5. The Ambassador
The best account of Jimmy Roosevelt's questionable business dealings was published by Alva Johnston in the July 2, 1938, Saturday Evening Post, "Jimmy's Got It." For the Roosevelt tie to the National Grain Yeast Corporation, see "James Roosevelt Quits Jersey Firm," New York Times, November 21, 1935, page 9. Harvey Klemmer died in Eustis, Florida, in 1992. Phillip Whitehead, a London television producer, kindly provided me with a transcription, totaling 134 pages, of his interviews with Klemmer. For a good obit of Klemmer, see the London Independent of July 31, 1992. For Winston Churchill's shaving comment to his son, Randolph, see Winston S. Churchill, by Martin Gilbert, volume VI, Houghton Mifflin, 1983, at page 358. The Ickes diary citation can be found in volume III of The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Simon and Schuster, 1954. For an account of the anti-Hitler plotting, see To Kill the Devil, by Herbert Molloy Mason, Jr., published by Norton, 1978. The most direct of many planted stories promoting a Kennedy presidency in 1940 was "Will Kennedy Run for President?" by Ernest K. Lindley, in Liberty magazine, May 21, 1938. Walter Trohan was interviewed for this book and for Lancer Productions in Washington in August 1997. The disputed German foreign office documents cited in the footnote were the lead story in the New York Times for March 30, 1940, "U.S. Brands as False Nazi Documents Charging We Fostered War in Europe and Promised to Join Allies if Needed."
6. Taking On FDR
The Tyler Kent case, although little known, has been described in many books and articles. One full account, including interviews with Kent, can be found in the late John Costello's Ten Days to Destiny, published in 1991 by Morrow. One of the first accounts published in the United States to raise questions about Kennedy's role was written by Richard Whalen, "The Strange Case of Tyler Kent," in Diplomat magazine, November 1965. A much more sympathetic view of Kennedy's actions can be found in "Roosevelt and Prewar Commitment to Churchill: The Tyler Kent Affair," by Warren F. Kimball and Bruce Bartlett, Diplomatic History, Fall 1981. In England, see Some Were Spies, by the Earl of Jowitt, Hodder and Stoughton, 1954, and The Man Who Was M, by Anthony Masters, published in 1984 by Basil Blackwell (at chapter six). Robert Crowley was interviewed many times at his home in Washington, beginning in February 1995. He also kindly shared his file of thousands of declassified U.S. and British documents on the Kent case. Joe Kennedy's fight with Franklin Delano Roosevelt is described in much of the daily press reporting in late 1940; the Whalen and Koskoff biographies also tell the story. The cited British Foreign Ministry documents have been declassified by the British Foreign Office and are publicly available; a full set is in the author's possession. Gore Vidal's anecdote was published in "Eleanor," in the New York Review of Books, November 8, 1971. J. Edgar Hoover's file on Joe Kennedy and "Ben" Smith is included in Kennedy's declassified FBI files. Frank Waldrop provided some of his unpublished writings on Jack Kennedy and Inga Arvad in an interview at his home in Washington in February 1995. The Arvad affair is most fully reported in the Nigel Hamilton biography of John Kennedy.
7. Nomination for Sale
Rumors about corruption in the West Virginia primary election have been rampant since 1960, but the first book-length study on the election is Kennedy vs. Humphrey, West Virginia, 1960, by political scientist Dan B. Fleming, Jr.; it was published in 1992 by McFarland and Company. Ed Plaut, who now lives in Ridgefield, Connecticut, kindly provided the author with the original notes of interviews conducted with Jack and Joe Kennedy while he was researching Front Runner, Dark Horse. Hyman B. Raskin's unpublished memoir was made available for this book by his widow, Frances. Before his death, Raskin was interviewed twice at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, in November 1994 and March 1995. Alan Otten was interviewed by telephone in December 1994. Roscoe Born was interviewed three times by telephone, beginning in December 1994. Robert Novak was interviewed by telephone in September 1995. Max Kampelman was interviewed by telephone in October 1994 and again in January 1995. James McCahey was interviewed in his home in Bratenahl, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, in November 1996. Victor Gabriel was interviewed by telephone from his home in Clarksburg in November 1996. Bonn Brown of Elkins, West Virginia, was interviewed at his daughter's home in suburban Washington in June 1995. Curtis Trent was interviewed by telephone from Charleston, West Virginia, in June 1995. Rein Vander Zee was interviewed many times by telephone from his home in Bandera, Texas, beginning in November 1994. He was interviewed for Lancer Productions in Los Angeles in August 1997. Milton Rudin was interviewed twice at his home in Bel Air, California, and once in New York City, beginning in March 1994.
