Moore, M. “Report to the Free Willy Keiko Foundation.” 1998.
Scarpuzzi, M. R., Lacinak, C. T., Turner, T. N., Tompkins, C. D., and Force, D. L. “Decreasing the frequency of behavior through extinction: An application for the training of marine mammals.” IMATA, 1991.
Simon, M., Hanson, M. B., Murrey, L., Tougaard, J., Ugarte, F. “From captivity to the wild and back: An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale.” Marine Mammal Science, 2009.
Turner, T., Stafford, G., McHugh, M., Surovik, L., Delgross, F., and Fad, O. 1991. The effects of Context Shift on behavioral criteria and memory retention in killer whales, Orcinus orca. IMATA, 1991.
Additional Reading
Bigg, M. A., Ellis, G. M., Ford, J.K.B. and Balcomb, K. C. Killer whales: A study of their identification, genealogy and natural history in British Columbia and Washington State. Phantom Press and Publishers Inc. Nanaimo, B.C. 1987.
Cook, M.; Varela, R.; Goldstein, J.; McCulloch, S.; Bossart, G.; Finneran, J.; Houser, D.; Mann, D. Beaked whale auditory evoked potential hearing measurements. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, 2006.
Lyrholm, T., Leatherwood, S., Sigurjonsson J. “Photoidentification of killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Iceland.” Cetology, 1987.
Simila, T. Behavioral ecology of killer whales in Northern Norway. Ph.D. thesis, University of Tromso, Norway. 1997.
Wells, R. S., Bassos-Hull, K., Norris, K. S. “Experimental return to the wild of two bottlenose dolphins.” Marine Mammal Science, 1998.
Index
A
Adams, Douglas, 67
anchor system, 60–61, 74, 136, 153–154, 164, 187
animal abuse, 13, 295
animal behavior, 37, 70, 73–74, 355
animal trainer types, 73–74
animals in captivity, 13–14, 19–20
audible signals, 65
B
Baird, Colin, 353, 354, 370–371, 374
Baird, Robin, 288, 290, 293, 296–299, 324, 353
Behavior Team, 93, 107–108, 138, 145, 156, 166–169, 185, 190, 206, 209, 215, 220, 233, 299, 331, 356
behavioral modification, 21, 35–43, 66–73, 91–92, 100–109, 144, 160, 168, 174
Bell, Phyllis, 11–12
blood samples, drawing, 102, 146, 204–205, 269–270, 369, 372
boomer ball, 29, 69, 96, 128, 176
C
captivity, 13–14, 19–20
Claussen, Stephen, 63–64, 69–70, 93, 96, 98, 120, 131, 140, 211, 220–226, 277, 280, 346, 363
collecting whales, 25
Cornell, Lanny, 41–42, 109, 146, 159–163, 166, 205, 242–244, 250–255, 298–299, 302–304, 311–312, 315–316, 372
Cousteau, Jacques, 148–149, 295
Cousteau, Jean-Michel, 41, 148–149, 287, 341–342, 352
D
“Dancing Queen,” 101
Daniel, 337–352, 360
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative (DRA) technique, 171, 177, 195, 210, 219, 227
Discriminative Stimulus, 65–66
“doff and don” procedure, 170
dolphins, 20–21, 35–37
Donner, Lauren Shuler, 9
Donner, Richard, 9
Draupnir, 192–197, 212–223, 234–236, 256–257, 263–278, 280–287, 296–306, 308–310, 312–315, 318–325, 328, 331–334, 337–339, 342, 345
E
Earth Island Institute, 12–13, 27, 29, 370
Eyjólfsson, Guðmundur “Gummi,” 137–138, 241, 264, 267, 349
F
fish delivery system, 209–211, 220, 277
Foster, Jeff, 40, 50, 53–54, 70, 80, 107, 124, 128–129, 133, 212, 245–247, 253–254, 263, 269, 278–279, 286–292, 298, 312, 331, 334–338, 341–344, 348, 363, 382
Free Willy, 9, 22, 24, 27–29, 38–41, 285, 373
Free Willy/Keiko Foundation (FWKF), 27–29, 38, 41, 76–79, 82, 92–94, 119, 126–129, 159–163, 191, 194, 284, 286, 297, 341, 347–348, 352, 370, 382
Friday, Robin, 31–43, 47–55, 60, 64, 69, 72, 75, 78–82, 90–93, 97, 106, 110, 115–118, 124–130, 137, 142–165, 172–174, 187, 190, 195–205, 224–225, 241–244, 247–282, 286–296, 303–329, 331–336, 381–382
G
Gandi, 339, 341, 366
Garrett, Howard, 78–79, 82
gate conditioning, 166–185
genetic history, 22
Griffin, Edward, 25
Gudrun, 155–156
H
Hallsson, Hallur, 198
hand signals, 65, 101
Hanson, Brad, 244–245
Harðarson, Lina, 135
Harðarson, Smári, 135–136, 138
Heppin, 57, 134, 235–236, 256, 263–266, 277–278, 281, 286, 297, 328, 342
