Manchuria, Japanese occupation, 235, 370, 371
Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 75, 173, 190, 431, 526, 587–8, 622
Mandelshtam, Osip, 190, 252–3, 400, 622
denunciation, 280
Mankov, Arkadii, 156, 171, 255, 257
Mannheim, Karl, 187
Marian family, 129–30
Mariupol, Germans attack (1942), 390
Markelova, Galina, 185
marriage bogus, for living space, 173–4
as bourgeois convention, 30
as camouflage, 137–8
certificates, 161
civil, 10
de facto, 10
encouraged in 1930s, 161
with foreigners, 493
inherited fear and, 649–51
labour camps, 566–71
patriarchal, 8
secrecy in, 649–50, 653
Martinelli family, 553–4
Marx, Karl, 8, 463
Master and Margarita, The (Bulgakov), 622–3
Matveyev, Vladimir, 426
Mazina, Antonina, 450, 451
Medvedev family, 127–8
Medvezhegorsk labour camp, 195–6
Meir, Golda, 493
memoirs, 633–7
Memorial Society, 587, 634n
memories borrowed, 634
intermingling with myth, 633
suppression, 604
traumatic, 634
Mensheviks, 3n, 18, 39, 218
Merridale, Catherine, 607, 637
Meshalkin family, 650–51, 651, 654
Mesunov, Anatoly, 111
Metropol’, 626–7
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 280
Mezhrabpomfilm studios, 167–8, 195, 198, 366, 557
MGB, 464, 465, 515, 521, 564
See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU
Miachin, Ivan, 265
middle class
NEP and, 7
post-war, 470–73
Soviet, emergence, 157–63
Mikheladze family, 364
Mikhoels, Solomon, 68, 493, 494, 496, 536
Mikoian, Anastas, 137, 460, 538, 540
Military-Medical Academy, Petrograd, 13
military purges (1946–8), 464–5, 625 (1930s), 237–9, 383, 422, 615
Miller, Henry, 499
Milosz, Czeslaw, 472
minorities deportation and execution (1937–8), 240–41
post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469
Minsk Front, 411
German forces capture, 381
recapture (1944), 441
seizure of power (1917), 164
Minusova, Vera, 26, 26, 27, 643, 643–4, 649
Mironov, Mikhail, 329–30
Mirsky, Dmitry, 193, 194
Mogilyov battle (1941), 628
jail, 205
Moiseyenko, Mitrofan, 181–2
Moiseyev family, 254
Molostvov, Mikhail, 646
Molotkov, Boris, 264
Molotov (V. M. Skriabin), 379, 481, 522
and Beria, 537
and Great Terror, 239, 249, 594
Khrushchev and, 538, 604
and Piatnitsky, 231–2
Mongolia Japan’s imperial ambitions, 371
under Soviet influence, 371
MOPR, see International Society of Workers’ Aid morality Communist, 244
subordinated to needs of Revolution, 33
Morozov, Pavlik, 122–5, 126, 129, 261
cult, 124–5, 129, 162, 297, 300, 303, 341
Moscow Arbat area, 148, 149, 293, 512
Architectural Institute, 215
Avtozavod Station, 151, 151
battle for (1941), 330, 384, 392–3, 394, 395, 419
Bolotnaia Square, 65
Bolshevik seizure of power (1917), 511
Bolshoi Theatre, 66, 163
Butyrki jail, 75, 215–16, 250, 261, 285, 308, 310, 311, 324, 395
citizens’ defence, 420
Comintern Hotel, 168–9
Committee of Artists, 293
communal apartments, 174–7
Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343
Dinamo, 532n
Electromechanical Institute, 478
Energy, 214–15 energy supplies, 165
Experimental School (MOPSh), 297
Film School, 475, 564
First Meshchanskaia St, 66, 70
food, 170–71, 392
Gorky Film Studios, 574, 575
Gorky Literary Institute, 198, 199, 200, 259, 267–8, 369, 374, 408, 486, 487
Gorky Street, 150, 158, 189, 484, 498, 608
Historical-Literary Society, 634n
Hotel Lux, 231
House on the
Embankment, 163, 219, 228, 241–2, 249, 324
housing shortage (1930s), 120, 149, 152–3, 172