8. Threatened Candidacy
Former Senator George Smathers was interviewed in his Washington office in October 1994 and March 1995. He was interviewed for Lancer Productions in Washington in September 1996. Patricia Newcomb was interviewed in Los Angeles in June 1996 and January 1997. Vernon Scott was interviewed for this book and for Lancer Productions at his home in Studio City, California, in March 1997. John Miner was interviewed in Los Angeles in January 1997, and by Lancer Productions in March 1997. Michael Selsman was interviewed in his Los Angeles apartment in March 1995, and interviewed again in January 1997. He was interviewed by Lancer Productions in March 1997. James Bacon was interviewed for this book and for Lancer Productions at his home in Simi Valley, California, in March 1997. Florence Kater's FBI file, available under the Freedom of Information Act, includes copies of her letters to various public officials. Bob Clark was interviewed by telephone from his office in Washington in August 1997. Alicia Darr Clark's stormy marriage to Edmond Purdom was widely reported in gossip columns in the late 1950s and in the New York Daily News. See, for example, "Babs Coldly Foots It To Court; Purdom Sick," by Eleanor Packard in the Daily News for December 30, 1959, and "Marry-Go-Round Turns Into a Quad-Wrangle," by Henry Lee in the Daily News for September 10, 1961. Metrik and Friedman's travails also were reported in the Daily News for June 5, 1963, "2 Lawyers Censured for Their Particulars," by Alfred Albelli. The Appellate Division's disciplinary proceedings are cited as In Re Metrik, 240 N.Y.S.2d 443. Clark Clifford was interviewed twice for this book in his suburban Maryland home, in December 1994 and January 1996. H. Edward Munden was interviewed by telephone from his office in suburban Virginia in February 1995. Alicia Darr Clark was interviewed three times by telephone from her apartment in New York City, beginning in November 1996. Edmond Purdom was interviewed from his home in Rome by telephone in June 1997. Maxwell Rabb was interviewed in Washington in January 1995.
9. Lyndon
Robert Kennedy's many interviews with the Kennedy Library were collected in one volume and published by Bantam Books in 1988, entitled Robert Kennedy: In His Own Words. Bobby Baker's memoir, Wheeling and Dealing, written with Larry L. King, was published in 1978 by Norton. Pierre Salinger was interviewed in his Washington office three times, beginning in February 1994. Joseph Dolan was interviewed in Denver twice, in February 1995 and January 1997. Kennedy's quote to Kenny O'Donnell appears in "Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye," written with Dave Powers, published by Little, Brown in 1972.
10. The Stolen Election
There are a number of excellent books that describe Chicago, its politics, and its long-standing ties to organized crime figures such as Sam Giancana and Murray Humphreys. See Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover, by Richard Gid Powers, published in 1987 by the Free Press; Roemer: Man Against the Mob, by William F. Roemer, Jr., published in 1989 by Donald I. Fine; Clout: Mayor Daley and His City, by Len O'Connor, published in 1975 by Avon; Captive City: Chicago in Chains, by Ovid Demaris, published in 1969 by Lyle Stuart; Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago, by Mike Royko, published in 1971 by Dutton; and The Legacy of Al Capone, by George Murray, published by Putnam's, 1975. Benjamin Bradlee's quote about Mayor Daley and the 1960 election is in his revealing Conversations with Kennedy, published in 1975 by Norton. Robert McDonnell was interviewed for this book and for Lancer Productions in his suburban Chicago home in June 1997. Patrick Tuohy and his brother, John, we
re interviewed by telephone from Chicago in July 1997. Thomas King was interviewed in Chicago in September 1995. Tina Sinatra was interviewed in her offices in Burbank, California, for this book and for Lancer Productions in July 1997. My Story, by Judith Exner with Ovid Demaris, was published in 1977 by Grove Press. Robert Blakey was interviewed for this book and for Lancer Productions in New York in May 1997. Bill Woodfield was interviewed in Los Angeles in July 1995. Jeanne Humphreys was interviewed for this book and for Lancer Productions in Atlanta in February 1997. J. Edgar Hoover has been the subject of dozens of books. Some of the more recent include Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover, by Anthony Summers, published in 1993 by Putnam's; Hoover's FBI, by William W. Turner, published in 1993 by Thunder's Mouth Press; J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, by Curt Gentry, published in 1991 by Norton; and Hoover's FBI: The Inside Story by Hoover's Trusted Lieutenant, by Cartha D. "Deke" DeLoach, published in 1995 by Regnery. Thomas McCoy was interviewed by telephone from Washington in February 1995. William Colby was interviewed in Washington in February 1995. Hoover's conversation with Philip Hochstein was reported in Official and Confidential. Oscar Wyatt was interviewed by telephone in Houston in April 1995.
