The Whisperers

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The Whisperers Page 95

by Orlando Figes

Simonov, Mikhail, 57

  Simonova, Aleksandra (daughter), 611, 612, 626–7Simonova, Aleksandra (née Obolenskaia, later Ivanisheva), 56–8, 140–41, 142

  Simonova, Maria (Masha), 403, 608, 609, 610–11Siniavsky, Andrei, 605

  Sinilov, K. R., 393

  Sinkevich, Zinaida, 609–10Skachkov, Pyotr, 46

  Skachkova, Maria, 46

  Skachkova, Nadezhda, 174

  slave labour, 112, 468, 641 See also labour camps; prisoners ‘slave rebellions’, 529–30Slavin, Ilia, 69–70, 204–7, 206

  arrest, 245–7, 293

  death, 582–3 and perekovka, 205–7Slavin, Isaak, 70

  Slavin family, 69–70, 71 Slavina, Esfir, 70, 71, 293–4, 360–61, 555–6, 556 Slavina, Ida, 247, 540, 555–6, 556, 582–3childhood, 28, 69, 70, 71, 204–5, 206

  parents’ arrest, 245–7, 274–5, 293, 294, 360

  schooldays, 22, 294–5, INDEX

  296, 345–7, 346, 360, 361

  SLON, see Solovetsky Camp of Special Significance Slutsky, Boris, 652

  Smeliakov, Iaroslav, 487, 529

  Smidovich, Sofia, 35

  Smirnov, Fyodor, 531

  Smirnov, I. N., 154, 219

  Smirnov, Ivan, 248

  Smith, Hedrick, 432, 435

  Smolensk, 133, 134, 305

  bombing, 457

  German capture, 383, 386, 429

  Pedagogical Institute, 132

  Sobolev, Ivan, 121

  social acceptance, children’s desire for, 341, 343, 345–7, 352–3, 354, 355–6

  social class, manipulation, 136–47 social hierarchy, 159, 171

  Socialist Realism, 188, 200, 397, 400, 590, 592

  Socialist Revolutionary Party, 38n, 39, 47, 218, 224

  Sofronov, Anatoly, 496

  Sokolniki Industrial School, Moscow, 67

  Sokolova (Tipot), Natalia, 198, 369, 498

  Sokolovskaia, Aleksandra, 248

  soldiers bravery, 411, 412–17, 419, 422

  comradeship, 420–21criticism and debate, 434, 439–43 determination to fight, 411, 412, 415–16female, 417–19 future expectations, 441–2medals awarded, 422

  memories, 620–21 penal battalions, 413

  power on battlefield, 433

  return home, 448–9 wartime executions, 411, 413

  Western influences, 441–3 and wives’ fidelity, 397–401, 448

  wounded, 448, 456

  Solomein, Pavel, 125

  Solovetsky Camp of Special Significance (SLON), 81, 112–13, 114, 116, 121, 219, 338–9, 390

  efficiency, 112–13Gorky’s praise, 194

  Solts, Aron, 16, 31–2, 37, 288

  Solzhenitsyn, A., 285–6, 604–5, 623, 634, 635, 636

  Soviet Information Bureau, 383

  Soviet Procuracy, 283, 536, 537, 538–9Soviet regime, atheism, 46, 54

  bureaucracy, 32, 187

  chaos of, 234, 235

  collapse (1991), 581, 601, 629, 641, 652

  conduct in war, 615, 618

  consolidation, 81, 159

  crimes, exposure, 594, 604–5criticism of, 385, 458–64 currency reform (1947), 467

  and dancing, 159

  denunciation culture, 36

  as deviation from Marxist principles, 531

  and educated middle class, 470–72, 476

  elite, 153, 156, 159, 265, 661‘enemies’, 131, 214, 234–5, 240, 275, 444, 464

  ethnic scapegoating, 420

  family metaphor, 162

  and family values, 160, 161, 162

  and famine, 98

  Five Year plans and, 81, 111, 172

  glasnost, 652

  and Gulag, 112, 529–30, 534

  and Jews, 420, 493, 614

  justification, 618

  Komsomol ethos, 30

  legacies of, 645

  and Leningrad intelligentsia, 488

  loyalty to, 61, 77, 139, 153, 355, 360, 393

  mutual surveillance in, 265

  and Norilsk, 427

  opposition to, 154, 201, 263, 283, 385, 426, 460, 461, 463, 468, 530, 599

  peasants and, 82, 93, 99

  private sphere, control, 561

  propaganda, 125, 341, 401, 444

  questioning, 439, 444

  ‘shock labour’, 159n

  silent collusion with, 190, 266–7, 276, 502

  Simonov’s support, 60, 64, 141, 198, 204, 270, 406, 409, 410, 411, 507, 510, 616, 622, 624–5

