Einstein: His Life and Universe

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Einstein: His Life and Universe Page 82

by Walter Isaacson


  Franck, James, 505–6

  Frank, Philipp, 12, 20, 164, 166, 172, 177, 248, 271–72, 285, 332, 399, 410–11, 567n, 579n

  Frankfurter, Felix, 298

  Franklin, Benjamin, 311, 389

  Franklin Institute, 624n

  Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 163

  Frauenglass, Richard, 529

  Frauenglass, William, 527–29, 530

  frequencies:

  light, 96–97, 99, 119, 314

  sound, 119n

  Freud, Sigmund, 3, 209, 284, 365–66, 377, 381–83, 386, 389, 614n–15n

  Freundlich, Erwin Finlay, 191, 202–5, 213, 222, 233, 243, 267

  Freundlich, Kathe, 277

  Fried, Amos, 373

  Friedman, Robert Marc, 310, 312

  Frisch, Otto, 469

  Frothingham, Mrs. Randolph, 399, 477, 502

  Fuchs, Karl, 500, 501–2

  Fuld, Caroline Bamberger, 395

  Fulton, Robert, 476, 630n

  galaxies, 254, 353–56, 442

  Galileo, 5, 6, 80, 90, 91, 108–9, 117, 128–29, 145, 146, 251–52, 288, 550

  Galison, Peter, 126, 569n–70n, 578n

  gamma rays, 111

  Gamow, George, 355–56, 481

  Gandhi, Mohandas K., 438, 527

  gases:

  atomic structure of, 164, 323, 480–81

  condensation of, 328–29

  diffusion of, 223

  molecular theory of, 43, 56–57, 67–72, 91, 97, 103–4, 156, 328–29

  volume of, 98, 101–3

  Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 193–94, 215, 253, 589n

  Gedankenexperiment (thought experiments), 2, 3–4, 5, 26–27, 78, 79, 114, 121, 122–27, 138, 142, 145–46, 147, 190, 201, 267, 322, 345–46, 348–49, 448–60, 468, 512, 514, 583n

  Gehrcke, Ernst, 285–86, 304, 311

  Gell-Mann, Murray, 459–60

  General Disarmament Conference (1932), 377–78

  generators, electric, 91, 115

  Geneva, University of, 154–55, 306

  geodesic lines, 192

  geometry:

  Euclidean, 17, 19–20, 33, 37, 44, 63, 75, 83, 149, 192, 193–94, 209–10

  non-Euclidean, 163, 192, 193–96, 253

  propositions of, 83

  of relativity, 192, 222, 337

  German Citizens of the Jewish Faith, 282

  Gestalt psychology, 116, 241

  glial cells, 547

  Glimpses of the Great (Viereck), 386

  G Major Quartet (Mozart), 430

  God, 4, 16, 20, 84, 91, 125, 297–98, 326, 335, 352, 384–93, 466, 515, 538, 549, 550–51, 609n

  Gödel, Kurt, 509–11, 536, 634n, 639n

  Goebbels, Joseph, 409

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 30, 207, 423, 544

  Goethe League, 209

  Golden, William, 493

  Goldstein, Herbert S., 388–89

  Goodman, Ellen, 136

  Göring, Hermann, 474

  Gottingen, University of, 212, 222, 331

  Gottingen Academy, 222

  gravitation, gravity:

  acceleration and, 145–49, 155, 181–82

  field of, 13, 19, 94, 146, 319–20, 349

  light bent by, 5, 148–49, 165, 189–92, 202–5, 218, 219, 255–62, 266, 312–13, 355, 442

