For Your Eyes Only

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For Your Eyes Only Page 4

by Ben MacIntyre


  Any, all or none of these factors may have contributed to the naming of Bond. What is certain is that once he had alighted on the name, Fleming knew it fitted his spy like a Savile Row suit. ‘I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find,’ he said, something ‘brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine.’ A name like ‘Peregrine Maltravers’, he reflected, would be too exotic for a man intended to be a ‘neutral figure – an anonymous blunt instrument wielded by a Government Department’. What Fleming did not say is that ‘Peregrine Maltravers’ is also an avowedly upper-class English name. Scottish-born Bond, for all his clubbable ways and public school education, is intended to be classless (or as classless as an upper-class man like Fleming could make him). The bi-syllabic James Bond has a double-barrelled simplicity to it. ‘Bond’ sounds oddly British and reassuring: a bond is what an Englishman’s word is made of, the financial security one may reliably invest in, the adhesive that holds things together. With no offence to Peregrines worldwide, this is not a name women tend to go to bed with on first acquaintance, and the phrase ‘The name’s Maltravers, Peregrine Maltravers’ hardly trips off the tongue. In The Man with the Golden Gun, Bond, refusing a knighthood, reflects on his own name: ‘No middle name. No hyphen. A quiet, dull, anonymous name.’

  The codename 007 may have a simpler origin. One of the greatest triumphs of British naval intelligence in the First World War had been the breaking of the code in the fabled Zimmermann Telegram of 1917, which helped bring the United States into the war and effectively sealed Germany’s defeat. The telegram, sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann, instructed the German ambassador in Mexico to approach the Mexican government with a view to forming an alliance against the US. The message was intercepted and decoded by three naval intelligence code-breakers, working out of Room 40 in the Admiralty; two months later, an outraged US Congress declared war on Germany. The German diplomatic code used in the top-secret telegram was identified by the number 0075; thereafter the double-zero code was attached to all highly classified documents. To anyone versed in intelligence history, 007 signified the highest achievement of British military espionage. ‘When I was in the Admiralty during the war,’ Fleming told a later interviewer, ‘all the top-secret signals had the double-O prefix. Although this was later changed for security reasons, it stuck in my mind and I decided to borrow it for Bond to make his job more interesting and provide him with a licence to kill.’ The sixteenth-century English mathematician, occultist and secret agent, Dr John Dee, used a similar code in messages sent to Queen Elizabeth I. In Dee’s code the double-O prefix, symbolising two eyes, was shorthand for ‘For Your Eyes Only’.

  Like most fictional characters, James Bond is not one individual. ‘He was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war,’ Fleming once declared. ‘It was all the things that I heard and learned about secret operations that finally led me to write about them in a disguised way and with James Bond as the central character.’ Fleming never denied that Bond was a combination of real people; he did not, however, identify exactly which people, leaving the door open to an entire raft of claimants. Fleming compounded the issue by flattering more than one person with the suggestion that he was the model for the superspy; inevitably, as Bond’s fame spread, this was an increasingly coveted accolade.

  Chief among the contenders is, of course, Fleming himself. The physical descriptions of 007 recall his creator, with his ‘longish nose’ and slightly ‘cruel mouth’. They even share the same colour (blue) eyes and black hair. In From Russia with Love, Fleming provides the most detailed picture of Bond, complete with elements of self-portraiture: ‘The eyes wide and level under straight, rather long black eyebrows . . . the line of the jaws rather straight but firm.’ In Casino Royale, Bond’s looks remind the doomed beauty Vesper Lynd of Hoagy Carmichael, the American songwriter, singer and actor. The comparison is made again in Moonraker, in which Bond is described as ‘certainly good-looking . . . Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold.’ An image of Bond, approved by Fleming as part of the Daily Express strip cartoon that started in 1958, makes 007 appear faintly vampiric, but again bears more than a passing resemblance to Fleming himself. Fleming sometimes played up the autobiographical aspects of Bond, and sometimes downplayed them: ‘I couldn’t possibly be James Bond,’ he told his friend, William Plomer. ‘He’s got more guts than I have. He’s also considerably more handsome.’

  Val Fleming, the courageous father killed in the trenches of the First World War, must have a primary claim to be the inspiration for James Bond. The father, dead when Ian Fleming was just eight years old, naturally left a permanent hole in Fleming’s world, which Bond may partly have filled by representing his ideal man of action. It is possible, though simplistic, to see Bond as an expression of father/hero-worship played out in fiction, though Val was far too fastidious, gentle and conventional to be confused with the hard-eyed Bond.