  ‘slave rebellions’, 529–30

  specialists in, 35, 56, 213

  traders and, 75

  urban nature, 126

  values, 186, 188, 618

  wartime criticism of, 434, 438–40, 442, 443, 444–6

  wartime relaxation, 432, 434, 435, 437–8

  wartime victory and, 618

  and women, 163–4

  writers and, 256, 270, 590

  Soviet Union air force, 376

  and Allies, 443

  anti-Semitism, 420, 508–12, 518, 521, 570, 646, 647, 648

  border conflict with Japan, 371

  Britain, negotiations with (1939), 372

  collective leadership, 536

  cultural/political superiority, 487

  ethnic divisions, 420

  foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236

  international threat (1937–8), 235–6

  invasion of Baltic States (1939), 372–3

  invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), 541n

  invasion of Finland (1939), 373

  invasion of Poland (1939), 372, 373

  joins League of Nations (1934), 229

  Lend-Lease Agreement, 443

  mineral reserves, 113, 327, 426, 427, 533, 639

  national unity, wartime, 419–20, 440

  speed of change (early 1930s), 189

  wartime devastation, 455–8

  See also Russia; Soviet regime

  Spain, Popular Front government (1936), 230

  Spanish Civil War, 200, 230, 236, 267, 373, 376

  Spaso-Yefimeyev Monastery, Suzdal, 224

  ‘special settlements’, 87, 88, 101 conditions in, 100–103

  escapes from, 105–10

  for ‘kulaks’, 93, 100, 353

  population reduction, 102

  runaways from, 242

  wages, 354

  spoilt biographies, see biographies, spoilt

  SR, see Socialist Revolutionary Party

  Stakhanov, Aleksei, 159n

  Stakhanovism, 159 & n, 416, 427, 429, 430, 640

  Stalin, Iosif

  and Afinogenov, 256

  agricultural policy, 82, 83–4, 93, 564

  and Akhmatova, 489

  ‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign, 494–503, 508, 509, 518, 521, 625

  belief in, 275, 300, 460

  body moved from Lenin’s Mausoleum, 604

  on bourgeois culture, 7

  breakdown (1941), 384

  and Bukharin, 72, 74

  bureaucrats, 156, 157

  children, 161n

  children’s loyalty to, 300, 303, 341, 342, 344

  Civil War humiliation, 240–41

  and Civil War virtues, 73

  and collective responsibility of family, 248–9

  and Comintern, 230–31, 234

  on Communists, 31

  and consumerism, 158, 159

  as ‘counter-revolutionary’, 579

  crimes, exposure, 538, 575, 593–6, 597–9, 614, 615, 646

  criticism of, 154, 263, 446, 460

  cult, 162, 270, 296, 341, 342, 433, 434, 461, 477, 527, 560–61

  death (1953), 496, 522–30, 524, 547

  as Defence Commissar, 386, 422

  and Doctors’ Plot, 521

  economic policy, 5, 72, 73–4, 187

  evacuates government to Kuibyshev (1941), 392

  executions, 234, 238–9, 248, 311

  family policy, 161&n, 162

  on father’s guilt, 295&n

  fear of war (1937–9), 235–6, 371, 372

  and forced labour, 112, 467
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  foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236

