by Tim Jeal
9. Mackay 183f.
10. James Hannington: First Bishop of East Equatorial Africa E. C. Dawson 389.
11. Tucker 59; Mackay 282-3.
12. Ibid.
13. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1886-1890 Iain R. Smith 29-35 n 3, 4, 5.
14. Jeal, Stanley 317.
TWENTY-EIGHT: Pretensions on the Congo
1. Jeal, Stanley 238; Stanley to Strauch 8 Jan 1880 RMCA; Scottish Geographical Society Magazine Jan-Mar 1884, 42; Stanley to Sanford 27 Feb 1879 Sanford Museum.
2. CD 9 Nov 1880, 27 ? 1881, 9 Mar 1880; Brazza of the Congo Richard West [Brazza] 102-3.
3. Treaty signed with Chief Kimpallamballa at Ntamo (Kintamba) 31 Dec 1881 RMCA.
4. Jeal, Stanley 522 n 8 for a list of Britons appointed 1882-3.
5. Stanley to Strauch 11 May 1884; ibid n.d. 1884; Brazza 130-1; Avec Brazza P. de Chavannes 182-3; Sir Francis de Winton M. Luwel (964) 167-9.
6. Africa and the Victorians R. Robinson, J. Gallagher and A. Denny for the thesis that French resentment of the British assumption of sole power in Egypt led them to seek compensation elsewhere and was an essential driver of the Scramble for Africa.
7. Britain and Germany in Africa P. Gifford and W. R. Louis [Gifford & Louis], see chap by Jean Stengers ‘King Leopold and Anglo-French Rivalry 1882-1884’; also in same volume R. O. Collins ‘Origins of the Nile Struggle: Anglo-German Negotiations and the Mackinnon Agreement of 1890’ [‘Nile Struggle’].
TWENTY-NINE: An Arabian Princess and a German Battle Squadron
1. Smith 43-4 quoting memo of Wolseley 2 Oct 1886; Emin Pasha to Felkin 7 and 22 Jul 1886 pub. Times 9 Dec 1886.
2. Quoted in Mackinnon and East Africa 1878-1895 J. S. Galbraith 114.
3. Pakenham 290, 128.
4. The Exploitation of East Africa 1856-1890: The Slave Trade and the Scramble R. Coupland 56, the author in a footnote claims the German’s name was Reute. But in the Princess’ wedding certificate her husband’s name is given as Ruete, as it is in the princess’s letters to Captain T. M. S. Pasley RN, Tim Jeal Collection. John Kirk in a letter to his fiancée, Miss Nelly Cooke, 26 Aug 1866 9942/4 NLS also refers to Mr Ruete.
5. Rigby to Grant 1 Dec 1866 17910 NLS.
6. Eldest son and heir of Admiral Sir Thomas Sabine Pasley Bart., Naval Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth in the late 1860s.
7. Kirk to N. Cooke 26 Aug 1866 (as above).
8. Emily Ruete’s letters to Captain Pasley, Tim Jeal Collection.
9. Sweet Water and Bitter: The Ships that Stopped the Slave Trade Sian Rees.
10. Memoirs of an Arabian Princess Emily Said-Ruete 213-14, 220.
11. Kirk to Mackinnon 17 Aug 1886 SOAS.
12. ‘Nile Struggle’ 126; Smith 63-4; England, Europe and the Upper Nile 1882-1899 G. N. Sanderson [Sanderson] 33-4.
13. Scotsman 28 Dec 1886; Eccentricities of Genius J. B. Pond 268-9.
THIRTY: ‘Saving’ Emin Pasha and Uganda
1. Count Borchgrave to Stanley 7 Jan 1887 RMCA.
2. A. B. Swinburne to Sanford 17 Nov 1886 Sanford Museum; SD 20 Mar 1887; Swinburne to Sanford 29 Sept 1887.
3. SD 3, 6 Oct 1887; In Darkest Africa H. M. Stanley 2 vols [IDA] 1 210; Jephson 159; Surgeon-Major Parke’s African Journey 1887-1889 T. H. Parke, ed. J. B. Lyons [Parke] 65; My Personal Experiences in Equatorial Africa T. H. Parke ^9-30; SD 15 Oct 1887; Stanley to Nelson 24 Oct 1887 RP 860 BL; IDA 1 224-6.