  Peter Fleming, Ian’s much-admired elder brother, may have come a little closer to that model, being handsome, tough and, most importantly, a secret warrior. Having forged one career in peacetime as a highly successful travel writer, Peter had enjoyed an adventurous war. Drafted early into the world of military intelligence and irregular warfare, he was sent to Norway on a reconnaissance mission to plot a counter-attack following the Nazi invasion, and was erroneously reported killed. Mirroring Ian’s role in naval intelligence, Peter had become assistant to the chief of military intelligence, and thus privy to some of the most delicate and fascinating secrets of wartime spying. He again narrowly escaped death while on an SOE mission to Greece, and was then transferred to Delhi, where he spent three years organising deception plans quite as elaborate as anything dreamed up by his brother. One such plot involved planting a briefcase full of forged papers in a crashed jeep in the jungle, to try to convince the advancing Japanese that they were facing an unexpectedly strong British force. After the war, Peter returned to writing and produced a novel, The Sixth Column, which had as its main character a thriller writer who creates a protagonist with marked similarities to Bond. In at least three ways, then, Peter helped to create Bond: by a successful writing career that may initially have put off his younger brother but later spurred him on to try his hand at fiction; by a wartime intelligence career with some enviably Bond-like aspects; and by writing a book that uncannily prefigured Ian’s own literary career. Just six months after Peter published The Sixth Column, Ian set to work on Casino Royale.

  Behind the Flemings follow a parade of swashbuckling types, each with a claim to a little of the Bond myth. One of the earliest is Conrad O’Brien-Ffrench, the skiing spy Fleming had first met in Kitzbühel back in the 1930s, when the older man was gathering information on German troop deployments as part of the Z Organisation, an amateur spy network made up of journalists and businessmen. While Fleming certainly met and admired this extraordinary character, he is unlikely to have known about his espionage activities in enough detail to use them as material in the Bond series.

  A more likely candidate is Patrick Dalzel-Job, who served in the 30 AU unit during the latter part of the war. Dalzel-Job displayed many of Bond’s characteristics: he was a superb marksman who had learned how to ski backwards, parachute behind enemy lines, dive, and pilot a miniature submarine. When on assignment, he wore an airman’s jacket with a compass hidden inside one of the buttons and carried a pipe with a hidden chamber containing maps. Jan Aylen, technical officer with 30 AU, declared Dalzel-Job to be ‘one of the most enterprising, plucky and resourceful’ warriors he had ever met. Like Fleming, Dalzel-Job had lost his father in the trenches, and spent much of his youth navigating around the Norwegian coast with his mother, gaining a specialist knowledge that proved invaluable when war was declared and he signed up with British Naval Intelligence. Serving with the North Western E
xpeditionary Force in Norway in 1940, Dalzel-Job revealed a Bond-like streak of rebellion when he disobeyed a direct order and insisted on evacuating five thousand Norwegian civilians from the town of Narvik who were facing imminent Nazi retaliation. He escaped a court martial after King Haakon of Norway awarded him the Knight’s Cross of St Olav in recognition of his gallantry, ‘making it difficult for me to be disciplined’, in his own words.

  By the time Fleming met him in 1944, Dalzel-Job had already won a reputation for bravery just this side of lunacy, which continued to expand in the closing months of the war. Striking out from Utah Beach after the D-Day landings with a handful of Royal Marines, he filleted vital intelligence from an abandoned flying-bomb site, disabled a German destroyer and personally accepted the surrender of the German city of Bremen. He then immediately set off on a quixotic quest to find the Norwegian woman who had once served as crew on his boat, and married her three weeks later.

  Throughout his long life, Dalzel-Job, who died in 2003 at the age of ninety, was credited with being the model for James Bond. He never denied the association, and claimed that Fleming had told him, long after the war, that he was indeed an inspiration for Bond. But disarmingly, this diminutive figure with large ears who lived in retirement in the Scottish Highlands pointed out that in certain respects he was no Bond: ‘I have never read a Bond book or seen a Bond movie. They are not my style . . . And I only ever loved one woman, and I’m not a drinking man.’ Yet he also implied that he knew what was in the books and films, and recognised himself. ‘When you have lived such an exciting life you don’t need to see a fictional account of it,’ he said, adding, perhaps unnecessarily, since he was approaching the age of eighty-seven: ‘I prefer the quiet life now.’ It is possible that the villain Oddjob in Goldfinger may be a sly joke on the name Dalzel-Job.

