by Paul Kengor
10. There are slight variations in the quote, depending upon the translation. None of the variations are different enough to change or confuse the meaning. Among others, see Milovan Djilas, translated by Michael B. Pterovich, Conversations with Stalin (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), 114.
11. See John T. Rourke, Ralph G. Carter, and Mark A. Boyer, Making American Foreign Policy (New York: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 1994), 140.
12. Joseph Stalin, speech to the Central Committee, August 19, 1939. The full text of this speech is reprinted in Crozier, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, 519–21.
13. Ibid.
14. The above-the-fold headline on the front page of the Washington Post the next day, February 10, 1946, read, “Stalin Blames Capitalism for 2 Wars.”
15. One of the best sources for Nitze and others’ views on this was the CNN's 1998 Cold War, specifically the early installment, “Iron Curtain: 1945–47.”
16. Truman did so when confronted by reporters who were angry with the speech. This was especially troublesome in that Truman had read the speech ahead of time and seemed to have approved. See David McCullough,Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 487–90; and Humes, Eisenhower and Churchill, 215–16.
17. Antony Beevor, The Fall of Berlin 1945 (New York: Viking-Penguin, 2002), 32–34, 410–13.
18. See Frank Trippett, “The Marshall Plan: A Memory, a Beacon,” Time, June 6, 1977.
19. Ion Mihai Pacepa, “Propaganda Redux,” Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2007.
20. This pamphlet was published in 1951. See Romerstein and Breindel, The Venona Secrets, 451–52.
21. Quotes taken from Thomas W. Devine, “The Communists, Henry Wallace, and the Progressive Party of 1948,” Continuity: A Journal of History, vol. 26, Spring 2003, 43–45, 51–54.
22. Ibid., 69; and Radosh and Radosh, Red Star Over Hollywood, 114–16.
23. “Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications (and Appendices), revised and published December 1, 1961, to supersede Guide published on January 2, 1957 (including Index),” 218.
24. Ibid., 21, 184.
25. Devine, “The Communists, Henry Wallace, and the Progressive Party of 1948,” 39.
26. Benjamin Gitlow, I Confess: The Truth about American Communism (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1940); and Benjamin Gitlow, The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America (New York: Scribner's, 1948).
27. Gitlow wrote, “Not only does the Communist Party member give every moment of his time to the cause but every dollar he can spare as well, often giving much more than he can afford.” Gitlow, I Confess, 289.
28. This document is in the Comintern Archives on CPUSA, Fond 515, Opis 1, Delo 4084. See also Romerstein and Breindel, The Venona Secrets, 20–21.
29. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., “The Origins of the Cold War,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 46, no. 1, October 1967, 22–52.
30. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., “The U.S. Communist Party,” Life, July 29, 1946, vol. 21, 84–96.
31. In his classic 1967 piece on the Cold War's origins, Schlesinger used phrases like “Marxist gospel” and “Moscow's theology,” and called the USSR a “messianic state.” Schlesinger, “The Origins of the Cold War,” 22–52.
32. See Shlaes, The Forgotten Man, 330.
Chapter 13: Dreams from Frank Marshall Davis
1. The document that forms the decision brief on this meeting was pulled from the Comintern Archives in Moscow (it is not available in the United States) by Herb Romerstein prior to when the specific archives were reclosed. This document is filed in Fond 495, Opus 72, Delo 277, with Opus 72 reclosed.
2. See Romerstein and Briendel, The Venona Secrets, 73–77, 258–68.
3. The document was dated the same day as the meeting—February 17, 1935. This is the document filed as Fond 495, Opus 72, Delo 277.
4. This document, too, was obtained on-site in Moscow by Herb Romerstein.
5. This information is taken from a second document in the Comintern Archives in Moscow (not in the United States), this one filed under Fond 495, Opus 20, Delo 541. It is published as “Exhibit 2” in Herb Romerstein's May 2008 report, “The Communist Assault on Hawaii,” which is published at the website of Accuracy in Media. This document was a follow up to both the February 17, 1935 meeting and memo by Schneiderman.
6. Ibid.
7. This document has been published as “Exhibit 1” in Romerstein's May 2008 report, “The Communist Assault on Hawaii.”
8. On the Chicago Star and Davis, see “Fifth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, 1949,” California Legislature, published by the California Senate, 546, 562; and Bill V. Mullen, Popular Fronts: Chicago and African-American Cultural Politics, 1935–46 (Champagne, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
9. “Reveal Pepper Columnist for Red-Tinged Newspaper,” Logansport (Indiana) Pharos-Tribune, April 21, 1947. This was a syndicated UP piece.
10. See “Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,” United States Senate, 84th Congress, Second Session, on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, Part 41-A, Appendix II, 1953 and 1954 Reports of the Commission on Subversive Activities of the Territory of Hawaii (Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1957), 2696–98.