  Newtonian laws of, 2, 57, 81–82, 84, 90–91, 93, 110, 113, 114, 118–19, 125, 128, 130–31, 133, 145, 146–47, 156, 189, 197, 198, 199–201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 264, 266, 277, 280, 318–20, 323, 333, 352, 453, 548

  in quantum mechanics, 349, 449, 458

  relativity and, 145–49, 155, 181–82, 189–97, 198, 199–202, 215, 216–22, 223, 249, 250–62, 266, 293, 314, 319–20, 337, 347, 349, 468, 511, 538–39, 548, 590n–94n, 607n

  solar, 191, 202–5, 218

  stellar, 250–52

  in unified field theory, 338–41, 385, 466, 511, 512–13, 538

  waves of, 442, 624n

  great circle routes, 192

  Great Depression, 370–71, 516, 607n

  Greene, Brian, 220, 320, 452–53, 459

  Greene, Homer, 526

  Grossmann, Marcel, 36, 44, 47, 48, 59, 61, 62–63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 149, 159, 177, 192–93, 195, 196, 197, 198, 215, 219, 267, 589n, 594n, 601n

  Guillaume, Charles–Edouard, 312

  Gullstrand, Allvar, 312–13, 314

  “gunpowder experiment,” 456, 457–58

  Gustav Adolf V, King of Sweden, 315

  gyroscopes, 304

  Haber, Clara, 185

  Haber, Fritz, 174, 181, 184, 185, 186, 203, 205–7, 228, 281–82, 291–92, 406, 408–9, 413

  Habicht, Conrad, 80–81, 85, 93, 94, 97, 104, 106, 135, 137–38, 143–44, 536

  Habicht, Paul, 143–44

  habilitation thesis, 144–45, 149–50

  Hahn, Otto, 469, 506

  Haldane, Richard Burdon, Lord, 278–79, 307

  Haller, Friedrich, 74, 78–79

  Halsman, Philippe, 487, 493–94

  Handel, George Frideric, 38

  Harding, Warren G., 295–96

  harmonic oscillators, 96

  Hartle, James, 193, 459

  Harvard University, 298

  Harvey, Thomas, 545–48, 640n

  Hawking, Stephen, 251

  Haydn, Franz Joseph, 426

  heat:

  conduction of, 48, 67–68, 70–71

  kinetic theory of, 104

  radiation of, 96, 576n

  Hebrew University, 290, 292, 293, 301, 306, 409, 412–14, 522

  Hedin, Sven, 311–12

  Heidelberg, University of, 42–44

  Heisenberg, Werner, 124, 330–33, 345, 348, 349, 448, 451, 453, 458, 485, 510

  Helmholtz, Hermann von, 34, 36, 45–46

  Herschbach, Dudley, 6

  Hertz, Heinrich, 25, 36

  Hertz, Paul, 208

  Hibben, John, 298

  Hilbert, David, 212–22, 232

  Hiller, Kurt, 378

  Hindenburg, Paul von, 399

  Hiroshima bombing (1945), 484–85

  Hitler, Adolf, 4, 242, 289, 303, 369, 371, 376–77, 381–82, 383, 386, 403–5, 407–8, 410, 414, 422, 429–30, 434, 445, 447, 485, 528

  Hoffmann, Banesh, 22, 134, 335, 442, 464, 468, 512, 514, 586n

  “hole argument,” 201, n–92n

  Hollywood, 263, 268, 372–73, 374, 491–93

  Holton, Gerald, 13–14, 99, 137, 461, 579n, 612n, 627n, 628n

  Hook, Sidney, 446–47, 496, 520, 525

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 287, 477–78, 501, 503, 525

  Hopi Indians, 374

  House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 534

  Howard, Don, 627n Howard, Henry, 343

  Hubble, Edward, 353–55

  Hume, David, 20, 81–82, 113, 125, 166, 169, 334, 349, 350, 460

  Hurwitz, Adolf, 55–56, 177, 178, 183, 301

  Huygens, Christiaan, 110

  Hyades, 257

  hydrodynamics, 101

  hydrogen, 219, 322

  hydrogen bomb, 500–501, 524, 531

  “I Am an American Day,” 507

  I Am an American series, 479

  In Albert’s Shadow (Popovic), 87

  incompleteness theory, 509–10

  individual freedom, 433, 445–47, 478–80, 503–7, 524–34, 537, 550, 637n

  “Induction and Deduction in Physics” (Einstein), 118

  inertia, 80, 107–9, 118–19, 131, 146–47, 190, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20, 468, 548