  Dalzel-Job may have the strongest claim to be Bond, but he was not the only prototype among the ranks of hard men in naval special operations. Another was Michael Mason, the scion of a landed Oxfordshire family who ran away to become a fur-trapper in rural Canada and then enjoyed a second career as a successful amateur boxer. At the outbreak of war, the rugged Mason was operating as an agent in Romania when two Nazi agents were sent to assassinate him; he killed them both. Another with a claim to a bit of Bond was the extraordinary Merlin Minshall, an amateur racing driver who took part in Fleming’s abortive attempt to disrupt traffic on the Danube by scuttling six cement barges at the river’s narrowest point, the Iron Gates. Minshall, who had spent much of his life sailing the waterways of Europe, simply walked into Room 39 in 1939 and suggested the idea off his own bat. Minshall was sent to Bucharest in 1940 with orders to help Mason carry out the scheme. The cement barges were duly chartered and headed up the Danube to the Iron Gates, with Minshall following behind in a highspeed launch. Everything went wrong: the launch ran out of fuel, the plan was betrayed and the local Nazis appeared. In true Bond tradition, Minshall then set off in the launch and escaped, it is said, after a two-hour high-speed chase. Minshall, who spent the latter part of the war tracking U-boats and worked as naval liaison to Tito’s partisans in Yugoslavia, was one of the first to claim consanguinity with Bond.

  A similar man of action was Fitzroy Maclean, the diplomat, writer and adventurer who carried out covert operations behind the lines in North Africa as part of the newly formed SAS, and later played a pivotal role liaising with Tito’s partisans in Yugoslavia. In 1942, he abducted at gunpoint a Nazi sympathiser in Persia, General Zahidi, and spirited him out of the country. Fleming first met Maclean in Moscow in 1939, when he was on special assignment for The Times. Maclean, then serving as a junior diplomat at the Moscow embassy, was sent to summon Fleming to a dinner and found him in flagrante delicto in his hotel room with an attractive Russian woman (who turned out to be a Soviet plant, sent to spy on the journalist). Maclean told the dinner party hostess that Fleming could not attend as he was ‘very, very busy’. Despite their shared interests, the friendship between the two men appears to have cooled after the war. Fleming later considered Maclean’s superb book Eastern Approaches for serialisation in the Sunday Times, then rejected it rather pointedly, insisting that the author had claimed too much credit for himself – something Fleming would surely not have done had Maclean been the inspiration for Bond.

  The playboy double agent Dušan ‘Duško’ Popov, code-named ‘Tricycle’ by the British, is yet another individual cited as a proto-Bond: certainly he shared many of Bond’s (and for that matter Fleming’s) tastes, including casinos, women, fast cars, expensive clothes and strong drink. Throughout the war, in the guise of an international businessman, Popov fed MI5-supplied disinformation to the German Abwehr, which continued to regard (and pay) him as one of its best spies. Fleming may well have known of Tricycle’s exploits, but it is highly unlikely that they ever met. In one celebrated incident, Popov was gambling in Lisbon when he became irritated by the attitude of a large and vulgar Lithuanian, who kept showing off by calling ‘Banque ouverte!’ whenever he held the bank, to indicate there was no upper limit on the stakes. Popov slapped $30,000 on the table – money which belonged to MI5. The Lithuanian, eyes bulging, declined the bet. Having successfully called his bluff, Popov tucked the money back in his dinner jacket and walked out. The incident became part of the Popov legend, and may have formed part of the inspiration for the gambling scenes in Casino Royale. Louche, charming and insufferably vain, Popov was a nerveless secret agent who, like Bond, never hesitated in his duty and seemed to care not one whit for the victims and wronged women he left in his wake. In later life, when asked whether he was an inspiration for James Bond, Popov managed to imply that he was more Bond than Bond himself. In 1981, he told a group of Italian journalists: ‘I doubt whether a flesh and blood Bond would last forty-eight hours as a spy.’

  In a similar mould was Wilfred ‘Biffy’ Dunderdale, the station chief of SIS (MI6) in Paris, whom Fleming met in 1940. A regular at Maxim’s restaurant on the rue Royale, exquisite in Cartier cufflinks and handmade suit, and driving an armour-plated Rolls-Royce through Paris, the fashionable multilingual Dunderdale had much of Bond’s style. He was also a most effective spy, having played a key role in the intelligence work that led to the cracking of the Enigma code – arguably the greatest coup in espionage history.

