22 Ercole to Cavalleri, 30 October 1501, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Francia, Busta 3.
23 Ercole to Lucrezia, 1 September 1501, ASE, Cancelleria ducale, minutario cronologica, Busta 5.
24 That summer he had also expropriated the lands of the other Roman baronial families, the Colonna, Savelli and Estouteville
25 Guicciardini, The History of Italy, Book I, p. 163.
Chapter 6: Farewell to Rome (pp. 111 – 32)
1 Burchard, Diarium, vol. 3, 17 September 1501.
2 25 September 1501, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4757, ff 64,
3 Ibid.
4 Berlinguer and Saraceni to Ercole, 27 September 1501, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4757.
5 Lucrezia to Ercole, 28 September and 8 October 1501, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
6 Ercole to Lucrezia, 14 October 1501, ASE, Cancelleria ducale, minutario cronologica, Busta 5.
7 Lucrezia to Ercole, 11 October 1501, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
8 See Saraceni and Berlinguer to Ercole, 11 October 1501, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4757.
9 Batllori, La Familia Borja, p. 4.
10 Letter of 4 March 1500, see Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara, p. 367n.
11 Cavalleri to Ercole, 26 August 1501, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Francia, Busta 3.
12 Letter of 31 October 1501 in Gardner, p. 402n.
13 Lucrezia to Ercole, 28 October 1501, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
14 Ercole to Lucrezia, 28 December 1501, ASE, Cancelleria ducale, Minute Ducali, Busta 69.
15 Rome, 8 October 1501, Saraceni and Berlinguer to Ercole, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4757.
16 Rome, n.d., CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4757.
17 Cited in Gregorovius, Lucretia Borgia, p. 213.
18 See Beltrami, La Guardaroba di Lucrezia Borgia.
19 Burchard, vol. 3, 23 December 1501.
20 Luzio, Isabella d’Este e i Borgia, pp. 535 – 6.
21 Burchard, vol. 3, 23 December 1501.
22 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, 30 December 1501, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4757.
23 El Prete to Isabella ‘relazione dello sposalizio della Borgia la sera del 24 dicembre 1501’ [transcript], AG, Autografi 84, Busta 4.
24 Pozzi to Ercole, 1 January 1502, ASE Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
25 Pozzi to Ercole, 6 January 1502, ASE Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
26 Beltrando Costabili to Ercole, 6 January 1502, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4758.
Chapter 7: The Road to Ferrara (pp. 133 – 55)
1 Biblioteca Vaticana, manoscritto vaticano latino 3351, f 49, cited Sacerdote, Cesare Borgia, la sua vita, la sua famiglia, e i suoi tempi, p. 518.
2 Ercole to Ippolito, cited Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara, pp. 242 – 3.
3 Ercole to Ippolito, 19 August 1499, Gardner, p. 350.
4 Ercole to Ferrante, 8 April 1494, Gardner, p. 249.
5 Ercole to Ferrante, 27 February 1495, Gardner, p. 297.
6 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Foligno, 13 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
7 Ibid.
8 Ferrante d’Este to Isabella d’Este, Rimini, 22 January 1502, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 4.
9 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ippolito, Urbino, 18 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
10 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Urbino, 18 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
11 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Rimini, 22 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
12 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Cesena, 24 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
13 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Imola, 27 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
14 Marinello, Gli Ornamenti delle Donne, Venice, pp. 69 – 75
15 Pozzi to Ercole, Bologna, 30 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
16 El Prete to Isabella d’Este, 19 January 1502, Luzio, p. 539.
17 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Bologna, 29 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
18 Pozzi and Saraceni to Ercole, Bentivoglio, 31 January 1502, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri – Roma, Busta 12.
19 Costabili to Ercole, Rome, 17 January 1502, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4758.
20 Costabili to Ercole, Rome, 20 January 1502, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4758.
21 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, Ferrara, 1 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 12.
22 Tuohy, Herculean Ferrara: Ercole d’Este (1471 – 1505) and the Invention of a Ducal Capital, p. 14.
23 Ibid., p. 20.
Chapter 8: A New Life (pp. 156 – 83)
1 Zambotti, Diario Ferrarese dall’anno 1476 sino al 1504, p. 313.
2 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, Ferrara, 2 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 14.
3 ‘Computo delle nozze della Ill.ma Madama Lucrezia 1501 – 1502’, ASE, Camera Ducale, Amministrazione dei Principi, n1128.