  game-playing, 508

  German invasion, unpreparedness for, 381, 383, 384–5

  ‘great break’, 84

  and Gulag system, 468, 526

  industrialization, forced, 81, 83, 111, 113, 165, 564, 565

  innocent victims, 275, 279, 599

  and JAFC, 494

  and Japan, 236, 371

  and Jews, 493, 515, 518, 519, 521

  and Kirov murder, 236&n, 264

  and Komsomol, 30, 376

  on Kondratiev, 224

  and Kosaryov, 376

  ‘kulaks’, war against, 82, 84, 86, 87, 240

  leadership destabilized (mid 30

  s), 153–5

  and Leningrad, 465, 488

  loyalty, rewarding, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265

  mass arrests, review (1939), 279

  Moscow, support for (1941), 393

  and Moscow Reconstruction, 149, 150, 151

  Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381

  and NEP, 72, 73, 508

  nostalgia for, 641–4

  opposition to, 197, 219, 230, 237, 253, 264, 461, 462–3, 551

  Order Number 270, 411

  Order Number 227 (‘Not One Step Backwards!’), 413, 414

  paranoic fear of ‘enemies’, 154–5, 236

  and peasants, 84

  and Piatakov, 34

  and Piatnitsky, 231&n

  and Poles, 240–41

  post-war political clampdown, 464–6, 487

  on private property, 158

  and ‘reforging’, 193

  reputation, 605

  and resistance to Communism, 191

  rise, 71

  on Russians, importance, 487

  and satire, 489

  on selflessness, 2

  and Serova, 377

  Short Course, The, 156, 354, 511

  and Simonov, 402, 491, 497, 498, 504, 505

  on socialism, 158

  and Soviet writers, 192

  and Spanish Civil War, 230, 236

  and ‘struggle’, 73–4, 124, 191

  support, 352, 410–11, 433, 463, 475, 477, 480, 507, 560

  and victory, 447

  view of politics, 236

  and ‘Wait For Me’, 401

  wartime leadership, 383, 384–5, 386, 392, 393, 395, 410, 411, 413, 422, 605, 615–16, 619

  Western influences, campaign against, 488

  and White Sea Canal, 114

  and Zhukov, 465

  See also Great Terror (1937–8)

  Stalin Factory Affair, 515, 536, 538

  Stalingrad (later Volgograd)

  battle (1942), 412, 413, 418, 419

  mourning site, 619

  post-war gender imbalance, 457

  Soviet counter-offensive, 418

  Stalinsk, 110

  Starostin, Andrei, 532n

  state commission stores, 172, 333

  State Museum of Modern Western Art, 492

  Stavsky, Vladimir, 267–8, 269, 270, 280–81, 371

  steel, production, 426, 427

  Stepan Razin (Zlobin), 507–8

  Streletsky, Dmitry, 87–9, 103, 275, 297, 353–6, 355

  Streletsky, Iurii, 387–8, 477–8

  Streletsky, Nikolai, 89

  Streletsky family, 103

  Stroikov family, 215, 216–17, 292–3

  students

  as informers, 478–81

  post-war dissent, 460–64

  post-war expansion, 471

  recantations, 268

  Subbotniki, 27n

  Sukhobezvodny labour camp, 349, 350

  Surkov, Aleksei, 414, 506, 520

  surveillance

  level of, 258

  mutual, 35, 37, 180

  system of, 34–40, 174, 180, 264, 385, 464, 605

  See also informers

  survival mechanisms, 601

  conformism strategy, 277, 472–8

  memories, suppression, 604

  Suslov, Mikhail, 619, 625

  Suzdal special isolation prison camp, 38

  Sverdlov, Iakov, 3, 4

  Sverdlovsk, 395

  Mining Institute, 354

  University, 436

  synagogues, closure, 68

  Tagirov family, 290–92 (291)

