 298.

  Zaehner report on splitting National Front: Abrahamian article in Science & Society, op. cit.

  Eisenhower has real doubts: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 713.

  Wisner says CIA ready to discuss plot: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

  Allen Dulles approves $1 million: Service History, op. cit., p. 3.

  Afshartus kidnapping: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit., note 170; and Dorril, op. cit., p. 585.

  Eisenhower letter to Mossadegh: New York Times, July 10, 1953.

  Eisenhower and Churchill approve plot: Service History, op. cit., p. vi; Prados, John, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (New York: William Morrow, 1986), p. 95; Dorril, op. cit., p. 587; Woodhouse, op. cit., p. 125; and Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

  Wilber and Darbyshire begin work in Cyprus: Service History, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

  Initial plan for coup: Service History, pp. B1–B10 and 16–18; and Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

  Dulles on getting rid of this madman: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 8.

  Dulles polls advisers and then decides to get going: Roosevelt, ibid., p. 18; Elm, op. cit., p. 299; and Bill and Louis, op. cit., p. 283.

  Bohlen opposes coup: FO371/98603.

  Goiran opposes coup: Dorril, op. cit., p. 584.

  Bedamn budget compared to worldwide covert action budget: Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

  John Foster Dulles asks Allen Dulles if plot is still on: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 737.

  John Foster Dulles makes public statement: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 338.

  Wilber on antigovernment propaganda: Wilber, Donald N., Adventures in the Middle East: Excursions and Incursions (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin, 1986), pp. 188–189.

  Chapter 11: I Knew It! They Love Me!

  For sources of information about the events of mid-August 1953 in Tehran, see notes for Chapter 1.

  Roosevelt meets Zahedi: Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 166–167; and Service History, p. 45.

  Smith on snuggling up to Mossadegh: Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 748.

  Ardeshir Zahedi receives journalists: Kennett Love article, op. cit.; and Dorril, op. cit., p. 592.

  Love on copying machine: Anatomy of a Coup (video), op. cit.

  Roosevelt had sent Rashidians to Washington: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 80.

  Jalili and Keyvani vitally important: Service History, op. cit., p. 7.

  Fatemi on royal robbery: London Times, August 17, 1953.

  McClure mission: Elm, op. cit., p. 306; and Service History, op. cit., p. 46.

  Jalili and Keyvani prefer money to execution: Dorril, op. cit., p. 595; and Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

  Roosevelt sees slight chance of success: Service History, op. cit., p. 51.

  Roosevelt prepares escape plan: Gasiorowski article in International Journal, op. cit.

  Love on military-looking car: Mossadegh (video), op. cit.

  Roosevelt on anti-Shah protesters: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 180.

  Roosevelt admits small complications, gives Henderson assignment: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 183–184.

  Roosevelt describes Mossadegh as old bugger: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 163.

  Monday was active and trying time: Service History, op. cit., p. 56.

  Riots scare Roosevelt: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 179.

  Henderson meets Mossadegh: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 185; and Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X, op. cit., p. 750.

  Mossadegh’s fatal mistake: Time, August 31, 1953.

  Daftary leads troops to royalist side: Dorril, op. cit., p. 593; and Katouzian, op. cit., p. 191.

  New York Times on policemen swinging into action: August 19, 1953.

  Shah arrives in Rome: London Times, August 19, 1953.

  Shah doesn’t expect to return home in immediate future: New York Times, August 19, 1953.

  Shah likely to join colony of exiled monarchs: London Daily Telegraph, August 19, 1953.

  Waller on crowds in Iran: Anatomy of a Coup (video), op. cit.

  Ten thousand dollars sent to Kashani: Dorril, op. cit., p. 593; and Gasiorowski article in International Journal, op. cit.

  Zirkaneh giants: Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, op. cit., p. 210.

  Mossadegh refuses to arm Tudeh: Author’s interview with former Tehran mayor, Nosratollah Amini, June 23, 2002; and Lapping, op. cit., p. 215.

  Tribal chiefs paid by Roosevelt’s agents: Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

  New York Times on bully-boys: August 23, 1953.

  Cottam on mob: Mossadegh (video), op. cit.

  Smith exchanges cables with Roosevelt: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 190.

  Roosevelt hears radio broadcast: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 187–191.

  Roosevelt fetches Zahedi: Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 193–194.

  Roosevelt toasts impending victory: Roosevelt, ibid., p. 194.

  Radio plays “Star-Spangled Banner”: Interview with Malcolm Byrne in Anatomy of a Coup (video), op. cit.

  Shah and Empress react to news of coup: London Times, August 20, 1953.

  Shah regrets not playing important part: New York Times, August 19, 1953.

  Mossadegh says he prefers to die: Saheb interview in Mossadegh (video), op. cit.

  Kissing party: Elm, op. cit., pp. 307–308; and Katouzian, op. cit., p. 192.

  Roosevelt and comrades full of jubilation: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 195.

  Meeting of Roosevelt, Henderson, and Ardeshir Zahedi: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 195–196.

  Roosevelt speaks at victory party: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 195–197.

  Some victims had banknotes in their pockets: Elm, op. cit., p. 308.

  Three hundred killed: New York Times, August 20, 1953; and Time, August 31, 1953.

  New York Times on sudden reversal: August 23, 1953.