  inertia! reference system, 107–9

  inertio-gravitational field, 190

  Infeld, Leopold, 263, 267, 274, 463–65, 524–25

  inferior parietal lobe, 547–48

  Institute for Advanced Study, 298, 395–98, 402, 405, 410, 411–12, 425–26, 428, 431–32, 436, 438, 439, 442–43, 450, 453, 464, 466, 468–69, 480, 508–9, 514–15, 532, 536, 537, 541, 622n

  Institute for Intellectual Cooperation, 381–83

  integral calculus,
16

  interference patterns, 112, 329

  International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 312

  International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, 305–6

  Introduction to Maxwell’s Theory of Electricity (Foppl), 36–37, 115

  invariances, 131–32, 324

  IQ, 13

  Irvin, Rea, 266–67

  isolationism, 474, 475

  isotopes, 480–81

  Israel, 306, 307–8, 381, 520–23, 541, 543

  Janssen, Michel, 196, 214, 594n

  Japan, 306–7, 309, 310, 315, 339, 379, 393, 481

  Jaumann, Gustav, 163

  Jefferson, Thomas, 389

  Jeritza, Maria, 370

  Jerome, Fred, 379, 633n

  Jesus Christ, 386, 434, 567n

  Jewish Hospital (Brooklyn), 517

  Jewish Legion, 293–94

  Jewish Orphans Organization, 363

  Jewish Telegraph Agency, 414

  Jews:

  assimilation of, 205–6, 280–84, 291, 302–4, 386, 408–10, 428

  Einstein’s identification with, 3, 9–10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20–21, 29–30, 43, 52, 61, 142, 149, 152, 163–64, 177, 183, 207, 243, 263, 269–71, 273, 281–308, 311–12, 315, 342, 359, 381, 385, 403–10, 412–14, 420, 427, 428–30, 444–45, 447, 505–6, 520–23, 541, 543, 567n

  prejudice against, 3, 15, 30, 43, 61, 142, 149, 152, 163–64, 177, 183, 207, 269–71, 281–308, 311–12, 315, 359, 403–10, 427, 428–30, 443, 444–45, 469, 475, 505, 517, 524, 567n, 601n

  Zionist movement for, 281–84, 289–301, 302–3, 306, 307–8, 376, 381, 409, 412–14, 520–23, 526, 541