4 Cited Luzio, Isabella d’Este e i Borgia, p. 541.
5 Costabili to Ercole, 1 April 1502, cited Gregorovius, Lucretia Borgia, p. 253n.
6 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, [?2] February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 14.
7 Luzio, pp. 543 – 4.
8 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, 5 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 14.
9 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 14.
10 ‘Computo delle nozze della Ill.ma Madama Lucrezia 1501 – 1502’, ASE, Camera Ducale, Amministrazione dei Principi, n1128.
11 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, 9 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 14.
12 Benedetto Capilupo to Francesco Gonzaga, February 9 1502, cited in Gardner, p. 422.
13 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, 11 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 14.
14 Bernardino di Prosperi to Isabella d’Este, Ferrara, 18 February 1502, AG, Serie E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
15 Ercole to Alexander VI, 14 February 1502, see Gregorovius, doc. 38.
16 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 18 February 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
17 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 26 February 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
18 See Gundersheimer, Art and Life at the Court of Ercole I d’Este: The ’De triumphis religionis’ of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti.
19 I am indebted to Dr Thomas Tuohy for this information.
20 Lucrezia’s accounts for 1507, BCAFe,Albo Estense Autografi, BCA, Classe I, 656.
21 Zambotti, p. 338. The ladies who remained were ‘Angela Borgia, Elisabetta senese [from Siena], Geronima Senese, Camilla Fiorentina [from Florence], Madona Juana Castigliana [from Castile], Black Catherina, two handmaids—Little Catherina and Eleonora, Madona Cecharella Puzeta from Naples with Cinzia and Margarita, her daughters’.
22 Zambotti, p. 337.
23 Di Prosperi to Isabella, Ferrara, 6 March 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238
24 Ibid.
25 Gundersheimer, p. 21.
26 Lucrezia to Sigismondo d’Este, Belfiore, 26 June 1502, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
27 Isabella d’Este to Lucrezia, Isabella to Geronima Borgia, Mantua, 18 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 12.
28 Gundersheimer, pp. 22—4.
29 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 27 June 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
30 Letter of 27 June 1502, in Luzio and Renier, Mantova e Urbino, p. 125.
31 Report of delegation 26 June 1502, in Bradford, p. 179.
32 Lucrezia to Ercole, 13 July 1502, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
33 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 16 July 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
34 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 24 July 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
35 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 28 July 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
36 Costabili to Ercole, 13 July 1502, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. M
SS 4758, f 169.
37 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 8 September 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
38 Costabili to Ercole, 8 September 1502, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4758, f 172.
39 Saraceni to Ercole, 8 September 1502, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4758, f 147.
40 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 6 October 1502, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1238.
41 Matarazzo, in Bradford, p. 182.
42 Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, 23 July 1502, in Bradford, p. 185.
43 Bradford, p. 197.
44 Gregorovius, pp. 284 – 5.
45 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 10 January 1503, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1239.
Chapter 9: The Heavens Conspire (pp. 184—207)
1 Cited in Luzio, Isabella d’Este e i Borgia, p. 697.
2 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 16 January 1503, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1239.
3 Isabella d’Este to Lucrezia, 4 February 1502, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2993, liber 12.
4 Luzio, p. 699. There is no other evidence for this.
5 Lucrezia’s wardrobe inventory: Inventario di Guardaroba, ‘Inventario 1502 – 3’, ASE, Camera Ducale, Amministrazione dei Principi, Lucrezia Borgia B1137.
6 See Shankland, The Prettiest Love Letters in the World: Letters Between Lucrezia Borgia and Pietro Bembo 1503—1519, p. 21.
7 Pietro Bembo to Carlo Bembo, 15 January 1503, in Shankland.
8 Wirtz, Ercole Strozzi, Poeta Ferrarese (1473—1508), in Atti della Deputazione Ferrarese di Storia Patria, vol. 16, pt. II, p. 52.
9 3 June 1503, Shankland, Letter I.
10 Both letters of 8 June 1503, Shankland, Letters II and III.
11 19 June 1503, Shankland, Letter IV.
12 Shankland, op. cit., Letters V and VI.
13 Late June 1503, Shankland, Letter VII.
14 Cited in Bradford, Cesare Borgia, p. 213.
15 Costabili to Ercole, 5 July 1503, CUL,Acton MSS,Add. MSS 4759.
16 Clough, ‘Niccolò Machiavelli, Cesare Borgia and the Francesco Troche Episode’, in Medievalia et Humanistica, Fasc. 17.