  Associated Press on Zahedi’s coup: Chicago Tribune, August 20, 1953.

  A day that should never have ended: Secret History, op. ci
t., p. 77.

  Zahedi sends Batmanqelich to pick up Mossadegh: Diba, op. cit., p. 186.

  Mossadegh arrives and greets Zahedi: Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1953.

  Zahedi orders that Mossadegh be addressed respectfully: Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1953.

  British airliner unsuitable: London Times, August 21, 1953.

  Dutch airline charter: New York Times, August 23, 1953.

  Shah on Mossadegh’s crimes: New York Times, August 23, 1953.

  Shah’s airport reception: New York Times, August 23, 1953.

  Shah’s radio speech: London Times, August 24, 1953.

  Zahedi will send Mossadegh to city jail: London Times, August 24, 1953.

  Zahedi’s government receives millions from CIA: Service History, op. cit., p. xiii.

  Zahedi receives $1 million for himself: Gasiorowski, US Foreign Policy and the Shah, op. cit., p. 90.

  Roosevelt’s final meeting with Shah: Roosevelt, pp. 199–202.

  Roosevelt leaves with tears in his eyes: Roosevelt, ibid., p. 203.

  Chapter 12: Purring Like a Giant Cat

  Mossadegh on his only crime: Musaddiq, op. cit., p. 74.

  Riot outside Mossadegh’s home: Author’s interview with Mahmoud Mossadegh, August 19, 2002.

  Officers arrested and executed: Diba, op. cit., p. 191.

  Tudeh activists executed: Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 280.

  Fatemi on traitor Shah, and snake who bites: Goode, op. cit., p. 123.

  1962 rally: Diba, op. cit., p. 193.

  Mossadegh wants God to take him: Musaddiq, op. cit., p. 80.

  Consortium agreement: Elm, op. cit, pp. 310–331; Heiss, op. cit., pp. 187–220; and Goode, op. cit., pp. 138–153.

  Shah on Mossadegh’s xenophobia: Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Mission for My Country (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960), pp. 302, 127.

  Shah on Mossadegh’s nationalism: Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), p. 84.

  Shah on worst years of his life: Goode, op. cit., p. 155.

  Bakhtiar visits Mossadegh’s grave: Goode, ibid., p. xiii.

  Khomeini rants at Bakhtiar: Farmanfarmaian, op. cit., p. 452.

  Ardeshir Zahedi denies CIA involvement: Zahedi, Ardeshir, “What Really Happened,” www.ardeshirzahedi.com.

  Shaban receives Cadillac: Diba, op. cit., p. 190.

  Ashraf on unsubstantiated allegations: Pahlavi, Ashraf, Faces in a Mirror (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980), p. xiv.

  Dulles on Woodhouse’s nice little egg: Dorril, op. cit., p. 596.

  Woodhouse on first step toward catastrophe: Woodhouse, op. cit., p. 131.

  Morrison recalls little about Iran: Morrison, op. cit., pp. 281–282.

  Eden defends decision not to wage war: Eden, op. cit., pp. 246–247.

  Eden on Morrison: Harris, Kenneth, Attlee (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1982), p. 472.

  Churchill considers Ajax finest operation: Service History, op. cit., p. 81.

  Roosevelt meets Churchill: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 207.

  Eisenhower awards medal to Roosevelt: Prados, op. cit., pp. 91–92.

  Hostage-taker fears another coup: Zahrani, Mostafa T., “The Coup That Changed the Middle East: Mossadeq v. the CIA in Retrospect,” in World Policy Journal (Summer 2002).

  Khamenei says his movement not like Mossadegh’s: Abrahamian article, op. cit.

  Iranian intellectual on legacy of coup: Zahrani article in World Policy Journal, op. cit.

  Waller defends coup: Statement to conference in Oxford, England, June 10, 2002.

  Falle on legacy: Falle, op. cit., p. 81.

  Tudeh strength exaggerated: Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.; Behrooz, “The 1953 Coup in Iran and the Legacy of the Tudeh,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, ibid.; and Abrahamian article in Science & Society, op. cit.

  Acheson on losing so much so stupidly: Acheson, op. cit., p. 503.

  Acheson on Mossadegh’s responsibility: Acheson, ibid., p. 504.

  Nixon on Acheson’s cowardly college: New York Times, November 2, 1952.

  Dulles purrs: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 209.

  Bakhtiar says Mossadegh should have shot plotters: Mossadegh (video), op. cit.

  CIA says some facts will never be known: Service History, op. cit., p. 67.

  Eisenhower meets Shah: New York Times, December 15, 1959.

  Eisenhower refers obliquely to coup: Eisenhower, Dwight, Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953–1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), p. 164; and Ambrose, Stephen, Eisenhower: The President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), p. 129.

  Albright acknowledges American responsibility: New York Times, March 18, 2000.

  Bill on legacy: Bill, op. cit., pp. 288–289.

  Cottam on legacy: Cottam, Iran and the United States, op. cit., pp. 261–263.

  Gasiorowski on legacy: Gasiorowski article in International Journal, op. cit.

  Goode on legacy: Goode, op. cit., p. 124.

  Heiss on legacy: Heiss, op. cit., pp. 234–238.

  Keddie on legacy: Keddie, op. cit., pp. 142, 275–276.

  Louis on legacy: Bill and Louis, op. cit., pp. 255–256.

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