  Taishet labour camp, 430

  Taisina, Razeda, 251

  Tambov uprising (1921), 38

  Tatars, 290, 420

  Tatlin, Vladimir, 622

  Tbilisi (Tiflis), 161n, 350, 351, 387–8, 391, 477, 545, 546, 645

  Tbilisi University, 552

  teachers, humanitarian, 294–8

  technical specialists

  correspondence permitted, 327

  demand for, 118, 153, 210, 214, 436

  Tell, Vilgelm, 254

  Temnikovsky labour camp, 357, 559

  Tetiuev family, 39–40 (40), 347–9

  ‘Thaw’ (1956–64), 383, 433, 486, 561, 562, 593, 611, 619

  accepted understanding of, 599

  literature and, 504, 590–91

  reversed, 616–17

  and Stalin’s victims, 604–5

  Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 590–91

  theatre, Soviet, 494–5

  critics denounced, 494, 496

  Tideman, Liudmila, 573–4

  Tideman, Maximilian, 201

  Tikhanov, Aleksandr, 336, 337

  Tikhanova, Valentina, 16

  Timashuk, Lydia, 521

  Timoshenko, Marshal S. K., 386

  Timur and His Team (Gaidar), 417

  Tipot, Natalia, See Sokolova, Natalia Tito, Josip, 402n

  Tolmachyov, V. N., 113, 154

  Tolmachyovo orphanage, 339

  Tolstoy, Aleksei, 193

  Tolstoy, Leo, 12, 499, 532n

  Tomsk labour camp, 357

  Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich, 197

  Torchinskaia, Elga, 303, 444–5, 527, 528

  Torgsin shops, 172

  torture, use, 142, 248, 272, 283, 284, 303, 310–11

  trade, private, 171–2

  eradicated, 5–6, 65

  legalized (1921), 6, 65

  nationwide assault on (1927–), 71

  resentment of, 66

  shortages and, 171–2

  taxed, 66, 71, 79

  traders

  arrest, 113

  social exclusion, 136, 137

  ‘Trans-Pacific Counterrevolutionary Organization’, 331

  troikas, 282–3, 305

  Trotsky, Aleksandr, 248

  Trotsky, Leon, 58, 69, 181, 469

  defeat, 71

  expulsion, 31

  on family breakdown, 11

  followers repressed, 214, 223, 237, 277, 595

  and industrialization, 72

  and Kronstadt mutiny, 6

  Left Opposition, 154, 219, 230, 237

  on policy change (mid30

  s), 160

  Revolution Betrayed, The, 157

  sexual politics of families, 164

  on women’s role, 163–4

  Trotsky family, 248

  Trubin family, 602–4 (603)

  trust, Great Terror and, 298–313

  truth

  based on experience, 273

  Party, 273

  Revolutionary, 190–91

  subjective, 191

  Tselmerovsky, Lev, 300

  Tukhachevsky, Marshal M. N., 237, 245, 272, 278, 298, 642

  Turkin family, 252, 287, 303, 579, 580

  Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 132–6, 523, 591

  Tvardovsky family, 132–6

  Tychina, Pavlo, 452

  Uborevich, General, 237

  Uglitskikh, Ivan, 118, 119, 553, 576

  Ukraine

  anti-Semitism, 509

  Hitler and, 386

  mortality (1930–33), 98

  nationalist partisans, 427

  Pioneer Organization, 570

  post war famine, 457

  Soviet rule, 218, 537

  wartime
, 418–19, 427–8

  Ukrainians post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

  Ulbricht, Walter, 597

  unemployment, 438

  Union of Contemporary Architects, 10, 152

  United Labour Schools, 20, 22–3

  United Opposition, 72, 237

  United States

  Israeli alignment with, 493, 494

  Jews seen as allies of, 509

  Lend-Lease Agreement, 410, 443

  POW camps, 531

  Simonov visits (1946), 481–2

  See also Cold War

  universities

  admission to, 435–6, 473, 510

  ‘kulak’ children excluded, 142, 145, 301

  post-war expansion, 471

  Urals labour camps, 87, 88, 89

  ‘special settlements’, 93

  Ustiuzhna, 79, 80, 81

  utopia, Communist, 187–9

  Vaigach expedition (1931), 209–13

  Vaigach Gulag, 55

  values

  schools and, 32–3

  wartime change, 432, 440

  Vavilov, Nikolai, 502

  Vavilov, Sergei, 502

  Vdovichenko, Viktor, 497

  Venivitinov, Dmitry, 229

  Verkneuralsk prison camp, 219, 222

  Verzhbitsky, N. K., 384, 385, 392

  Vesnin Brothers’ architectural workshops, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152

  Vetlag Gulag complex, 349

  Vetukhnovskaia, Roza, 385–6

  VGIK, see All-Union State Film Institute Viatka labour camps, 511, 529, 606

  Victory Day, 618, 619–20

  vigilance

  lack of, 129, 239, 249, 259, 262, 268

  as Soviet virtue, 87, 143, 265, 281, 519

  Virag, Terez, 645n

  Virgin Lands Campaign, 543–4, 547, 561

  Vishlag pulp and paper mill, 116, 117, 118, 214–15

  Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 443

  Vishniakova, Nina, 28–9

  Vitkevich, Maria, 606

  Vitkovsky, Dmitry, 114

  Vittenburg, Pavel, 55–6, 113, 208–14, 209, 212, 275–6

  Vittenburg family, 55–6, 56, 208–14, 217

  Vladivostock, Siberia, 55, 331–2

  Vlasov, Vladimir (Zikkel), 475

  Vlasova, Olga, 475

  Voitinsky family, 18–19 (19)

  Volga–Don Canal, 468, 591

  Volga Germans, 420

  in labour army, 424

  social exclusion, 137

  Volkonskaia, Elena, 44n

  Vologda region, 52, 79, 100

  Volovich, Hava, 362–4

  Vorkuta labour camps, 248, 329, 515, 517, 535

  friendships, 566

  uprising (1953), 529

  Vorobyov family, 327–9 (328)

  Voronezh, 75

  Komsomol, 126

  loss (1942), 410

  post-war gender imbalance, 457

  Voroshilov, Kliment, 77, 231, 536, 538, 594

  Voshchinsky, Mikhail, 148, 148, 152

  Voznesensky, Aleksandr, 463, 466

  Voznesensky, Nikolai, 466

  Vyshinsky, Aleksandr, 235

  vydvizhentsy, 155–7, 160, 170–71

  wall-newspapers, 143

 

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