17 14 July 1503, Shankland, Letter IX.
18 18 July 1503, Shankland, Letter X.
19 24 July 1503, Shankland, Letter XII.
20 12 August 1503, Shankland, Letter XIII.
21 Costabili to Ercole, 14 August 1503, CUL, Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4759.
22 22 August 1503, Shankland, Letter XIV.
23 Ercole to Seregni, Belriguardo, 24 August 1503, cited in Gregorovius, Lucretia Borgia, pp. 287 – 8.
24 Cavalleri to Ercole, 8 September 1503, ASE, Ambasciatori Esteri —Francia, Busta 3.
25 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 26 August 1503, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1239.
26 Francesco Gonzaga to Isabella, 22 September 1503, cited in Gregorovius, pp. 288 – 9.
27 Sanudo, I Diarii, vol. V, col. 111.
28 Lucrezia to Ercole, Medelana, 3 October [1503], misplaced by archivist under Lucrezia’s correspondence with Alfonso d’Este, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
29 Ercole to Lucrezia, Codigoro, 4 October 1503, mistranscribed by Gregorovius according to Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara, see pp. 436 – 7.
30 Document of 3 May 1503 in ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 400. Documenti riguardanti Lucrezia Borgia posteriormente al matrimonio con Alfonso I.
31 5 October 1503, Shankland, Letter XV.
32 18 October 1503, Shankland, Letter XVI.
33 25 October 1503 (Noniano) and 2 November 1503 (Ferrara), Shankland, Letters XVII and XVIII.
34 5 January 1504, Shankland, Letter XIX.
Chapter 10: The Dark Marquis (pp. 208—28)
1 See Bradford, Cesare Borgia, p. 252.
2 Sanudo, I Diarii, vol. V, col. 210.
3 23 September 1505, Shankland, The Prettiest Love Letters in the World: Letters Between Lucrezia Borgia and Pietro Bembo 1503—1519, Letter XXXI.
4 Zambotti, Diario Ferrarese dall’anno 1476 sino al 1504, 2 January 1504.
5 Copy letter in ASE, Cancelleria Ducale, Particolari, Busta 209, Fasc. 4 Borgia.
6 Mirafuentes had been in touch with Lucrezia as Cesare’s trusted representative via her chamberlain, Sancho, since late June. See Mirafuentes to Lucrezia, Forli, [?29] June 1504, ASE, Cancelleria Ducale, Particolari, Busta 209, Fasc. 4 Borgia.
7 Printed in Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara, pp. 444 – 5.
8 Costabili to Ercole, 4 August 1504, Gardner, p. 450n2.
9 Gardner, p. 449.
10 25 July 1504, Shankland, Letter XXVI.
11 10 February 1505, Shankland, Letter XXX.
12 Luzio, Isabella d’Este di Fronte a Giulio II, p. 14n3.
13 Dolfo, Lettere ai Gonzaga, Letter IX.
14 Ibid., Letter XXVII.
15 Ibid., Letter VII.
16 See undated letter [post 1509] by Isabella d’Este to Alfonso d’Este in ASE, Casa e Stato, Carteggio dei Principi Estensi, Busta 133.
17 Lucrezia to Francesco Gonzaga, 11 April (marked by archivist ‘1502’), mistakenly filed with Lucrezia’s correspondence with Isabella, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 1.
18 Loc. cit. supra.
19 Cited Luzio, Isabella d’Este e i Borgia, p. 705.
20 Lucrezia to Ercole, 21 May 1502, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
21 Lucrezia to Francesco Gonzaga, 28 May 1504, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 1.
22 Francesco to Lucrezia, cited Luzio, p. 706n.
23 Lucrezia to Francesco, Ferrara, 13 May 1504, AG; Autografi 84, Busta 1.
24 Lucrezia to Francesco, Ferrara, 18 July 1504, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 1.
25 Alfonso d’Este to Isabella, Ferrara, 3 October 1504, AG, E XXXI.2, Busta 1189.
26 Amendola, The Mystery of the Duchess of Amalfi, pp. 174 – 6.
27 Sanudo, vol. VI, col. 30.
28 Zambotti, cited Gardner, p. 451.
29 Gardner, loc. cit. supra.
30 Luzio, pp. 705 – 6.
31 Giustinian, Dispacci, vol. 3.
Chapter 11: Duchess of Ferrara (pp. 229—49)
1 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 1 March 1505, AG, E XXXI. 3, Busta 1240.
