L. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia (Washington, 2003), critical treatment of Putin’s policies and power.
———Russia—Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies (Washington, DC, 2007), negative assessment of post-Soviet governments.
S. White (ed.), Politics and the Ruling Group in Putin’s Russia (New York, 2008), articles on élite politics, the ‘oligarchs’, and decision-making.
INTERNET SITES
http://www.gov.ru home site of the Russian government, with links to the office of the president, parliament, and various ministries and state agencies
http://rferl.org/newsline/search/org archive of daily news reports since 1997
http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/default.html archive of news reports, short articles, commentaries, and documents since 1996.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
© The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia/The Bridgeman Art Library: 5, 6; © Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow/The Bridgeman Art Library: 7; © Camera Press: 16; © Roberto Koch/Contrasto/Eyevine: 17; © Hulton Archive/Getty Images: 8; © Robert Harding Picture Library: 12; © David King Collection; 11, 13; © Jack Kollmann: 2; © AP/Press Association Images: 18; © Rex Features: 10; © RIA Novosti: 4, 14, 15; © GIM Collection/State/Historical Museum, Moscow: 3; © Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow: 1; © V&A Images, The Victoria & Albert Museum: 9
INDEX
Abkhazia 520–1
ABM see Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
abortion 332–3, 361, 482, 550
Abramovich, R. 525
absolutism 45, 86, 92, 161, 166, 186
Academy of Sciences 115, 118–9, 130, 162–3, 174, 287, 447, 482
‘acceleration’ (uskorenie) 454, 456
acmeism 266, 388
Addison, J. 266, 338
Admiralty 120
Adrian, Patriarch 108, 119, 543
Adzhubei, A. 434
Afghanistan 428, 445, 448–9, 515, 553–4
Africa 389, 445
Aganbegian, A. 429–30, 453
Agapetus 59
Agricultural Sciences, Academy of 397
agriculture 34–7, 42, 66, 138, 145, 153, 209, 215–6, 218, 226, 280, 285, 302, 314, 316–7, 322–4, 326, 328, 335, 341–2, 344, 349, 354, 355, 363, 372, 386, 391, 397, 407, 411, 422, 424, 430–1, 440–1, 449–50, 452, 455–6, 475–6, 522
Ahasuerus and Esther 87
AIDS 483
Aivazovskii, I. 193
Akhmatova, A. 339, 396–7
Alaska 194
alcoholism 444, 453
Aleksandrov, G.A. 414
Alekseev, M.V. 296
Aleksii II, Patriarch 514, 562
Alexander I 165–6, 168, 185–6, 188, 191, 193, 202, 545–7
Alexander II 202, 223, 226, 230–2, 234, 240, 250, 256, 546
Alexander III 240, 256, 278, 547
Alexander Nevsky 15–16, 68, 539–40
Alexander of Tver 17, 19–20
Alexander the Great 123
Alexandra 271
Alexandria, patriarch of, 89
Alexis, Metropolitan 26, 58
Alexis, Tsar 79–80, 82–5, 87–8
Alexis, tsarevich 116, 120–2
All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) 317; see also Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Alma-Ata, 464, 550, 554
alphabet, Cyrillic, 306, 543
Altai, 194, 481
Amsterdam 78, 93
Amur River 98, 441
Ancient Russian Library 164
Andreeva, N. 460, 554
Andrei, prince 12, 16, 539
Andrei (Bogoliubskii), prince 12, 539
Andropov, Iu. 418, 438, 447, 449, 452–3, 553
Andrusovo, Armistice of, 86, 98, 542
Anglo-Russian Trade Agreement (1921) 320
Anglo-Russian Trade Treaty (1734) 129
Anna 6
Anna Ivanovna, empress 116, 124–9, 131, 146, 544
Anna Leopol’dovna 128
Anna Petrovna 124
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) 517, 557, 559
Anti-Christ 97, 101
anti-party group 422, 552
anti-religious campaign 337, 350, 429
Antioch, patriarch of, 89
apanage (udel) 19, 38
‘April Theses’ 281
Arakcheev, A. 180