informers, 258
Institute of Economics and
Science, 650
Institute of Soviet Law, 204
Jewish population, 68
Jewish Theatre, 493, 494, 496, 515, 536
Kamerny Theatre, 376
Kremlin Hospital, 521
labour camps, 151
Lefortovo prison, 311, 515
Lenin Komsomol Theatre, 374, 375, 376
Lenin Mausoleum, 150, 447
living space, 172
Lubianka prison, 284, 606
Maiakovsky Station, 151, 151
Master Plan for Reconstruction, 149–50, 189
Memorial Society, 587, 634n
Metro system, 149, 150–51, 468
NEP and, 6, 65
Palace of the Soviets, 150, 151
pay rates, 171
Pedagogical Institute, 510
Polytechnic Museum, 489
population growth (1930s), 149poverty (1930s), 119–20
Power Engineering Institute, 562
private housing, 153, 160–61
propaganda, 149
Red Square, 150
Revolution Day parade (1941), 393
Riabushinsky mansion, 194
St Basil’s Cathedral, 150
School No. 19, 297–8
show trials (1937–8), 237–8
Soviet Theatre, 609
Sretenskaia Street, 66
Stalin Factory, 444, 512, 515, 536, 538, 539
State Yiddish Theatre, 68
Sukharevka market, 64, 65
as symbol of socialist
utopia, 189
Third House of Soviets, 177–9, 182
Tverskaia (later Gorky) St, 43, 150, 189
victory celebrations, 446–7, 465n
wartime destruction, 457
Yeliseyev store (Grocery No. 1), 158
Young Guard publishing house, 336
Zubov Square, 71, 74–5, 148, 539
Moscow Soviet, 314
and city reconstruction, 149, 150
‘condensation’ policy, 175
Moscow University, 214–15, 435, 468, 474, 510
Moscow–Volga canal, 111, 151, 206, 213
Mosgaz Trust, 165, 379, 381 Moskva journal, 612&n, 622, 623
mothers, working, 11–12
Motovilikha steelworks, 287
Mozhaisk, 292, 360
Muravsky, Valentin, 542–8, 543
Murmansk Railway, 338
Museum of the Armed Forces, 619
Muslim nationalism, 290, 291
MVD, 486, 512, 548
deceives relatives of executed prisoners, 582–3
formation (1946), 464
labour camp guards, 468
murders, 493
official’s suicide, 588
Political Department, 571 See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU
names, Soviet, 11n, 31
nannies, 47–50, 48–50
Narkomfin house, Moscow, 10, 14
nationalism ‘Jewish’, 499, 509–10, 584
Muslim, 290, 291
Soviet-Russian, 487, 509
xenophobic, 487, 493
‘nationalists’, post-war arrests, 467, 468,
469
‘national operations’, 235, 240–41
Nazi movement, 37
anti-Semitic propaganda, 509
propaganda, 420
Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381
Neiman, Julia, 433
Nekrasov, Viktor, 619n
Nenets people, 210
NEP, see New Economic Policy Nestorova, Maria, 528
Netto, Igor, 532n
Netto, Lev, 469, 530, 531–2, 533, 579
Nevskaia, Veronika, 323–4, 323
New Economic Policy (NEP), 6–7, 75, 443, 466
‘bourgeois’ culture and, 7, 16, 157
campaign against, 71–5
class war halted by, 62
collective farms in, 83
and family, 9
and grain shortage (1920s), 72
housing ownership rights, 71
introduction (1921), 6–7, 93
market mechanism, 6, 65, 83
overturning, 71–5, 224
peasants and, 52, 86
support, 154
working class resentment, 66, 508
New Year customs, 146n, 163
New York Times, 597
Nicholas II, Tsar, 162
Nikitin family, 287–8
Nikolaev, Mikhail, 125–6, 341–3, 559–60
Nikolina Gora, 163, 286
Niva-GES hydro-electric
station, 313, 314
Nizhny Novgorod, 71, 74, 244
Nizovtsev, Pyotr, 11–13, 48, 264
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 216, 431, 557, 631
arrests, opposition to, 283
‘blocking units’, 413
career advancement, 208, 283
children’s labour colonies, 329
and child runaways, 343