11. Campaign Secret
Lionel Krisel was interviewed many times by telephone and at his home in Bel Air, California, beginning in April 1995. He very kindly supplied many documents from his own research into the Bay of Pigs. The Nicolae Malaxa saga received more attention from the Congress than from the Washington press corps, with the exception of the columnist Drew Pearson. For one of many colloquies in the House, see the Congressional Record for October 5, 1962, at page 22672. For accounts of the Malaxa-Nixon relationship, see Drew Pearson: Diaries 1949--59, edited by Tyler Abell, published in 1974 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston; The Secret War Against the Jews, by John Loftus and Mark Aarons, published in 1994 by St. Martin's; Richard Milhous Nixon, by Roger Morris, published in 1990 by Henry Holt; and Wanted! The Search for Nazis in America, by Howard Blum, published in 1989 by Simon and Schuster. Gordon Mason was interviewed in his suburban Washington home in May and September 1996. His role in the Malaxa affair first surfaced in Cold War Crucible: United States Foreign Policy and the Conflict in Romania, 1943--1953, a doctoral thesis by Elizabeth W. Hazard published in 1996 by East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press. Kenneth Crosby was interviewed in Washington in July 1996. The most important government document on the assassination plot against Fidel Castro is the report Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, published in November 1975 by the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operation with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the Church Report). The most informative and nuanced book on the CIA published in recent years is The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA, by Thomas Powers, published in 1979 by Knopf. Robert Maheu was interviewed at his home in Las Vegas in November 1994, and many times thereafter by telephone. He was interviewed by Lancer Productions in Las Vegas in May 1997. Cuba's seizure of David Christ and his CIA colleagues was described in "Our Men in Havana," by Nathan Nielsen, an internal CIA study that was declassified in 1994 after its publication in Studies in Intelligence, the CIA's inhouse journal. The study is in the author's possession. Thornton Anderson, one of the agents arrested, was interviewed by telephone in February 1995. Peter Wyden's study Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story, published in 1979 by Simon and Schuster, is by far the most detailed account of the failed invasion. The CIA's Inspector General's Report was declassified, without significant deletions, in 1993 and released to the public under the Freedom of Information Act. The IG Report was heavily relied upon by the Church Committee during its investigation in 1975.
12. Trapping Nixon
Richard Bissell's posthumous memoir, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, written with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo, was published in 1996 by Yale University Press. Clarence Sprouse was interviewed by telephone from Converse, Texas, in April 1995. Bissell's oral history interview with the Kennedy Library took place on April 25, 1967. R. Harris Smith was interviewed by telephone from the San Jose area of California in April 1995. Grayston Lynch was interviewed three times by telephone from Tampa, Florida, beginning in April 1995; in 1998 Brassey will publish his memoir, Decision for Disaster: Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs. Allen Dulles's oral history interview with the Kennedy Library was taped on December 5 and 6, 1964. The Kennedy dinner with Ian Fleming was also described by John Pearson in his 1966 book, The Life of Ian Fleming, published by McGraw-Hill. John Patterson was interviewed by telephone from Montgomery, Alabama, in January 1997; the cited newspaper article was "Patterson Told Secret Cuban Invasion Plans to Candidate JFK," by Andrew Kilpatrick, Birmingham News, October 24, 1982. For more on the Nixon-Kennedy political skirmishing around the final television debate in October 1960, see Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties, by Richard N. Goodwin, published by Little, Brown in 1988; Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913--62, by Stephen E. Ambrose, published in 1987 by Simon and Schuster; Kennedy and Nixon, by Christopher Matthews, published in 1996 by Simon and Schuster; and "Necessary Lies, Hidden Truths: Cuba in the 1960 Campaign," by Kent M. Beck, in Diplomatic History, Winter 1984. Richard Nixon's much-cited memoir, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, was published in 1978 by Grosset and Dunlap.