  No account of possible Bond prototypes would be complete without mentioning William Stephenson, the Canadian spy chief codenamed ‘Intrepid’, who ran British intelligence in North America. We know that Fleming and Stephenson were friends and allies. Stephenson boosted the legend of Fleming as Bond, and the writer returned the compliment. In a letter to the Sunday Times in October 1962, Fleming declared: ‘James Bond is a highly romanticised version of a true spy. The real thing is . . . William Stephenson.’ This has been taken to imply that the ‘quiet Canadian’ was the main inspiration for Bond, which is not exactly what Fleming was saying. Stephenson was, indeed, ‘the real thing’; he was, in Fleming’s own assessment, ‘very tough, very rich, single-minded, patriotic and a man of few words’. He had had an extraordinary career in the First World War, during which he was gassed, learned to fly with the Royal Flying Corps, shot down Lothar von Richthofen, brother of the celebrated Red Baron, crashed, was captured and escaped. But by the second war he was middle-aged, and no longer the type to be indulging in car chases and love affairs. Working without a salary, under the official title of British Passport Control Officer, Stephenson used the so-called British Security Coordination (a front for British intelligence) to influence American opinion, channel top-secret information, and train secret agents at Camp X in Ontario. Some two thousand agents would pass through this camp during the course of the war, five of whom would go on to direct the CIA. Stephenson’s plan (which never materialised) to obtain nearly three million dollars in gold belonging to the Vichy government from the Caribbean island of Martinique, may have inspired the plot of Goldfinger, in which the arch-villain seeks to empty Fort Knox. Stephenson’s plot involved overthrow
ing the Vichy authorities on the island, getting the colony to declare for General de Gaulle, and then handing the gold reserves over to the Free French. Stephenson undoubtedly played a vital role in Britain’s wartime espionage and taught Fleming much of the craft he knew so well, but in many ways he is closer to M, the veteran spymaster, than to Bond himself.

  There is no definitive answer to the question, who was ‘the real Bond’, since, as he is a fictional creation, there was no such thing. Teasing apart the claims and counterclaims is made harder by the fact that spies lie so easily, particularly when remembering their own lives. The entertaining memoirs of Popov, Minshall and Stephenson should all be taken with large quantities of salt. Bond is all of the above, and none of them: he possesses the cunning of William Stephenson, the sheer toughness of Michael Mason, the insouciant style of Popov, the disobedience of Dalzel-Job, the elegant cufflinks of Biffy Dunderdale, the courage of Merlin Minshall, and Fitzroy Maclean’s intelligent heroism. Bond is all of these, but flavoured throughout with a healthy dollop of Fleming himself and his remarkable family. These intoxicating elements were then shaken up together, and stirred.

  Who was M?

  At first this seems a far easier question to answer, but, as with all Fleming stories, the plot is thicker than it seems. The fictional Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG (finally identified by name in The Man with the Golden Gun) is based, in large part, on John Godfrey, Fleming’s boss at the Naval Intelligence Department. M is grumpy, dedicated, rude and every inch the naval martinet, with ‘damnably clear’ bright blue eyes; his underlings are terrified and loyal in equal parts. He ‘thinks in the language of battleships’, and his voice is straight off the Quarterdeck (the name of his house). Kingsley Amis assiduously totted up the various ways M’s voice is described by Fleming: angry (3); brutal, cold (7); curt, dry (5); gruff (7); stern, testy (5); and so on. Yet this is the voice Bond ‘loved and obeyed’. All these traits were apparent in Godfrey, who nonetheless ran a tight ship and proved a most effective spymaster. Fleming described him as a ‘real war-winner’ with ‘the mind and character of a Bohemian mathematician’. Some found Godfrey impossible to deal with, and his abrupt sacking in 1942 (and lack of wartime decoration) has never been fully explained. But, like Bond, Fleming knew how to play his short-tempered boss, and was treated with similar indulgence: M lets Bond get away with, and periodically commissions him for, murder. In On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, Fleming makes the M–Godfrey link most explicit, describing the door-knocker on M’s house as the ship’s bell clapper from ‘HMS Repulse’, which ‘had been M’s final sea-going appointment’. Godfrey’s last command, before taking over at NID, had been the Repulse.

 

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