  Johnson, Paul, 277

  Joyce, James, 3, 280

  Jupiter, 191

  Kafka, Franz, 166

  Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics, 243

  Kaluza, Theodor, 337–38, 339, 512

  Kant, Immanuel, 20, 82–83, 166, 207, 238, 244, 370, 574n

  Kaufman, Bruria, 537

  Kaufman, Irving, 525

  Kayser, Use Einstein, 172, 207, 228, 243–46, 248, 393, 404, 433, 441

  Kayser, Rudolf, 248, 404, 433

  Keller, Helen, 375

  Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, 90, 575n

  Kepler, Johannes, 166–67

  Ketterle, Wolfgang, 329n

  Kindred, J.J., 295

  kinetic energy, 43, 67–72, 91, 97, 103–4

  Kirchhoff, Gustav, 36, 49, 50, 94–95

  Klein, Oskar, 338–39

  Kleiner, Alfred, 71–72, 101, 150, 151–52

  Koch, Caesar, 25

  Koch, Julia, 50

  Koch, Julius, 10, 24

  Konenkov, Sergei, 436, 503

  Konenkova, Margarita, 436–37, 503–4

  Korean War, 525

  Kreisler, Fritz, 426–27

  Krupp Foundation, 204

  Ladenberg, Rudolf, 536

  Lagrange, Joseph–Louis, Count, 593n

  Lake Como, 63–64, 181–82

  Lake Lucerne, 229

  Langevin, Paul, 170–71, 327, 411

  Lania, Leo, 420–21

  Laplace, Pierre–Simon, Marquis de, 90–91, 575n

  lasers, 5, 323

  Laski, Harold, 279

  Lasky, Victor, 528

  Laub, Jakob, 180

  Laue, Max von, 141–42, 267, 269, 286, 406, 409, 466

  Laurence, William, 467

  League of Nations, 305–6, 376, 377, 381, 414

  least action principle, 141, 584n

  Lebach, Margarete, 362

  Lehman, Herbert, 532

  Leiden, University of, 168

  Leiden Museum for the History of Science, 59

  Lenard, Philipp, 43, 65, 96–99, 105, 207, 285–89, 303, 304, 311–12, 314–15, 407, 409–10

  Letters from a Russian Prison (Levine), 380

  Levenson, Thomas, 275

  Levi-Civita, Tullio, 195, 197, 212, 215, 589n

  Levine, Isaac Don, 380, 446

  Levy, Steven, 546

  Lewis, Gilbert, 576n

  light:

  absorption of, 96, 100, 169, 314, 322, 324

  bending of, 5, 148–49, 165, 189–92, 202–5, 218, 219, 255–62, 266, 312–13, 355, 442

  dual (particle-wave) nature of, 97–98, 100, 155–57, 170, 321, 326–29, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n

  emission of, 94–96, 99–100, 119–20, 156, 204, 256, 259, 314, 322–24

  ether as medium for, 92, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 317–20

  frequencies of, 96–97, 99, 119, 314

  interference patterns of, 112, 329

  propagation of, 119–22, 190–91, 223, 317–20

  quantum (particle) theory of, 1, 65, 93, 94–101, 105, 110, 120–22, 124, 140, 141–42, 144, 150, 155–57, 165, 168–71, 179, 190, 235, 255, 256, 286, 313–14, 318–20, 321, 326–33, 337n, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n

  radiation of, 1, 68, 92, 93, 94–101, 115, 141–42, 150, 155–57, 165, 322–24, 331, 576n

  redshift of, IV) n, 148, 254, 311, 353–56

  relativity and, 120–22, 124, 141–42, 190, 255, 256, 318–20, 321, 580n–81n, 583n

  spectrum of, 93, 322, 331

  speed of, 18–19, 47–48, 78, 105, 106, 110–12, 114, 116–17, 118, 119–22, 123, 126, 128–30, 132, 138, 139, 189, 250, 252, 267, 297, 319, 347, 468, 548, 578n, 579n–80n, 581n

  split beams of, 47–48, 112

  ultraviolet, 65, 111

  in vacuum, 97, 99, lllw, 114, 157

  wavelengths of, 9, 65, 94–95, 97, 111, 322, 323, 331

  wave theory of, 1, 19, 24, 26, 34, 46, 47–48, 94–95, 97–98, 109–12, 119, 155–57, 170, 318, 323, 329, 578n

  Lincoln University, 505

  Lindbergh, Charles, 474–75

  Lindemann, Frederick, 412, 418, 432

  liquids:

  molecular structure of, 2, 56–58, 68

  temperature of, 105–6

  viscosity of, 102, 105

  Lloyd George, David, 419–20

  local effects, 189–90, 583n

  locality principle, 448–53, 454, 458, 461, 512, 626n

  Lochner, Louis, 399–400

  Locke, John, 81

  Locker-Lampson, Oliver, 419–20 422–423

  logic, 81–84

  Lord &Taylor department stores, 527

  Lorentz, Hendrik, 32–33, 112–13, 115, 116–17, 126, 133, 142, 161, 164–66, 168, 170, 180, 201, 213, 259, 260–61, 267, 269, 271, 310, 311, 318, 330, 341, 344, 549, 550, 583n, 591n, 593n, 600n