13. Executive Action
During the course of research into this book, the author was provided with a copy of William Harvey's personnel file; it includes many documents not made public by the CIA and the Church Committee. There are extensive discussions of executive action in the Church Report and in the CIA Inspector General's Report. The CIA has declassified thousands of documents on executive action in recent years; they should be available through the Freedom of Information Act. For more on the CIA and Guatemala, see "CIA Plotting Killing of 58 in Guatemala," by Tim Weiner, New York Times, May 28, 1997; and Harper's magazine for August 1997, at page 22. Doris Mirage, whose married name is Doris Kitzmiller, was interviewed by telephone from her home in North Carolina in December 1995. McGeorge Bundy's testimony before the Rockefeller Commission was declassified in 1996. David Belin was interviewed in Washington in April 1997. Lawrence Devlin was interviewed by telephone for his book in May 1994. Dr. Sidney Gottlieb was interviewed at his farm in rural Virginia in November 1994. Samuel Halpern was interviewed many times for this book, in Washington and at his home in suburban Virginia, beginning in November 1993. He was interviewed in February 1997 for Lancer Productions. Michael R. Beschloss's The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960--1963 (HarperCollins, 1991) consistently provided comprehensive and judicious reportage. The best account of the CIA's role in the Congo can be found in The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa, from Eisenhower to Kennedy, by Madeleine G. Kalb, published in 1982 by Macmillan. Igor Cassini's self-serving, although fascinating, account of his involvement with the Kennedy family and the Dominican Republic is in I'd Do It All Over Again, a memoir written with Jeanne Molli, published in 1977 by Putnam's. The best account of the early 1961 diplomacy involving Joseph Kennedy is "Diplomat Made a Secret Visit to Trujillo for Kennedy in '61," by Tad Szulc, New York Times, July 22, 1962. Tom Powers shared his notes on Tofte with me in an interview in April 1994 and in a subsequent written recollection.
14. Bay of Pigs
Three other useful studies of the Bay of Pigs are The Cuban Invasion, by Karl E. Meyer and Tad Szulc, published in 1962 by Praeger; "Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs," by Piero Gleijeses, in the Journal of Latin American Studies for February 1995; and "Cuba: The Record Set Straight," by Charles J. V. Murphy, in the September 1961 Fortune magazine. Apparently only one political scientist, H. Bradford Westerfield of Yale University, has made any systematic attempt to connect the ongoing assassination plotting against Castro to the Bay of Pigs. In a letter published in the New York Review of Books for October 23, 1997, Westerfield suggested that Bissell's willingness to accept the constant White House cutbacks in the
invasion stemmed from his belief that Castro would be dead by the time the exiles hit the beach. "Indeed," Westerfield wrote, "Kennedy's own insistence on the cutbacks may well have been buoyed by the same closely held secret knowledge, but for this surmise there is less evidence." Jacob Esterline was interviewed at his home in Henderson, North Carolina, in March 1995, and many times thereafter by telephone. Thomas Polgar was interviewed at his home in Orlando, Florida, in May 1994. Ernest Betancourt was interviewed in Washington in March 1994. Hedley Donovan's cited memoir is Roosevelt to Reagan: A Reporter's Encounters with Nine Presidents, published in 1987 by Harper and Row. The cited White House documents have been declassified and are available in the Department of State's history series known as the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961--1963, published by the Government Printing Office in Washington. The reminiscences of Admiral Robert L. Dennison are available from the U.S. Naval Institute in Annapolis, Maryland; the interviews were conducted between November 1972 and July 1973. Janet Weininger was interviewed by telephone many times from her home in Florida beginning in April 1997; she kindly supplied me with notes and other documents dealing with her father and the CIA. For an account of her father's death, see "The Mission," by Candace M. Turtle, in Tropic, the Miami Herald Sunday Magazine, for June 21, 1987. Rose Kennedy's memoir is Times to Remember, published in 1974 by Doubleday.
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