by Nathan Ward
For Katie, as ever.
And for the Calhouns,
who showed me the West.
CONTENTS
Prelude: Scars
PART I: THE CHEAPER THE CROOK
Chapter I: The Devilish Art
Chapter II: A Company Man
Chapter III: $5,000 Blood Money
Chapter IV: Out of Uniform
Chapter V: Dearest Woman
Chapter VI: The Last Case
PART II: THE EX-DETECTIVE
Chapter VII: A Little Man Going Forward
Chapter VIII: The Old Man
Chapter IX: Blackmasking
Chapter X: The Price of Peggy O’Toole
Chapter XI: The Big Ship
Chapter XII: Among the Ghosts
Chapter XIII: Babylon and Back
Afterword: A Hundred Bucks
Acknowledgments
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index
About the Author
By the Same Author
[W]hatever the intrinsic moral life or character of the detective may be, his art is a devilish one, and civilization is responsible for it.
—OFFICER GEORGE S. McWATTERS, KNOTS UNTIED (1871)
The cheaper the crook, the gaudier the patter.
—SAM SPADE IN THE MALTESE FALCON (1930)
I’ve testified before juries all the way from the city of Washington to the state of Washington, and I’ve never seen one yet that wasn’t anxious to believe that a private detective is a double-crossing specialist who goes around with a cold deck in one pocket, a complete forger’s outfit in another, and who counts that day lost in which he railroads no innocent to the hoosegow.
—DASHIELL HAMMETT, “ZIGZAGS OF TREACHERY” (1924)
Prelude
SCARS
At a cocktail party in Manhattan in late January 1939, a gaunt, elegant man in a double-breasted suit sat down and laid one of his long pale hands before a fortune-teller. The man was quiet and watchful, his face handsome in a lean and angular way, his age blurred a bit by his grizzled mustache and pompadour gone prematurely white. He might have cradled a drink with one hand while he offered the palm of the other for interpreting, from his tapering fingers to the intersection of his fate and heart lines.
Had the fortune-teller examined both his hands, she might have noticed clues that he hadn’t always lived so well. Down at the fleshy part of his left palm, near the curved base of his thumb, was the remaining tip of a knifepoint lodged there during a time in his life when he didn’t dress so beautifully or live at the Plaza. Whether or not he told the reader his profession was largely unnecessary: he was widely recognized from the cover of his last book, a popular novel that had inspired three movies in four years.
Assembling her available evidence, the reader offered her predictions for the coming decade, which the man happily passed on in a letter to his older daughter:
I … was told that the most successful years of my life would be from 1941 to 1948, that most of my real troubles were behind me, that I was going to make a lot of money out of two entirely different lines of work, plus a sideline, and that I’ll have most luck with women born in December. So I’d be sitting pretty if I could make myself believe in palmistry, and if I knew any women born in December!1
In fact, while he would continue to have luck with all sorts of women, some even born in December, on the other front his best years were well behind him. Ahead were war and a grateful return to the army, a prison term and blacklisting, hard drinking, illness, and poverty. He would never finish another book, though he would start a number of them, but the lasting mystery of Dashiell Hammett was not why he stopped writing, since he hadn’t. It was how he came to the writing life at all.
* * *
Scars had made him credible. When they were young, Hammett used to show his daughters the marks of his old trade—let them see the cuts on his legs or feel the dent in his skull where he’d once been knocked by a brick. His old wounds summoned up stories from a romantic past: he told some people that the brick had come from an angry striker while he was doing anti-union work for Pinkerton’s, but both Hammett girls remembered another version, more typical of their father for its mingling of self-mockery with suspense. He was, after all, a man whose roof perch had once collapsed while on stakeout and who had fallen from a taxicab during a city chase.