  Lorentz transformation, 341

  Los Alamos laboratory, 480, 488

  Lowell, A. Lawrence, 298

  Lowell Observatory, 254

  Luitpold Gymnasium, 16–18, 21–22, 23

  Luther, Martin, 434

  McCarthy, Joseph, 500, 524, 529, 530, 531–32, 534

  McCarthyism, 480, 500, 524–34, 537, 550

  Mach, Ernst, 20, 81, 82, 83–84, 113, 125, 158, 164, 169, 200, 201, 251, 252, 319, 320, 331, 333–34, 349, 350, 460, 461, 462, 591n, 612n, 627n

  Maclntyre, Marvin, 430

  Madison Square Garden, 369–70

  Madrid, University of, 411–12, 432

  Maginot Line, 491

  Magli, Rastko, 136

  Magnes, Judah, 412–14

  magnetic field (magnetism), 13, 24–25, 91, 110, 115, 117, 127, 184, 185, 336, 548

  Maier, Gustav, 38

  Manhattan Project, 477, 480–86, 491

  “Manifesto of the 93” (“Appeal to the Cultured World”) (1914), 206–7, 244

  “Manifesto to Europeans,” 207

  Marianoff, Dimitri, 248, 367–68, 404, 423, 502

  Marianoff, Margot Einstein, 172, 228, 232, 248, 362, 367–68, 393, 404, 433, 434, 436, 443, 479, 502, 519, 536–37, 639n

  Mari, Mileva:

  in Berlin, 183, 184–88

  correspondence of, 7, 39, 42–47, 50–53, 54, 55–58, 60–61, 62, 63, 65, 66–67, 68, 69, 72–76, 77, 86, 96, 115, 136, 137, 173, 210, 215, 217, 227, 237–38, 246, 286, 367, 443, 598n

  death of, 75n, 516<
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  depressions of, 177–78, 183, 184–85

  Einstein’s divorce from, 3, 85n, 87, 137, 182–83, 187, 225–40, 243, 275–76, 301, 309, 316, 363–64

  as Einstein’s intellectual companion, 2–3, 7, 41–47, 57–58, 74–75, 135–37, 173, 188, 235, 360, 583n

  Einstein’s marriage to, 2–3, 42, 65, 74–75, 76, 84–89, 136, 143, 153–54, 158, 172, 173, 174–75, 177–78, 181, 182–88, 205, 206, 209–11, 360, 519

  Einstein’s reconciliation with, 301, 363–64, 367–68, 418, 419, 516

  Einstein’s separation from, 184–88, 205, 206, 209–11, 215, 217, 224, 225–40

  financial situation of, 186, 187, 188, 210, 215, 226, 228, 234–36, 275–76, 302, 309, 316, 516, 607n

  at Heidelberg University, 42–44

  ill health of, 161, 177–78, 229–30, 232, 237, 516, 598n

  at Lake Como (1901), 63–64

  in Leyden, 164–65

  as mathematician and physicist, 2, 42–46, 48, 49, 55, 135–37, 235, 583n as mother, 63–67, 88, 96, 158, 161, 186, 187, 367–68, 516, 598n

  as Orthodox Christian, 243

  personality of, 42, 43–44, 88, 153–54, 172, 173, 177–78, 183, 184–85

  photographs of, 45, 50

  physical appearance of, 42, 45, 154

  in Prague, 166, 172

  pregnancies of, 63–67, 88, 96, 158, 161

  relativity theory and, 135–37, 235, 583n

  rental properties of, 316, 516, 607n

  Serbian background of, 42, 52, 64, 66–67, 86–88, 136, 180, 182, 243

  in Zurich, 2, 42–46, 48, 49, 158, 177–78, 180, 187, 209–11, 246, 275–76, 301, 316, 364, 367, 418, 419, 444, 516, 607n

  at Zurich Polytechnic, 2, 42–46, 48, 49, 158

 

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