11. “Reveal Pepper Columnist for Red-Tinged Newspaper.”
12. Credit for this find goes to blogger Trevor Loudon, who posted these materials at his “New Zeal” blogspot in June 2009.
13. See Yvonne Shinhoster Lamb, “Vernon Jarrett, 84; Journalist, Crusader,” Washington Post, May 25, 2004. In 1983 Valerie married Dr. William Robert Jarrett, son of Vernon Jarrett.
14. Flier provided by Herb Romerstein, and made available in the Romerstein May 2008 report, “The Communist Assault on Hawaii,” as Exhibit 8.
15. Robeson's declassified FBI file is now posted and available for viewing at http://foia.fbi.gov/alpha.htm. It is one of the largest files at the site, covering 2,680 pages.
16. Frank Marshall Davis, Livin’ the Blues: Memoirs of a Black Journalist Poet (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 311.
17. Kawano said this in testimony before the U.S. Senate. Published in: “Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,” 2696.
18. Comintern Archives, Fond 495, Opus 74, Delo 467. The document in the Moscow archives is now in a closed section of the archives. Once again, we can thank the diligence of Romerstein for finding this document.
19. One of the CIO reports on Bridges was published in the collection “Communist Domination of Certain Unions” (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1951), 79–96.
20. Davis, Livin’ the Blues, 311.
21. See “Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,” 2696. Koji Ariyoshi was among seven Honolulu defendants identified as Communists and convicted under the Smith Act in 1953 for “conspiring to teach and advocate the overthrow of the government by force and violence.”
22. This is written in the November 15, 1947, preface of Ichiro Izuka's self-published memoir/pamphlet, “The Truth About Communism in Hawaii,” made available in the Romerstein May 2008 report, “The Communist Assault on Hawaii,” as Exhibit 7.
23. Quote from Edward Berman in a 1949 letter to Roy Wilkins, acting secretary of the national branch of the NAACP. The Berman letter was included as part of his testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in April 1950. “Hearings Regarding Communist Activities in the Territory of Hawaii—Part 3,” Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Congress, Second Session, April 17, 18, and 19, 1950, Appendix, Index (Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1950), 2065–68.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
27. See “Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,” 2698.
28. Davis's columns for 1949 and 1950 are available online at two University of Hawaii websites, www.hawaii.edu/uhwo/clear/HonoluluRecord1/frankblog1949.html and www.hawaii.edu/uhwo/clear/HonoluluRecord1/frankblog1950.html. The columns are also available on microfiche at the University of Hawaii Manoa Hamilton Main Library under the call number “Microfilm S90146.” One of my researchers, Emily Hughes, confirmed the original hard copy with the editorials reproduced on the Web. We found some minor discrepancies in the dates of the articles. For instance, a column dated September 29, 1949, on the website is actually dated October 6, 1949, in the original hard-copy edition of the newspaper. Importantly, however, the text of the articles is identical, and these small discrepancies do not bear on the content of Davis's work. Overall, the reproduction on the website seems to be generally reliable.
29. Another glowing piece by Davis on Robeson was his August 11 column, in which he held up Robeson and Henry Wallace as the men with the answers for the problems of America and the world. He quoted Robeson, whom he repeatedly called “Paul,” and who hoped that the oppressed peoples of the world, from “the Negro workers in the cotton plantations of Alabama, the sugar plantations in Louisiana, the tobacco fields in South Arkansas,” to “the workers in the banana plantations or the sugar workers in the West Indies,” to “the African farmers who have been dispossessed of their land in the South Africa of Malan,” would “fight for peace and collaboration with the Soviet Union and the new democracies.”
30. Harten was cited in the Daily Worker at least fifteen times from 1942 to 1950. The source for this, which indexes and details each occasion by name and date and title, is the well-known report “A Compilation of Public Records of 658 Clergymen and Laymen connected with the National Council of Churches,” published in April 1962 by Circuit Riders, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH), 65–66. The chief investigator was J. B. Matthews. Hereafter cited as “658/NCC.”
31. Frank Marshall Davis, “Threaten Film Folk with Jail Terms in ‘Red’ Hunt,” Chicago Star, November 1, 1947.
32. According to the website of the University of Chicago, Hutchins's address was delivered in June 1949. A partial transcript of the speech was published (oddly) in the American Journal of Public Health. See “The Cause We Serve,” American Journal of Public Health, September 1949, vol. 39, 1177–78.
33. There are nineteen separate page references to Hutchins in the “Supplement to Cumulative Index to Publications of the Committee on Un-American Activities, 1955 through 1968 (84th through 90th Congresses),” September 1970 (Washington, DC: GPO), 254.