“One of my earliest memories is of getting to feel the dent in his head from being hit by a brick when he bungled a tailing job,” remembered his younger daughter, Jo Hammett, “and he let me see the knife tip embedded in the palm of his hand.”* 2 Her sister, Mary, told the private detective and historian David Fechheimer, “You could feel it in later years. There was a dent in the back of his head like the corner of a brick.”3
It might have been thrown by an angry striker, as Hammett occasionally claimed, or have been dropped on him by a shadow subject who surprised him in San Francisco, as reported by his wife, who watched him suffer for days afterward in a chair. In the thirties, he gave another account of being wounded in the course of arresting a “gang of negroes” accused of stealing dynamite in Baltimore during the war. “When I got inside this house men were being knocked around in fine shape. In the excitement I had a feeling something was wrong but I could not figure out what it was till I happened to look down and saw this Negro whittling away at my leg.”4 In the end, there was the dent and the scars and the gift for storytelling, his conversation hinting at a detecting career as colorful as it was peripatetic: the jewel thief nicknamed the Midget Bandit, in Stockton, California; the swindler in Seattle; the forger he trapped in Pasco, Washington; the imposing railroad worker he tricked into custody in Montana; and the Indian he arrested for murder in Arizona.
How did he get from detective to writer? Hammett never answered satisfactorily. He was a Pinkerton, then he was very sick, then he was peddling stories to magazines, with apparently little more ambition than that, at least at the beginning. “Maybe man-hunting isn’t the nicest trade in the world,” says the skinny, ungentlemanly operative in Hammett’s first detective story, “The Road Home,” “but it’s all the trade I’ve got.”5 It was the trade Samuel Dashiell Hammett knew best at age twenty-eight when his bad lungs forced him to give it up.
Three years after he left Pinkerton’s, on a late-summer day in 1925, Josephine Dolan Hammett took a photograph of her husband sitting in the sun up on the roof of their apartment building, on Eddy Street in San Francisco: a young man wearing a tweed cap and sweater-vest, looking confident and wickedly thin, strikes a match across the sole of his shoe to light a gauzy cigarette he has rolled himself, like someone he might have invented downstairs at his writing table. The picture shows a graying young father who writes with growing poise about the rough types and places he used to know. By the mid-1920s, Hammett’s detective experiences were like a set of tools he rummaged through and sharpened as needed for his craft.
“Shadowing is the easiest of detective work,” he boasted as an ex-Pinkerton, “except, perhaps, to an extremely nervous man. You simply saunter along somewhere within sight of your subject; and, barring bad breaks, the only thing that can make you lose him is overanxiety on your own part.”6 The literary people with whom he shared such wisdom ate it up.
Hammett might never have written anything but love poetry and ad copy had he not first taken the rough detour into detective work. It gave him “authority,” he explained later, as well as a subject, enabling him to lecture his fellow crime writers in book reviews about the difference between a revolver and an automatic, for instance, or on how counterfeiting schemes really worked, what it felt like to be stabbed or clubbed unconscious, or where to find the best fingerprints. “It would be silly to
insist that nobody who has not been a detective should write detective stories,”7 he declared, but he didn’t seem to think it was all that silly if it sifted out the lazier writers.
At the time he started sending out stories in the early 1920s, Hammett was not alone in looking at American urban life in a new, unsparing way, but among writers he was a rarity in having such experience with criminals and their gaudy talk. “I can do better than that,” he’d said to his wife early on after reading pulp magazines in the San Francisco Public Library, and it turned out that he could. That summer of 1925, when he took the portrait on the roof, his health was bad, but he nevertheless continued publishing his series of increasingly popular crime stories featuring a nameless operative for the fictional Continental Detective Agency, Op Number 7. If you read his Op stories in order, you can watch a sickly ex-detective in his late twenties, with an eighth-grade education, gradually, improbably, teach himself to write, mentored by criminologists, historians, and novelists he brought home from what he called his “university,” the public library.