4. Parke 51.
5. IDA 1 137-8; Jephson 113.
6. IDA 1 152, 162, 171; ; Jephson 13; Parke 54-6.
7. SD 29 Aug, 12 Sept 1887.
8. Ibid 3, 6 Oct 1887; IDA 1 210.
9. Ibid 357.
10. Ibid 374.
11. Times 29 Oct 1886.
12. SD 1 May 1888.
13. Stanley to Euan Smith 19 Dec 1889 in ‘Correspondence respecting Mr Stanley’s Expedition for the Relief of Emin Pasha’ Africa 4 (1890), C 5906 p 9. HM Stationery Office.
14. SD 24 Aug 1888.
15. William Bonny’s Diary 14 Oct 1888 RMCA.
16. Ibid 26 Aug 1888.
17. Ibid 7-27 Mar 1888.
18. At end of small Jan-Jun 1889 Stanley notebook RMCA.
19. IDA 11 11i-14.
20. Ten Years in Equatoria and the Return with Emin Pasha G. Casati 2 vols 11 159.
21. IDA 11 126.
22. Jephson 346-7, 399; Mackay to Stanley 5 Jan 1890; Stanley to Mackinnon 4 Feb 1890 SOAS; ‘Early Treaties in Uganda’ Sir John Gray, see Smith 266.
23. Pakenham 352.
24. Jephson 407-9.
25. Mss of IDA 11 515-23; Stanley’s notes on Emin Pasha n.d. but 1890 RMCA.
26. Mss of IDA 11 520-i; African Exploits: The Diaries of William Stairs 1887-1892 ed. Roy MacLaren 298 n.
27. Stanley, Auto 411-12.
THIRTY-ONE: The Prime Minister’s Protectorate
1. Karugire 74.
2. ‘Nile Struggle’ 122, 131-3.
3. Ibid 150-i.
4. Pakenham 416.
5. Karugire 77-8.
6. Ibid 79; The Rise of our East African Empire F. Lugard 2 vols 11 660-2.
7. Ibid 332.
8. Lugard: The Years of Adventure 1858-1898 Margery Perham 2 vols [Perham] 1 198, 238, 303, 350.
9. Pakenham 429.
10. Ibid 429-30.
11. Jeal, Stanley 428; Harcourt to Gladstone 3 Oct 1892 44202 BL.
12. Karugire 83-4; Pakenham 433.
THIRTY-TWO: To Die for the Mahdi’s Cause
1. Perham 1 461.
2. The Zambesi Expedition of David Livingstone 1858-1863 ed. J. P. R. Wallis 416.
3. WLT 367.
4. Prelude to the Partition of West Africa J. D. Hargreaves 338-49.
5. The River Nile in the Age of the British Terje Tvedt 331 n 39, 341 n 175, 367.
6. Details of Kitchener’s life from Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist Philip Magnus (1958).
7. Sanderson 293.
8. Udal 11 519-20; Moorehead 333.
9. The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan Winston Churchill 2 vols 11 82 ff.
10. Udal 11 524.
11. Pakenham 546.
12. Moorehead 337; The Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781-1997 Piers Brendon [Brendon] 204 n 144.
13. Udal 11 527.
14. Dialogue from Marchand letter in Figaro 20 Nov 1898.
15. Empire on the Nile W. M. Daly [Daly] 73, 136-7.
THIRTY-THREE: Equatoria and the Tragedy of Southern Sudan
1. Ismailia 11 242, 257-8; Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan 1918-1956 R. O. Collins [Shadows] 68.
2. BD 13 Jan 1863 RGS.
3. ‘Politics, ethnicity and conflict in post-independent Acholiland, Uganda 1962-2006’ F. Odoi-Tanga [Odoi-Tanga] 79.
4. Land Beyond the Rivers 1898-1918 R. O. Collins [LBR] 67.
5. Jeal, Stanley 369, 375.
6. Odoi-Tanga 76.
7. LBR 75-8.
8. Imperial Boundary Making: The Diary of Captain Kelly and the Sudan-Uganda Boundary Commission of 1913 ed. G. H. Blake 16, 32-3, 39.