complaints to, 459
corruption, 283
Danilov Monastery detention centre, 314, 336–7, 343
evidence, fabrication, 231, 234, 235, 237
and families of ‘enemies’, 316
and Great Terror (1937–8), 239, 240, 242
Gulag administration, 208, 426, 631
informers, recruitment, 180, 258–66, 259, 270, 271, 445, 478–81, 587
Katyn massacre (1939), 373
OGPU merger, 113
partisans unit, 469
recruiting grounds, 341
reorganization (1946), 464
and student dissent, 462
torture, use, 303, 427–9 in troikas, 283
Trotsky murders, 248
victims’ passivity, 242
and wartime labour, 423, 424
See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; OGPU
Nomonham Incident (Khalkin Gol), 370–71, 373, 374
Norilsk labour camp complex, 313n, 327, 426–31, 549, 565
conditions, 426–7, 429
Gorlag prison, 530–34
labour force, 327, 430, 468–70
mineral reserves, 327, 426
post-Gulag, 638, 639–41 uprising (1953), 529, 530–34, 579
wages, 470
Norkina, Maia, 330–31
Not by Bread Alone
(Dudsintsev), 592, 615
Novikova, Minora, 177, 182, 186
Novoseltseva, Roza, 275, 439
Novyi mir journal, 483, 484–5, 486, 489, 497, 499, 590, 591, 592, 593, 615
Obolenskaia, Aleksandra, see Ivanisheva, Aleksandra
Obolenskaia, Daria (‘Dolly’), 61, 201–2, 203, 573
Obolenskaia, Liudmila (later Tideman), 61, 201, 202, 203, 573–4
Obolenskaia, Sonia, 61, 202, 203, 204, 573
Obolensky, Leonid, 56
Obolensky, Nikolai, 61
Obolensky family, 56, 58, 201–4
Obruchev, Vladimir, 12
Obukhovo village, 50, 51, 52, 53, 76–81, 121, 586, 654–6
kolkhoz, 76, 93–4, 146
‘October children’, 21
October Revolution (1917), see Revolution (1917)
OGPU (political police), 32–3, 80, 81, 112, 195, 216, 349
Cultural-Educational Department, 198
informers, recruitment, 39, 144‘kulaks’, quotas, 87, 144
and labour camps, 112, 113, 114, 116
NKVD merger, 113
on peasants, 84
searches, 62, 140–41
‘special settlements’, 93, 100
and White Sea Canal tour (1933), 192, 194 See also Cheka; KGB; MVD; NKVD Oklander, Sofya, 567
Okorokov family, 108–10
Okudzhava, Bulat, 552–3
Okunevskaia, Tatiana, 402&n
Old Believers, 48n, 215, 242, 264
Old Bolsheviks, 230, 281
Great Purge (1937), 154, 155
mass arrests, 231&n
seen as Jews, 420, 508
show trials, 235, 248
spartan cult, 14–19, 30, 157, 161
Olgino, dacha resort, 55, 56, 208, 209, 213
Olgino orphanage, 339–40
Olitskaia, Yekaterina, 46–7Omsk, 283, 354, 388, 389, 525, 629
Agricultural Institute, 354
Factory No. 174
strike, 458–9
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
(Solzhenitsyn), 604–5
Oparino orphanage, 338
Orakhelashvili, Ketevan, 364–5, 365
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 267
Orenburg, 201, 202, 203, 573
Orlov, Vladimir, 520
Orlova, Liubov, 557–8
Orlova, Raisa, 188–9
Orlova, Vera, 176–7
orphans bullied, 319, 335, 340
damaged, 335
labour, 342
mutual support groups, 340
names, changed, 125–6, 316, 327, 342
numbers, 99, 329, 335 See also children’s homes, orphanages
Orsha, 65, 66, 382
Ortenberg, David, 420, 506–7Osipenko, Polina, 377
Osipovichi, Belarus, 106, 108, 260
Osorgin family, 253
Ostrovsky, Nikolai, 43n
Ozemblovsky family, 26–7, 39, 49–50 (49), 105–8, 260–61
Palchinsky, Pyotr, 196n
Pale of Settlement, 49, 65, 68, 69, 70, 511
Panova, Vera, 622
Panteleyev, Aleksei, 13
Paramonova, Nina, 177, 179
parents history, secrecy, 391–2, 646–7, 652, 654
loss, 319
renunciation, 295, 343–4, 349
reunited with children, 108, 449–54, 544–58, 560, 561–5, 571
