by Bryant Simon
9.Shell, Cheap, 3.
10.Timothy Smith, “Changing Tastes: By End of This Year Poultry Will Surpass Beef in the US Diet,” Wall Street Journal, September 17, 1987.
11.On the political economy of Walmart, see Nelson Lichtenstein, The Retail Revolution: How Wal-Mart Created a Brave New World of Business (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).
12.Mark Schatzker, The Dorito Effect: The Surprising New Truth About Food and Flavor (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 25.
13.Wenonah Hauter, Foodopoly: The Battle over the Future of Food and Farming in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 191–95.
14.In his book, Roger Horowitz talks about some of these “perils of convenience,” Putting Meat on the American Table: Taste, Technology, Transformation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 145–52.
15.Joe Drape, “Pain Smolders Long After Fatal NC Plant Fire,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, January 19, 1992. See also Memo Regarding Former Imperial Food Products Workers, n.d. Box 32, Folder, Hamlet Response Coalition: Minutes from Meetings, NCOSHP, SHC, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC; “Blaze in Chicken Factory Plant Smolders for Survivors,” Chicago Tribune, September 14, 1992; and Ben Stocking, “Displaced Workers Struggling,” Raleigh News and Observer, December 10, 1991.
16.On changes in the southern labor force, see Leon Fink, The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); and Kathleen C. Schwartzman, The Chicken Trail: Following Workers, Migrants, and Corporations Across the Americas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013).
17.Lucinda Wykle to Sabrina McDonald, September 27, 1994, Box 33, Folder, Correspondence, NCOSHP, SCH, UNC; and “Statement to the General Baptist Convention,” Box 33, Folder, Education/Road Show, NCOSHP, SHC, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC.
18.On salmonella, see Marj Charlier, “Chicken Growers Face Leaner Earnings As Salmonella Publicity Takes Its Toll,” Wall Street Journal, July 20, 1987; “Southeast Economic Justice Network,” September 7–9, 1990, December 2, 1988, Box 35, Folder, Southeast REJN September 1990, NCOSHP, SHC, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC. See also LaGuana Gray, We Just Keep Running the Line: Black Southern Women and the Poultry Processing Industry (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014), 9. On the effects of salmonella, see www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/tc/salmonellosis-topic-overview. “The High Cost of Cheap Chicken,” ConsumerReports.org, January 2014, available at www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/02/the-high-cost-of-cheap-chicken/index.htm.
19.“Gardner Blames Hunt for Bringing Imperial Plant to Hamlet,” Raleigh News and Observer, September 4, 1992. See also, John Hood, “Overreaction to Hamlet Tragedy Will Only Create Additional Victims,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, September 3, 1992.
20.“Ballenger calls for major OSHA reform,” Occupational Hazards 57 (1995): 19. Reverend Jesse L. Jackson Testimony before The Senate Committee on Labor and Human Relations, June 10, 1992, Box 35, Folder, Jesse Jackson Testimony, NCOSHP, SHC, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC; and Sarah Anderson, “OSHA Under Siege,” The Progressive, December 1995.
21.Carl Bloice, “Big Demonstration Planned for Democratic Convention,” Amsterdam News, June 27, 1992.
22.“Hamlet Response Coalition for Workplace Reform,” Jan 20, 1995, Box 31, Folder, Hamlet Response Coalition, 1995, Federal OSHA Reform, NCOSHP, SHC, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC.
23.As heard by author on television, September 23, 2016.
24.Chris Buckley, “Over 100 Die at Fire at Chinese Poultry Plant,” New York Times, June 3, 2013; and “Bangladesh Factory Collapse Toll Passes 1,000,” bbc.com, May 10, 2013, available at www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22476774. On the Benetton connections, see Rebecca Smithers, “Benetton Admits Links with Firm in Collapsed Bangladesh Building,” The Guardian, April 29, 2013; and on Walmart, see “Wal-Mart: Bangladesh Factory in Deadly Fire Made Clothes Without Our Knowledge,” CBS News, November 26, 2012.
25.See a related argument in Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, American Amnesia: How the War on Government Led Us to Forget What Made America Prosper (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016).
26.For other reminders of the importance of retelling the Hamlet story, see author interview with Georgia Quick and former North Carolina labor commissioner Harry E. Payne’s powerful editorial on the twentieth anniversary of the fire, “Have We Forgotten the Hamlet Fire?,” Raleigh News and Observer, September 2, 2011.
INDEX
“In this digital publication the page numbers have been removed from the index. Please use the search function of your e-Reading device to locate the terms listed.”
Abel, I.W.