2 Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara, p. 496.
3 Lockwood, Music in Renaissance Ferrara 1400—1500, p. 201.
4 Luzio, Isabella d’Este e i Borgia, p. 710n.
5 Lucrezia to Alfonso d’Este, Modena, 1 July 1505, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
6 Jacques de Chabannes (1426 – 1525), seigneur de Lapalisse, ‘Grand Maitre’ (in Italian ‘Gran Maestro’) until 1515 when he was created Marshal of France.
7 Lucrezia to Francesco Gonzaga, Reggio, 18 August 1505, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 1.
8 Lucrezia to Ippolito d’Este, Reggio, 19 and 26 August 1505, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
9 Lucrezia to Alfonso, Reggio, 10 October 1505, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
10 30 September 1505, Shankland, The Prettiest Love Letters in the World: Letters Between Lucrezia Borgia and Pietro Bembo 1503—1519, Letter XXXII.
11 29 November 1505, Shankland, Letter XXXIII.
12 Lucrezia to Francesco, Reggio, 24 October 1505, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 1.
13 Luzio, p. 711.
14 Lucrezia to Alfonso, Borgoforte, 29 October 1505, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
15 Belriguardo, 3 November 1505, in a secretarial hand, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
16 Isabella d’Este to Alfonso d’Este, 23 September 1505, AG, Copielettere, Busta 2994, liber 18.
17 Ferrante d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga, Reggio, 24 September 1505, AG, Busta 1189.
18 Alfonso d’Este to Isabella and Francesco Gonzaga, 5 and 6 November 1505, both in AG, Busta 1189.
19 Costabili to Ippolito d’Este, 14 November 1505, CUL,Acton MSS, Add. MSS 4759.
20 Bacchelli, La Congiura di Don Giulio d’Este, vol. 2, p. 85.
21 James, The Letters of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti (1481—1510), p. 231, n1.
22 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 24 December 1505, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1240.
Chapter 12: The Congiura (pp. 250—67)
1 Di Prosperi to Isabella, 21 March 1506, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1241.
2 Bacchelli, La Congiura di Don Giulio d’Este, vol. II, p. 179.
3 Ibid., p. 227.
4 Ibid., p. 229.
5 Lucrezia to Francesco, 28 December 1506, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 2.
6 Bradford, Cesare Borgia, p. 283.
Chapter 13: ‘Horrors and Tears’ (pp. 268 – 89)
1 Sanudo, I Diarii, vol. VII, col. 56.
2 Gardner, Dukes and Poets in Ferrara, p. 512n.
3 Lucrezia to Ippolito, 1 May 1507, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
4 Luzio, Isabella d’Este e i Borgia, pp. 725—6.
5 Letter of 27 August 1507, Luzio, p. 716.
6 Lucrezia to Francesco, Ferrara, 9 September 1507, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 2.
7 Di Prosperi gives a description of the comedy in a letter to Isabella of 8 March 1508, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1242.
8 Luzio, p. 717.
9 Ibid., p. 719n.
10 Letter of 3 April 1508, Luzio, p. 720.
11 Capilupo to Gonzaga, 11 April 1508, Luzio, p. 722.
12 Letter of 25 April 1508, Luzio, p. 724.
13 Letter of 30 August 1508, Luzio p. 154.
14 Reggio, 21 August 1508, Luzio, p. 731.
15 Mantua, 25 August 1508, Luzio, p. 732.
16 Letter of 26 August 1508, Luzio, p. 732.
17 James, The Letters of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti (1481 – 1510), p. 65.
18 Ibid., p. 62.
19 Lucrezia to Francesco, 30 December 1508, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 2.
20 Letter of 1 January 1509, Luzio, p. 731.
Chapter 14: The Years of War, 1509 – 12 (pp. 290 – 315)
1. See Pastor, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. VI, p. 314.
2. Lucrezia to Alfonso, 18 July 1509, plus undated drafts, ASE, Casa e Stato, Busta 141.
3. Di Prosperi to Isabella, 17 December 1509, AG, E XXXI.3, Busta 1242.
4. Shaw, Julius II: The Warrior Pope, p. 259.
5. Lucrezia to Francesco, Ferrara, 26 July 1510, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 2.
6. Sanudo, I Diarii, vol. XI, col. 114.
7. Ibid., col. 129.
8. Lucrezia to Francesco, 22 August 1510, AG, Autografi 84, Busta 2.
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