Hammett lost himself in creating these dark adventures, and while his stories brought in extra money, they also allowed him to keep playing at the investigating he could no longer physically carry out himself:
I climbed Telegraph Hill to give the house the up-and-down. It was a large house—a big frame house painted egg-yellow. It hung dizzily on a shoulder of the hill, a shoulder that was sharp where rock had been quarried away. The house seemed about to go skiing down on the roofs far below.8
What he wrote was at odds with the largely English tradition of detective fiction, a gentlemanly deductive exercise in which the reader followed an aloof inspector to the crime’s brilliant solution, often set at an English country estate. The Pinkertons had taught him an opposite lesson: that most crimes were actually solved by detectives who were observant and who circulated among the grifters, gangsters, forgers, and hop heads. “A private detective does not want to be an erudite solver of riddles,” Hammett explained; “he wants to be a hard and shifty fellow, able to take care of himself in any situation, able to get the best of anybody he comes in contact with, whether criminal, innocent by-stander or client.”9
He dispensed with the investigator’s chess game, paring down to a more American style that was both deft and tough:
On Spade’s desk a limp cigarette smoldered in a brass tray filled with the remains of limp cigarettes. Ragged grey flakes of cigarette-ash dotted the yellow top of the desk and the green blotter and the papers that were there. A buff-curtained window, eight or ten inches open, let in from the court a current of air faintly scented with ammonia. The ashes on the desk twitched and crawled in the current.10
These are the observations of an Ashcan painter or a detective poet, a kind of cinematic writing that had yet even to appear on a screen in the late twenties. It is the voice of a hard and shifty fellow. When professors argue about who invented the stripped-down American prose of the twentieth century—Hemingway? Stein? Sherwood Anderson? Hammett?—the battle is often confined to the realm of published literature, of who read what and when they read it. But if anything taught Hammett to write pithily and with appreciation for the language of street characters it was not discovering an early Hemingway story in the Transatlantic Review, but doing his scores of operative reports for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.
Imagine a tall, lean young man in a neat, plain suit, reddish temples showing beneath his soft hat, waiting skinnily against a wall like an unused rake; or timing his long stride to stay nestled among the moving pack of strangers along a downtown sidewalk. Picture him settling behind his sports page aboard a train, paid to watch the dining car for signs of petty thieving, or studying the bow-tied passenger on the aisle inherited from a brother Pinkerton going off watch.
Being an operative gave Hammett work as he relocated across the country (Baltimore, Spokane, Seattle, San Francisco), and since the ops routinely had their reports edited or rewritten by supervisors for their Pinkerton clients, the experience made up a kind of literary training, just as Hammett later insisted.
How could the poised creator of The Maltese Falcon or Red Harvest have come to a writing career so late, seemingly without the customary years of practice and ambition? One answer lies in the hundreds of operative reports in boxes at the Pinkerton archives in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Sadly, Hammett’s own dispatches are not among them, but those of his contemporaries in the Agency show how much of his approach was encouraged by their general training: the habits of observation, the light touch and nonjudgment while writing studiously about lowlifes. He just took it further.
His Continental Op stories clearly evolved from the form of these Pinkerton reports, which is not to say any of his colleagues could have written his stories or books, but that the seasoning he received on the job was crucial to what he later became. Among the better Pinkerton writers there was in-house competitive name-dropping of street monikers, to show they were “assimilating” with the right crooks, as the founder, Allan Pinkerton, had insisted they do.
Hammett claimed to have learned about writing at the agency, where he clearly acquired some of his craft reading dozens of memos such as this one (from 1901) by Assistant Superintendent Beutler of the New York office, whose stable of informants might have held their own in any of Hammett’s stories:
To-night, on my return from the race track, I met Informant Birdstone in Engel’s Chop house, where we had supper together. He stated that several bands of pickpockets were now being got together for the purpose of following President McKinley on his jaunting trip … The crooks are to meet in the vicinity of Houston, Tex. One band is headed by “Bull” Hurley, Charlie Hess, “Big Eddie” Fritz and Pete Raymond, a California pickpocket. Another by John Lester, Dyke and Joe Pryor, alias “Walking Joe,” “Hob nail” Reilly, Parkinson, a Chicago pickpocket, and Billy Seymour.11
It’s not a huge stretch to imagine Hob Nail Reilly or Walking Joe Pryor sharing a jail cell a few years later with any of the gang summoned for the epic bank job in Hammett’s The Big Knockover: Toby the Lugs, Fat Boy Clarke, Alphabet Shorty McCoy, the type of men a sharp Pinkerton would have cultivated for his files.