Aral Sea 372
Archangel 102–3, 129, 419, 542
architecture 6, 35, 56, 305, 337, 339, 357
‘archival revolution’ x
Arifmetika 109
Armenia 299, 426
army 4, 13, 22–4, 37–8, 45–9, 52, 59, 63, 67, 70, 72, 74, 77–9, 91, 109–15, 120, 124, 134, 159, 176–8, 180–1, 185, 191, 196, 211, 215–16, 255, 261, 264, 220, 270–1, 277, 280, 282, 287, 289, 293, 296–8, 300, 302–3, 327, 354, 365–6, 371, 374–82, 510–11, 550–1; see also military; soldiers
art 7, 22, 26, 190, 265–6, 299, 337–8, 387, 397, 429, 513
artel 349, 393
article 87: 258
artisan 7–8, 37, 39, 42, 47, 66, 101–2, 109, 138–9, 178, 180, 221, 223–4, 385, 395
Asia 119, 256, 300, 344, 419, 438, 444, 548, 555, 561
Assembly of Russian Factory Workers 250
Astrakhan 28, 32, 41, 51
atomic bomb 383, 399, 402, 552
Augustus II 106, 110, 113, 115–16
Austerlitz, 175
Austria 103–4, 106, 123, 129, 134–6, 175, 179, 195–6, 245, 256, 264, 270, 393, 544
Austria-Hungary 245, 256
autocracy 45–6, 48, 51, 53, 62, 64, 69, 74, 80, 82, 84, 90–1, 97, 126, 132–3, 149, 184, 186, 192, 226–8, 231–2, 234–5, 250, 253, 277, 281, 544–7
Averbakh, L.L. 356
Avvakum 88, 89, 95
Azerbaijan 299, 462, 554
Azeris 398, 400, 462
Azov 79, 101–4, 108, 115, 129, 135, 193, 542, 547
Babitskii, A. 505
Bakhchisarai, Peace of, 91
Baku 215, 227
Bakunin, M. 227
Balakhna, 343
Balkan Wars (1912–13) 265
Balkans 195–6, 243, 270
Balkars 419
Baltic Germans 232
Baltic Sea 23, 31
Baltics 154, 256, 378, 395, 417, 462, 518, 543
banks and banking 148, 173, 216, 219, 232, 473–5, 478, 483, 496, 499–500, 511–12, 524, 526, 544, 547, 557
Baptist Church 336
‘Barge Haulers’ 223
barshchina xix, 173, 545
Basaev, S. 561
Bashkirs 41, 47, 129, 151–2, 154, 156, 544
Bashkortostan 515, 555
Basil, Byzantine emperor, 6
baskaki 16
batrak xix
Batu 14–16
Batumi 419
Bauman, K. Ia. 351
Bayer, G. 130
Bazarov, 226
bedniak xix
Beggrov, A.K. 194
Belarus 136, 369, 464, 521, 554–7; see also Belorussia
Belavezh Accord 464
Belevskie 39, 49
Belgorod 42
Belinskii, V.G. 192, 546
belomestnye atamany 51
Beloozero 19–21, 35–7
Belorussia xii, 151–2, 223, 256, 299, 375, 382, 426, 464, 551; see also Belarus
Belskie, princes 39
Bely, A. 265
Belyi raion 368
Berezov 97
Berezovskii, B. 469, 501, 558
Beria, L.P. 370, 404, 439, 410–11, 416, 550, 552
Bering Expedition 119, 130
Berlin 134, 165, 230, 244, 320, 379, 382–3, 398–400, 428, 546, 552
Berlin, Peace of, 546
Berlin, Treaty of, 320
beschest’e 57
Beshehr 560
Beslan 560
besprizorniki xix, 328, 334–5
Bessarabia, 256, 371, 378, 402
Bezborodko, A. 186
Bezbozhnik 336
Bezdna 208
B
ibikov, D.G. 203
Bidloo, N. 107, 119
Biron, E.J. 127–8, 544
Bismarck, O. 233, 262
Bits of This and That 164
Black Sea, 3, 135–6, 154–5, 196, 243, 270, 375, 380, 520, 554, 557
blackearth 42, 205–7, 215, 239, 302
black peasant 37, 46
‘Blessed is the Heavenly Host’ (icon), 58
Blok, A. 265–6
Bloody Sunday 250, 252, 548
Blumentrost, L. 130
Board of Public Welfare 158
Bodrov, S. 473
Boeing 476
Bogdanov, A.A. 303–4
Bogoliubovo 12
Bolotnikov, I. 69
Bolotnikov rebellion 69
Bolsheviks 246–7, 269, 273–4, 280–1, 284, 286, 289–92, 295–302, 305, 307–11, 317–21, 329–33, 340, 343–5, 348–70
bondsmen 67, 69, 76, 81, 84, 95
Bonn 418
books 43, 78, 88, 91–2, 107, 109–10, 117–18, 148, 161, 165, 181, 227, 439, 471
Borderlands of Russia 223
Boris (Godunov) 52, 62, 65–8
Boris Godunov 66
Borodin, P. 471, 490, 545
Borodino, Battle of, 177, 545
Bosnia 264
Bosnia-Herzegovina 270
Botswana 475
Bourbon 186
bourgeoisie 219, 228, 235, 246–8, 260, 269, 275–6, 279–80, 285, 289, 292–3, 295–6, 301, 303, 305, 315–6, 332, 334, 337–40, 344, 347, 355, 357, 396, 426, 447
Boyar Duma xix, 65, 68