9. Ibid 33, 91.
10. Shadow s 209; Brendon 361.
11. Daly 399-400.
12. Shadows 121-2; Sudan: Darfur and the Failure of an African State Richard Cockett [Cockett] 39-41
13. Shadows 15, 130.
14. Ibid 93-7, 37; People of the Small Arrow J. H. Driberg 9-86; Daly 152; Brendon 364.
15. Shadows 166-7, 220; LBR 173-9, 313-17; Cockett 39.
16. Shadow s 230.
17. Ibid 245-6.
18. Ibid 274.
19. Ibid 277.
20. Cockett 10, 45-6; Shadows 332, 457.
21. Ibid 454-55.
22. The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence Martin Meredith [Meredith] 588; Cockett 84, 118, 123-4.
23. Shadows 447.
24. Sudan Verse K. D. D. Henderson and T. R. H. Owen, five-stanza poem by Owen 43.
THIRTY-FOUR: A Sin n
ot Theirs: The Tragedy of Northern Uganda
1. Karugire 89-91; Girling 148 points out that Kabarega had 300 men with him on his arrival in Acholiland; details of campaign in The Land of the Nile Springs H. E. Colvile.
2. Omukama Chwa 11 Kabarega A. R. Dunbar; Elizabeth of Toro Elizabeth Nyabongo [ET] 30.
3. Odoi-Tanga 83-7.
4. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi and Uganda before 1800 R. R. Atkinson [Atkinson] 75-6.
5. Karugire 114.
6. Oxford History of East Africa eds Vincent Harlow and E. M. Chilver 2 vols [Oxford] 11 104-7; ‘Land and Chieftainship among the Acholi’ R. M. Bere Ganda Journal 19 (1955) 49-56.
7. Karugire 127.
8. Atkinson 7.
9. The Illusion of Tribe A. Southall 35. In 1983 in their book The Invention of Tradition Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger argued that Britain’s indirect rule (mainly exercised through existing chiefs) required nothing less than ‘the invention of tradition’ by the colonial masters who needed Africans to believe that these arrangements were founded on ancient African custom. Ten years later Ranger would backtrack in favour of ‘the imagination of tradition’: the new concept implying equal cooperation between white and black in tradition-making.
10. ‘Tribalism and Ethnicity in Africa’ Carola Lentz Cahiers des sciences humaine 31 11 1985 318; African History John Parker and R. Rathbone 111.
11. Odoi-Tanga 117.
12. Karugire Chaps. 5 and 6; Meredith 232-3.
13. From obituaries of Mutesa 11 and Milton Obote; Meredith 233.
14. Push on the Door, All Things Considered both by Richard Carr-Gomm; Strange Places, Questionable People John Simpson; Uganda Sunday Vision 21, 23 May, 5, 10, 26 Jun 2010.
15. Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles Richard Dowden [Dowden] 65.
16. ET 117; Dowden 63-4, 72, 56.
17. Odoi-Tanga 140; The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda 1964-1985 A. B. K. Kasozi 111.
18. Dowden 70-i.
19. Financial Times Magazine article about Joseph Kony by Matthew Green 9 Oct 2008.
20. Odoi-Tanga 174. The Anyanya had been a group of Sudanese separatist rebels formed in 1963.
21. Odoi-Tanga 321; Independent 12 Dec 2009.
22. Wizard of the Nile Matthew Green 312-13; Human Rights Watch: Abducted and Abused Vol. 15 No. 12A July 2003; Odoi-Tanga 323.
23. UK High Commissioner for Refugees ‘Situation in Acholi and IDP Camps’ (Aug 2009); ‘Trail of Death’ (March 2010) Human Rights Watch DRC.
24. Meredith 404.
25. Ibid 405-6.
26. Daily Nation 11 Sept 2009; Ugandan Independent 13 Oct 2009; Ugandan National Public Radio documentary 14 Feb 2010; Daily Monitor 20 Feb 2011.
27. Oxford 11 13-14; John Ainsworth: Pioneer Administrator 1864-1946 F. H. Goldsmith 26-31.
28. Africa: A Biography of the Continent John Reader [Reader] 568.
29. Patterson’s diaries quoted in The End of the Game Peter Beard 97.
30. Ibid 87, 103, 106; Oxford 11 21.
31. Ibid 299; ‘Malice in Masailand’ L. Hughes Colloque International ‘At the Frontier of Land Issues’, Montpellier 2006; Brendon 354.
32. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale 239-44.
33. Meredith 687.
CODA: Lacking the Wand of an Enchanter
1. S&N 25; TDC 11 124, 513-15, 477, 480; in Stanley’s My Dark Companions and their Strange Stories; Jeal, Stanley 217 and associated notes.