Just as the Kansas City Star (with its famous style sheet requiring short sentences and vigorous English) helped shape the prose of the young Ernest Hemingway, out of the scores of men trained as Pinkertons, one emerged from the Agency able to make something entirely new from his experiences. “Detecting has its high spots,” Hammett recalled in the twenties, “but the run of the work is the most monotonous that any one could imagine. The very things that can be made to sound the most exciting in the telling are in the doing usually the most dully tiresome.” His deeper skills lay in that telling.
Over a five-year run, Hammett took command of the crime writing field, publishing the novels Red Harvest, The Dain Curse, The Maltese Falcon, and The Glass Key between 1929 and 1931, and adding The Thin Man in 1934. By the early thirties, he was a poor man turned suddenly flush, his fortunes risen even as the country slid into depression; he had gone to New York with a woman not his wife, the writer Nell Martin, kept a car and a chauffeur and spent well beyond his considerable means at fancy hotels on both coasts, sending postcards and matchbooks to his daughters from the lobbies of his new life, which often had a flamboyant unreality like the movies.
Hammett liked to embellish his old Pinkerton career, especially when flogging new projects in newspaper interviews. Had the California cable car robbery, a bold noontime holdup of company payroll on a moving cable car, been his final case, or was it the gold theft aboard the steamer SS Sonoma? Did he work for the defense on the first rape and manslaughter trial of the comedian Fatty Arbuckle in 1921, or was he already too sick? (He would give a convincing description of spotting Arbuckle in a San Francisco hotel lobby: “His eyes were the eyes of a man who expected to be seen as a monster but was not yet inured to it.”)
Sometimes it was the Sonoma case
that had finished Hammett’s detective career; other times, the trapping of “Gloomy Gus” Schaefer for robbery, complete with a tale of Hammett’s riding down a collapsing porch while on stakeout. Had he really decided there was “more fun in writing about manhunting than in that hunting,” as he remembered it in 1924, or had his bad lungs forced his decision? “[B]eing a professional busybody requires more energy, more dogged patience, than you’d suppose,” he said five years later. “There never was anything lacking in the matter of my curiosity.”12
One story he relished telling, about being offered five thousand dollars to kill an organizer for the International Workers of the World named Frank Little during a miners’ strike in 1917, shocked most people he knew since it ran so afoul of his later radical beliefs. When Hammett claimed he had once turned down a bribe to kill the Wobbly agitator (as IWW members were known), his daughter Mary recalled in 1975, “It was a shock when I heard about it and I said, ‘You mean you were working for Pinkerton against the IWW?’ And he said, ‘That’s right.’”13 He didn’t care “if his clients were bums,” Mary added. “He was strictly out to do his job.” HE DIDN’T CARE IF HIS CLIENTS WERE BUMS. HE WAS STRICTLY OUT TO DO HIS JOB would make a nice epitaph for his most famous creation, Sam Spade.
By the time the detectives he’d invented had their own renown, the one Hammett had been himself was cloudy, cloaked in his own disguising, and unacknowledged by the Pinkerton agency that had supposedly trained him in the devilish arts. Yet all his investigators were extensions in one direction or another of the one he had been himself: the gritty little company man of the Op stories who lives for the dogged joys of sleuthing; the handsome, wolfish PI Sam Spade, who does whatever he must for his client (a “dream man,” Hammett wrote, “what most of the private detectives I worked with would like to have been”); the tall, tubercular fixer on an unlucky gambling streak, Ned Beaumont, battling in a town very like Hammett’s native Baltimore; and finally, the glib and cynical Nick Charles, the ex-detective from San Francisco whose life is one long charmed bender.