Herring Delivery System, 209–211, 220, 277
Horton, Jim, 335–337, 346–352, 363
How to Train Your Dragon, 23
Humane Society of the United States, 341, 352–354, 362, 368–369, 372–373, 378, 382
I
Icelandic Coast Guard (ICG), 151–152
immune suppression, 10, 27, 91, 380
Ingunn, 138–139, 263, 349, 351
instincts, 284
J
Jean-Michel Cousteau Institute, 41, 287, 341
K
Karmuza, Tracy, 93, 109, 110, 113, 182, 184, 199, 215, 226, 235–236, 258–260, 263, 273, 305, 363
Keiko
anchor system for pen, 60–61, 74, 136, 153–154, 164, 187
becoming independent, 226–230
capture of, 10, 26
collection of, 26–27
criteria for release of, 87–97
death of, 380–381, 384–386
description of, 59
diet of, 56–57, 68–69, 147–148, 165, 340, 358, 372, 378–380
disposition of, 71
gate conditioning for, 166–185
ice floes and, 376–378
illness of, 9, 27, 145–148, 204–206, 336–337, 351, 379–380, 383
introductions for, 294–328, 331–332, 338–346
lessons of, 13–14, 384–386
medical pool for, 49, 98, 166–185, 196–200, 247–250
meeting, 9, 12, 45, 59–64
meeting whales, 294–328, 331–332, 338–346, 358–362
net construction for, 125–126, 163–170, 187–188
odd behavior of, 64–65, 224
recovering, 315–325
releasing, 163–164, 196–198, 331–355
setback for, 315–325
social behavior of, 90–91, 284
tracking, 308–315, 358, 359, 360–365, 376–378
tracking tag for, 244–252, 280, 294–298, 314–315, 333, 358–365, 368, 375–377
Keiko Foundation, 27–29, 38, 41, 76–79, 82, 92–94, 119, 126–129, 159–163, 191, 194, 284, 286, 297, 341, 347–348, 352, 370, 382
Keiko Release Project, 15, 28, 33, 36–40, 51–53, 59, 72, 80, 85–86, 109, 140, 158, 198, 239–242, 271, 331–356, 399
killer whales
breeding of, 19–20
in captivity, 13–14, 19–20
collecting, 25
communicating with, 21–23
environment of, 21–23
eyesight of, 67, 88
food for, 23
genetic history of, 22
hearing abilities of, 67, 88
knowledge of, 26
motivating, 23
as predators, 24–25, 67
relationship with, 21–23
respect for, 26
social behavior of, 19–24
sonar abilities of, 67, 88
training, 21–24, 34–35, 65–66, 73–74
traits of, 24, 67
in wild settings, 19–20
Klettsvik Bay, 29, 40, 49, 56–61, 89, 121, 125, 131, 140–145, 153–154, 157, 164, 172, 186–207, 229, 240, 270, 276, 316, 325, 334–335, 339, 351, 375
Klettsvik Bay, Iceland, 29
Kristjansdott
ir, Thorbjorg “Tobba,” 349, 350, 375, 380
L
Lacinak, Thad, 67
Lanterna, 233, 244
live-fish conditioning, 190–192
M
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 28
Marine Operations and Research, 93–94, 126, 152–154, 158, 163–166, 169, 186–188, 211
Marineland, 26–27
Mate, Bruce, 11
Matlin, Robert, 362
McCaw, Craig, 348
McRea, Karen, 70, 93, 98, 102–103, 128–129
medical pool, 49, 98, 166–185, 196–200, 247–250
Mexico City, 9–13, 26, 28
Moby Doll, 24
N
Namu, the Killer Whale, 25
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 28, 244
net construction, 125–126, 163–170, 187–188
Newman, John Henry Cardinal, 19
Newport Coast Aquarium, 12
Niagara Falls Aquarium, 26–27
Noah, Peter, 40, 50, 70, 106–107
O
Ocean Futures Society (OFS), 41, 43, 50–51, 76–83, 90–93, 126–129, 164, 168, 171, 239–241, 287–288, 295–297, 337, 348, 352, 366–368
O’Neill, Brian, 93, 109–112, 168–169, 215–216, 226, 247, 258, 261, 363
Orcinus orca, 26
Oregon Coast Aquarium, 12–13, 28, 71, 89, 348
Orozco, Jose, 11
P
papillomavirus, 9, 27, 145
Parks, Michael, 152, 163, 164, 169, 186, 216–219, 230, 235–237, 263, 269–270, 272–278, 280, 302–304, 308–315, 320–323, 337, 356–357, 360–361, 369
pen anchor system, 60–61, 74, 136, 153–154, 187
pen gateway, 166–185
Phillips, David, 12–13
puffins, 121–123
R
radio tag, 244–245, 280, 314–315, 368. See also tracking tag
Reed, Kelly, 156–159, 173, 175, 328–329, 331
Reino Aventura Amusement Park, 9–12, 26–28
“Reintroduction Protocols,” 26, 28, 159–160, 368
relationship with whales, 21–23
release criteria, 87–90
release outline, 83
release plan, 87–116
release prerequisites, 87, 124