2. Stanley to E. King 2 Oct 1877 RMCA.
3. Zanzibar 11 101-2.
4. Girling 149.
5. DL to LMS 17 Mar 1847 in Livingstone’s Missionary Correspondence 1841-1856 ed. 1 Schapera 108.
6. DL to J. H. Parker 11 Mar 1844 Wellcome Library.
7. Livingstone’s African Journal 1853-1856 ed. I. Schapera 2 vols [AJ] 11 320-i; LPJ 210.
8. Jeal, Livingstone 84-85, 103-4.
9. Palmerston to Lord John Russell, FO 63/871; Lord John Russell to DL 17 Apr 1860 NAZ.
10. WLT 344.
11. Journal 450.
12. Maitland 194-5.
13. Stanley to Strauch 8 Jul 1879, 27 Jan 1884 RMCA; The Congo and the Founding of its Free State H. M. Stanley 2 vols 11 144-5; CD 27 Nov 1883; Jeal Stanley 275, 282-4, 524-5.
14. The Last Expedition: Stanley’s Mad Journey Through the Congo D. Liebowitz and C. Pearson 337.
15. LLJ 1 62-3; DL to Lord Clarendon 20 August 1866 FO 84/1265.
16. LPJ 210.
17. IDA 153.
18. BD 16 Jun 1863 RGS.
19. ‘Import of Firearms into West Africa in the Eighteenth Century’ W. A. Richards Journal of African History 21 (1980) 43-59; ‘Ottoman Empire’s Relations with Southern Africa’ A. Kavas Journal of Ankara University History Faculty XLV11I (2007) 11 11-20.
20. S&N 117-18; Stanley to Alice Pike 2 Jun 1876 RMCA.
21. LLJ 1 265.
22. Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora Ronald Segal 56, 154-5, 160-74; A History of Africa J. D. Fage (1978) 257.
23. David Livingstone: his life and letters G. Seaver 444.
24. AJ 1 25-6.
25. AN 143.
26. Reader 570, 579, citing Cambridge History of Africa vol. VI (1985) Chap 12: ‘The European Scramble and Conquest in African History’ 722.
27. LPJ 210; AJ 1 234; Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa David Livingstone 679.
28. Glimpse of a Governor’s Life H. H. J. Bell 128.
29. Jephson 401.
30. Reader 579, 625.
31. Ibid 245.
32. Africans: The History of a Continent John Iliffe 212; Pakenham 680.
33. Journal 163.
34. Ibid 169.
35. Missionary Travels Livingstone 441.
36. TDC 1 136-7.
Index
Entries in italics denote illustrations.
Abdulla (son of Musa Mzuri), 134, 136
Abu Hamed Railway, 388, 389 Abyssinia, 376
Acholi tribe, 302, 338, 398, 408-10, 415-16
chosen for Ugandan army 409, 415-16
fear of Museveni, 415-16
officers killed by Amin, 414
Acholiland, 407, 415, 416
Aden, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 56, 60, 361
Burton & Speke in, 106-10
Adler, SMS, 361, 362
Adowa, Battle of, 386
African Lakes Company, 331
Africa: the ‘Dark Continent’, 4, 206, 263, 424
as an enchanted land, 436
western attitudes to, 436-7; see also individual regions
African people: effects of colonialism on, 385, 429-30, 433-5
effects of independence, 434, 435
poverty, 426-7
role in helping explorers, 7-8, 422-3; see also porters, individual tribes and peoples
Agha, Khursid (slave and ivory trader), 177, 216-17, 218, 223
agriculture, 399, 433
Ahmed (guide), 48
Ahmed Lemi (slave trader), 348
Ajawa (Yao) people, 28
Albert, Lake, 41, 232, 251, 303, 319, 370
discovery and naming, 232
and L. Tanganyika, 241, 247, 273
and L. Victoria, 241; see also Luta N’zige; Luta N’zige Expedition
The Albert N’yanza (Baker), 216, 243
Alexander the Great, 1, 23
Alexandria, 180, 213, 240, 374
Alleron (Bari chief), 336
Amabile (nephew of De Bono), 183-4
Amin, Colonel Idi, 407, 411, 413
assault on Mengo Hill, 411-12
expulsion of Indians, 420