34. He used the “new democracies” phrase in his August 11 column, to cite just one example.
35. See Judy Kaplan and Linn Shapiro, eds., Red Diapers: Growing Up in the Communist Left (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 319; and David Horowitz, Radical Son (New York: The Free Press, 1997), 72.
36. For instance, see http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6440.
37. “For Freedom and Peace,” transcript of address by Paul Robeson at a “Welcome Home Rally” in New York, June 19, 1949. Robeson insisted that it was unjust to go to war with the USSR or “with the people of China and the new democracies.”
38. See also Frank Marshall Davis, “Test of Democracy,” Honolulu Record, November 17, 1949; and Frank Marshall Davis, “Africa Is Next Door,” Honolulu Record, January 12, 1950.
39. For a concise analysis of Truman on civil rights, see McCullough, Truman, 586–90.
40. Frank Marshall Davis, “End of an Era,” Honolulu Record, November 10, 1949; and Frank Marshall Davis, “Mobilizing for Civil Rights,” Honolulu Record, January 5, 1950.
41. One such example is Davis's June 22, 1950, op-ed for the Honolulu Record, “Christ in 1950.”
42. See “658/NCC”; and “A Compilation of Public Records, 20.5%, 1411 Protestant Episcopal Rectors (as of 1955),” published in March 1958 by Circuit Riders, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH). Hereafter cited as “20.5%/Episcopal.”
43. Melish took up two pages, whereas his son, William Howard Melish, took up nine pages. Together, they filled pages 102–12 of the “20.5%/Episcopal” compilation.
44. “Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications (and Appendices), revised and published December 1, 1961, to supersede Guide published on January 2, 1957 (including Index),” 117–18.
45. “20.5%/Episcopal,” 104–12.
46. See Wald, Trinity of Passion, 297n69.
47. Some groups were unhappy with Pope John Paul II's beatification of Stepinac, as it reignited old rivalries and debates between (among others) Serbs and Croats. But as for the question of whether Stepinac was the victim of Communist persecution, there is no doubt.
48. I was unable to confirm the precise identity of this particular Benjamin Shaw. There was a Benjamin Shaw listed twice in the exhaustive 1944 investigative report by the House Committee on Un-American Activities. That Shaw was a radical clergyman from Birmingham, Alabama, listed as “Benjamin G. Shaw.” There, Shaw was among the names on two different Communist fronts, both times falling as the third name after Paul Robeson. The second of these fronts (a not-so-subtle one) was a group of “Negro Citizens” that formed the organization “For the Freedom of Earl Browder.” Source: “Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States,” Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 78th Congress, Second Session, on H. Res. 282, App. part 9, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1944), 620–25.
49. Truman and Churchill's recollections are quoted in Robert C. Williams and Philip L. Cantelon, eds., The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from the Discovery of Fission to the Present, 1939–1984 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), 55–56.
50. Though Gorbachev did not stop the Berlin Wall from falling, he was very concerned about a reunified Germany. He made his opposition to a unified Germany clear in face-to-face discussions with Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. At the May–June 1988 Moscow Summit Reagan directly asked Gorbachev to tear down the wall; Gorbachev said (in the words of his translator, Igor Korchilov) that he “could not agree with the president's view.” On this, see Kengor, The Crusader, 263–67, 277–78.
51. Transcript: Barack Obama, “A World That Stands as One,” Berlin, Germany, July 24, 2008.
52. In the report by the California Senate, Davis's name appears on pages 546 and 562, where he was listed among the lead figures in the Chicago Star and American Youth for Democracy, which the Senate was investigating as a Communist front.
53. See “Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,” United States Senate, 84th Congress, Second Session, on “Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States,” Part 41-A, Appendix II, 1953 and 1954 Reports of the Commission on Subversive Activities of the Territory of Hawaii (Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1957), 2698.
54. See “Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,” United States Senate, 84th Congress, Second Session, on Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, December 5 and 6, 1956, Part 41 (Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1957), 2518.
55. Davis, Livin’ the Blues, 243.
56. James Edward Smethurst, The New Red Negro: The Literary Left and African American Poetry, 1930–46 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
57. These poems are widely available on the Web today.
Chapter 14: Vietnam Dupes: Protests, Riots, and the Chaotic Summer of ’68
1. The speech was delivered in Moscow the night of February 24–25, 1956.
2. Our historical understanding is that the original text received in the United States came
via the Mossad and the U.S. State Department, but John Barron makes an interesting case that the first text came via Jack Childs, an FBI spy trusted by the Soviets (and the brother of Morris Childs), who got a text to the FBI. See Barron, Operation Solo, 54–55.
3. The New York Times published the text in its June 5, 1956, edition. According to the electronic version available from the Times online, the text is 24,264 words long.