Boyars 22, 37–8, 44, 46, 55, 58–9, 61, 68–9, 71
Braudel, F. 31–2, 62
Brest-Litovsk Treaty 301
Brezhnev, L.I. 406, 408, 419, 434, 437–40, 443–5, 448–9
British Communist Party 320
Briullov, K. 193
Briusov, V. 265
Brodsky, J. 429
Bronze Horseman 101, 133
Brothers Karamazov 547
Brown R. 130
Bruce, J. 107, 118
Budennyi, S.M. 298, 387
budget 75, 111, 118, 159, 258, 261, 264, 335, 393, 408, 423, 454–6, 465, 471–3, 497–9, 507–8, 510–12, 525, 562
Bülffinger, G. 130
Bukharin, N. 311, 313–16, 318–19, 324–7, 344, 351, 362, 367, 549–50
Bulavin, K. 114–15, 543
Bulgakov, S. 266
Bulganin, N. 412, 422–3, 552
Bulgaria 393, 402
Bulgars 2, 4, 9, 12, 21, 42
Bullitt, W. 300
Bulygin Duma 254
Burdzhalov, E.N. 420
bureaucracy 38, 45, 61, 66, 71, 133, 200, 204, 208, 218–19, 227, 238, 241, 266, 272, 278, 293–4, 310, 342, 357, 360, 366, 412, 421–2, 509
Burke, E. 180
Burnt by the Sun 473
Bush, G.H.W. 473
Bush, G.W. 486, 515–7, 523, 559
Bushkovitch, P. 44
byvshie 303
Byzantium 2–4, 6–9, 22, 51, 58–9, 89, 133, 179
Cambridge University 130, 134
cameralism 109
capital flight 476–7, 499
capitalism 246–8, 292, 344, 360, 395, 484, 547
Cardis, Peace of, 86
Carlsbad 120
Carolingian court 52
Caspian Sea 32, 110, 123, 129, 156, 219, 394, 543
Cathedral of Annunciation 513
Cathedral of St Sophia 7–8
Cathedral of the Dormition 8, 22
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin 32
Catherine I: 119, 123–6, 130, 134, 547
Catherine II (the Great) xiii, 85, 131–41, 149–51, 153–9, 161, 163–6, 168, 170, 172–3, 179, 190, 194, 544
Catholicism 27, 43, 68–9, 78, 85
Caucasus xi, 13–15, 151, 185, 195, 224, 256, 330, 349, 355, 381, 394, 440, 448, 462, 481, 486, 514, 551
cavalry 37–8, 46–7, 54, 67, 102, 116, 298, 346
censorship 165–6, 190, 193–4, 205, 212, 229, 231, 292, 413, 546–7
Central Asia 225, 244, 256, 299, 344, 346, 386, 412, 419, 438, 440, 442, 444, 448, 486–7, 521, 543, 546, 548, 555, 561
Central Committee 290, 294, 310–14, 349, 356–8, 368, 396–7, 406–10, 414–17, 420–2, 427, 434, 439, 459–60, 549
Central Powers 278
Central War Industries Committee 273
Centre for Strategic Development 493
CFE see Conventional Forces in Europe
Chaadaev, P.Ia. 191, 197, 545
Chancery of Secret Investigative Affairs 127
Charles I 82
Charles X: 186
Charles XII: 108, 110, 113–16
Charlotte of Wolfenbüttel 116
Charter to the Nobility 148, 190, 545
Charter to the Towns 138, 545
charters 41, 53, 88, 97, 116, 138, 148, 190, 517, 545; see also laws; statutes; manifestoes
Chebrikov, V. 457
Chechnya 486–7, 490–2, 503–5, 519, 554–8, 560
Cheka xix, 295, 297, 548, 557
Chekhov, A. 239
Cheliabinsk 387
Cheney, R. 516
Cheremisy 42
Cherkasskii, A. 128
Chernenko, K. 449, 451–2, 553
Chernigov 5, 8, 12–16, 18, 26, 76, 298
Chernobyl 456, 554
Chernomyrdin, V. 469, 555, 557
Chernov, V. 280, 285–6, 297
chernozem xix
Chernyshevskii, N.G. 225, 546
chetvert’ xix
Chicherin, B. 201
China 15, 20, 42, 46, 50, 79, 95–6, 98, 107, 127, 156, 158, 172, 251, 288, 313, 365, 368, 396–8, 402, 431, 445, 472, 478, 487, 498, 500, 512, 519, 545, 551, 556, 559
cholera 186, 238
Christian IV: 110
Chronicle of Current Events 446, 553
Chubais, A. 480, 556–7
Chudov Monastery 67
Church Council of 1551 (stoglav) 43
Church Council of 1666–67: 542
Church of Christ the Saviour 361
Church of Lazarus 35
Church of St Dmitrii 11
Church of the Dormition 12, 22, 25
Church of the Holy Virgin 7
Church of the Intercession 11–12
Church of the Intercession on the
Moat 57
Church of the Mother of God (Smolensk) 8
Church of the Tithe 7
Church of the Transfiguration of Our
Saviour 8
Churchill, Winston 300, 388–9
Chuvash 42, 151–2
CIA 418, 428, 457, 481