Release Project, 15, 28, 33, 36–40, 51–53, 59, 72, 80, 85–86, 109, 140, 158, 198, 239–242, 271, 331–356, 399
release steps, 93–97
release team, 45–86
release team appeal letter, 362–369
Richards, Dane, 257–258, 261, 375, 380
Rivera, Diego, 11
Rose, Naomi, 352–354, 369
S
Sanders, Tom, 173–185, 194–195, 198–201, 247, 259, 261, 295–299, 303, 328–331
satellite tag, 244–246, 294–298, 333, 358–365, 368. See also tracking tag
Scarback, 11–12
Schorr, Greg, 53–55, 186, 194, 211, 218, 220–223, 226, 337
Schorr, Jen, 50, 53–55, 241, 263, 272, 274, 278–279, 286–293, 331, 334–335, 338, 343–344, 348, 363, 382
Sealand, 353–354
Seattle Public Aquarium, 25
SeaWorld of California, 109
SeaWorld of Florida, 34–35, 156–157, 173, 225, 231
SeaWorld of Ohio, 156, 174
Sili, 57, 213, 268, 271, 279–281, 297–298
Simmons, Alyssa, 80–81, 117–118, 156, 231–241
Sinelli, Steve, 70, 93, 102–105, 158, 211, 278, 363
Siqueiros, David, 11
Siti, Captain, 138–139, 263, 296–300, 302–303, 323
social behavior, 90–91, 284
T
Taknes Bay, 374–378, 382
Tilikum, 231–235
tracking Keiko, 308–315, 358, 359, 360–365, 376–378
tracking tag, 244–252, 280, 294–298, 314–315, 333, 358–365, 368, 375–377
training whales, 21–24, 34–35, 65–66, 73–74
Turner, Ted, 156–157
U
Ugarte, Fernando, 370–371, 374
U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, 28, 244
U.S. Navy, 87
V
Vamos, 360–361
Vancouver Aquarium, 24
Vestmannaeyjar project, 28, 30, 32, 43–48, 44, 86, 107, 124, 139, 143, 149, 153, 164, 174, 231, 239, 263, 294, 308–312, 331, 356, 364–366
Viking II, 286, 295–306, 323, 331
Vikingur, 297
Vinick, Charles, 50, 72, 77–80, 94, 124, 128, 159–162, 172, 225, 239, 244, 253, 263, 269, 286–292, 300, 311–312, 325–329, 341, 349–352
W
Warner Brothers, 9, 27
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 126, 163, 187, 214
Wyland, 9, 14
Z
Zero-Nine-Zulu, 296, 298, 308–314
zoological science, 355, 384–385
zoological settings, 19–22, 26, 385
About the Author
Mark A. Simmons grew up in a Northern Virginia farm community where his father taught him at an early age that stewardship of wild and domestic animals requires lifelong responsibility and commitment. At age eighteen, Simmons had his first encounter with whales and dolphins at SeaWorld in Orlando, which quickly led him to a ten-year career in animal behavior there, working mainly with killer whales.
In 1987 Simmons began his career in behavioral sciences working almost exclusively with killer whales. In 1998 he formed a consulting firm, Wildlife International Network along with highly regarded marine mammal expert and close friend Robin Friday. The following April, Simmons joined the Keiko Release Project as the director of animal husbandry and led the behavior team on-site in Iceland. There he authored and applied the behavioral rehabilitation blueprint for reintroduction that gained approval from the Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries for Keiko’s formal release.
Simmons went on to create Ocean Embassy, whereby his team assists governments on protective marine legislation, participates in ongoing research with marine mammals and is heavily involved in the rescue and rehabilitation of sick and stranded animals. He has provided consulting on marine mammal health assessment and recovery, training program evaluation and development, and zoological program management to numerous agencies such as NOAA/NMFS and facilities worldwide in United States, Mexico, Singapore, Bahamas, Dubai, Philippines, Iceland, Jamaica, Panama, China and St. Lucia.
Simmons also created and continues to provide visionary leadership of a large-scale research and conservation database called OERCA that serves global wildlife management needs. He has taught marine mammal behavioral science at the University of Miami and conducted numerous seminars and public lectures on the Keiko Release Project.
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