role, 162
Partisan Tales
(Zoshchenko), 491
Party Ethics (Solts), 31–2, 37
‘Party Maximum’, 17, 18, 42
Party members arrest (1930s), 238, 273, 330, 594
arrogance, 393
austerity, 14–19, 30, 158, 161
autobiographies, 35
child care, 47
children of, 32–3
denunciation, 36, 306
double-life, 37–8
duties, 33–4
engineers, 153
and family life, 161
as husbands and fathers, 11
inspection and control, 34–40Jews, 68
and Khrushchev’s speech (1956), 597
‘kulaks’ barred, 355–6
and mass arrests, 281
personality submerged in Party, 34–5
private conduct/convictions, 34, 36
purge (1933), 157
qualifications, 32, 34–5, 36
questionnaires, 35
rehabilitation, 578, 579–80
religious observance, 47
salaries, 17, 18
selfless dedication to Party, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9 sexual promiscuity, 11
struggle, cult of, 73
suspicion, divertment, 653 vydvizhentsy elite, 155–7, 160
wartime, 385
Western infuences on, 443
See also elite (Soviet) passports, internal, 98–9, 104, 110, 137, 149, 174,
273
Pasternak, Boris, 190, 268, 431, 484–5, 593&n
Patolichev, Nikolai, 188
patriotism, 413–14, 419, 620
local, 393, 419, 420, 639
poetry and, 401, 414–15
Pavlov, General Dmitry, 411
peasants age, 126
arrest, 82
and collectivization, 76–7, 83, 84–93, 92–4, 96–7, 128–9
communes, 51
complaints, 154
cultural/generation gap, 126
emancipation (1861), 51, 77
as ‘family’, 50–51
family farms, eradication, 81–7, 94
famine (1921), 5
and grain market, 72, 82
hired labour, 86
individualism, 50
as industrial labourers, 98, 172
literacy, 126
livestock, slaughter, 93, 96
and NEP, 6, 86
Party war against, 83–6
percentage of population, 50
as ‘petty-bourgeoisie’, 82
and prices, 72
and private property, 84, 94, 97
rebellions (1921), 5, 6
revolution (1917), 81, 92–3as rural proletariat, 82
social class, 78
spending power, 467
strikes, 442
taxes on, 86, 95
trades and crafts, 52
traditionalism, 50, 53, 76, 77, 84, 87, 126, 127
union with, 72
urban migration, 98–9, 118–19, 120, 121, 126–7, 128, 172
wartime trade, 467
work ethic, 52, 86 See also‘kulaks’
peat industry, 22, 165
penal battalions, 413
People’s Courts, 70
Peredelkino, 256, 484, 500, 503
perekovka,
see‘reforging’
Perekovka (journal), 195, 196
Perepechenko, Elizaveta, 547–8
Perm (Molotov), 252, 287, 303, 316, 317, 356, 652
food shortage (1941), 318–19Pedagogical Institute, 475
post-war, 455, 458‘Trotskyists’, arrest (1936), 580
personal appearance, 15–16, 158–9
personal hygiene, 159, 175
personal life idea, promotion, 160
sacrificed, 30, 158
Pestovo, 121, 145
Peter the Great, 488
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatny jail, 331
Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 484
Petrovzavodsk concentration camp, 338‘petty bourgeois’ family as, 20
habits, eradication, 15
social impurity, 136‘
philistine byt’, 15, 16
Piatakov, Georgii, 237, 276
Piatakov, Iurii, 34, 197
Piatnitskaia, Julia, 227–9, 229, 232–3, 249–51, 288–9, 307–15
Piatnitsky, Igor, 228, 229, 249, 289, 314, 315
arrest, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311
denunciation, 231, 232
and Osip’s arrest, 233, 307
trial, 312–13n
Piatnitsky, Osip, 228–30, 229, 244, 249
arrest, 227, 233, 249, 288, 307, 308, 312
at Comintern, 228, 229–32, 232
torture, 309, 310–11
Piatnitsky, Vladimir, 228, 229, 231n, 241, 249, 297, 309
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