cinema 267, 336, 338, 351, 397, 473, 512
CIS: see Commonwealth of Independent States
city 4, 7–8, 13, 16, 26, 32, 37, 42, 61, 75, 83, 93, 120–1, 155–6, 159, 173, 177, 205, 210–14, 221–23, 255, 258, 267, 272, 274, 285, 287–8, 308, 314, 317, 328, 333, 335, 339, 346, 352–4, 358, 372, 374, 380–3, 409, 412, 423, 432, 441, 448, 457, 459, 467, 483, 486, 503, 507, 522, 540, 546–7, 560
city council 211, 221, 231–2
civil war 114, 278, 291–2, 295–302, 307–8, 323, 333, 335, 348, 370, 377–8, 394, 402, 471, 540, 548–9
Clinton, W. J. 485–6, 557
Clark, K. 357
class struggle 248, 302, 348, 367
clergy 6–9, 37–8, 43, 65, 82, 88, 92, 108, 110, 159–61, 212, 219–20, 252, 303, 336, 351, 353, 413, 432
colour revolutions 516
climate x-xi, 36
Cold War 342, 397–8, 400, 408, 466, 484
collective farm (kolkhoz) xx, 302, 341–4, 347, 350, 352, 362, 368, 386, 393, 431–3, 437, 444, 452, 550, 551
collective responsibility (krugovaia poruka) 76, 206, 332
Collective Security Treat (1992) 486
collectivization 314, 316–7, 326, 335, 337, 341, 347, 351, 353–4, 367, 417, 520, 550
College of the Economy 141
colonization xi, 35, 39, 119, 153, 477
Cominform xix
Comintern (Communist International) 318, 320, 361, 370; see also Third International
commerce 7, 14, 21–3, 33, 35, 47, 138–9, 142, 175, 209, 212
Commission on Religious
Questions 335
Committees of Public
Organizations 278
Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS) xix, 477, 486, 554–5
commune 35, 37, 42, 46–7, 50–1, 54–5, 62, 140, 143, 205–6, 213–4, 217, 221, 226, 228, 236, 242, 247, 260, 285, 328–9, 359
communism 226, 290–1, 293, 300–3, 329, 355, 384, 391, 395, 407, 414, 425, 427, 451, 516
Communist Academy 334
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) xix, 308–9, 317, 319–20, 329, 341–3, 347, 355, 366, 391, 394, 414, 417–18, 428, 436, 459–61, 464–5, 467, 492, 502, 554–6, 558, 562
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) xix, 554
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire 187, 545
Complex Method 334–5
Congress of Berlin, 230
Congress of People’s Deputies (CPD), xix, 459–61, 465, 554
Congress of Vienna 178
Conquest, R. 368
Constantine 124, 179
Constantinople 6, 10, 26, 27, 88, 108, 135–6, 280, 298, 540
Constituent Assembly 253, 255, 274, 277–9, 282, 290, 295–7, 548–9
constitution 126, 128, 136, 150, 169, 170–2, 180–3, 186, 192, 197, 230, 234, 246, 248–52, 254–8, 267, 302, 341–2, 361–2, 437, 439, 466–7, 470, 472, 485, 488–9, 492, 506–8, 521, 544, 549–50, 553–5, 562
constitutional monarchy 183, 267
constructivism 305, 338
Continental Blockade 174–5
continuous workweek 359
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) 518, 562
Copenhagen 121
corporal punishment 110, 137–9, 148, 207, 548
corvée (barshchina) 148, 153–4, 155, 166, 172, 215, 545
Cossacks 34, 47, 51, 67, 72
Council of Ministers 409, 421–2
Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom) 293, 314
Council of Seven Boyars 71–2
Council of the Realm (zemskii sobor) xxiii, 59, 65, 68, 71, 77, 79, 81, 108
Council of the Republic 290
counter-revolution 199, 227–8, 230, 233, 275, 288, 291, 293, 360, 369, 410, 416–8
Coup d’état of 3 June 1905 258, 267
Courland, duke of, 116, 125, 127
courts 8–9, 38–9, 82, 106, 150, 158, 181, 187, 206, 210, 212, 224, 232, 236, 255, 333, 421, 483
Coyet, B. 78
CPU xix; see Congress of People’s Deputies
CPRF xix; see Communist Party of the Russian Federation
CPSU: see Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Cracow 68
Crawford summit 559
crime 39, 229, 328, 369, 396, 483
Crimea 28, 98, 103, 129, 151, 196, 203, 411, 463, 520
Russia A History Page 66