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
addictive nature of processed foods
additives, chicken feed
advertising; McDonald’s;
North Carolina Dept. of Economic and Community Development; Walmart
AFDC. See welfare
AFL-CIO
African Americans and whites. See race relations
air traffic controllers’ strike
Alabama
alcohol. See beer; moonshining; wine
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Retail Clerks
Amaya-Jackson, Lisa
American Apartheid (Massey and Denton)
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
American Conservative Union
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. See AFL-CIO
American International Group
Amstray, Michael
Anderson, Alfonso
Anderson, Peggy
antibiotics in chicken feed
Applebome, Peter
Arend, Rene
Armey, Dick
Arnold, Joseph
Atlanta
Auchter, Thorne G.
Avery, Max
Bailey, James
Baker, Robert C.
Ballenger, Cass
bank creditors
bankruptcy
Bangladesh
Banks, Margaret
Barbour, Berry
Barnes, Richard
Barr, Martha
Barringer, L. Bradford
Barrington, Fred, Jr.
Barrington, Josephine
BeA Fasteners Company
Beard, Hugh Joseph, Jr.
Beard, James
beef; consumption; tallow
beer
Bell, David
Bell, Walter
Bellamy, Elizabeth
Bennettsville, South Carolina; on map
big-box stores. See also Walmart
Billy Bathgate
Bingham, Eula
black-white relations. See race relations
Black Workers for Justice
Blanchard, Ada
Blumhardt, Charles
body mass index (BMI)
Booker, James
Booker, Kenneth
boosterism
Bosnal (W.R.) and Company
Boyd, Amsey
Boyd, William
Boyle, Lorrie
Brands, H.W.
Breeden, Louis
Breeden, Sam
Bryant, James
Bryant, Mary
broilers (chickens)
Brooks, John
Brooks, Wayne
Brown, David Junior
Brown, Maggie
Brown, Nellie
Brownell, Kelly
brown lung
Buckley, William F.
building collapse, Bangladesh. See Savar building collapse
building code
building permits
Bush, George H.W.
Bush, George W.
business licenses. See licenses
Buttercup (ice cream company). See also Mello-Buttercup Ice Cream
Caddell, Juesta
Cagle, Douglas
Cagle’s
California
Campbell, Gail
Cannon, Ernest
capital punish
ment. See death penalty
carbon monoxide
Carolan, Michael
Carolina Paper Mills
carpal tunnel syndrome
Carter, Jimmy
censorship
chain restaurants. See also McDonald’s; Shoney’s
chain supermarkets. See supermarket chains
chambers of commerce: Georgia; Richmond County; U.S.
cheap (philosophy)
Cheap: The High Cost of Discount Culture (Shell)
chicken, rancid. See rancid chicken chicken fajitas
chicken feed
chicken industry: See also Imperial Food Products; slaughterhouses
“chickenization”
chicken nuggets
chicken production statistics
chickens. See broilers (chickens)
chicken tenders; American consumption; coating; giveaways; processing; rumors; in school lunches; theft; USDA inspection; waste by-products
Childers, Jay
children; Chicken McNuggets and; child care; health; labor by; learning to cook; obesity; orphaned; premature death rate; PTSD
China
churches; fire anniversary
Citizens Against Repulsive Environments (CARE)
civil suits. See lawsuits
Clark Equipment
Clinton, Bill
Coale, John P.
Coastal Dairy Company
Cobb, James C.
cocaine, crack. See crack cocaine
Cohick, Larry D.
Colorado
Coltrane, John
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
contamination: of meat; of water supply
contracts and contracting: poultry industry
convenience foods; obesity and. See also chicken nuggets
conveyor belts
Cooked (Pollan)
cooking from scratch
Cooper, Theodore
Cordova, North Carolina; on map
corn. See also high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
Cornell University
Corning, Louis A.
Corning Quality Ice Cream Company
Corning, Roland
cotton; health hazards
Covington, Abbie; rumors and rumor control
Covington, Earl
Covington, Wayne
Cowie, Jefferson
Cox, Clark
crack cocaine; junk food compared
Crawford, Michael
Crowley, Connie
CSX
Cumming, Georgia
Davis, Lillie Bell
Dawkins, Amy
Dawkins, Catherine
Dawkins, Philip
Dawkins, Philip, Jr.
Dawkins, Wendy
deadly fires before and after 1991
death certificates
death penalty
debt: chicken farmers; citizens; Emmet Roe (Imperial Foods)
DeLay, Tom
Denton, Mary: American Apartheid
Department of Agriculture, U.S. See U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Labor. See North Carolina Dept. of Labor; U.S. Dept. of Labor
DeRosa, Ruth
dipping sauces
Dobbins Heights, North Carolina; on map
Dobbins Heights Fire Department
Donnelly, E.F.
Donovan, Raymond
doors, exit. See exit door locking and blocking; exit door signage and lighting
drinking. See also beer; moonshining; wine
dropouts. See schools: dropouts
drugs in chicken feed
drug use; junk food consumption compared. See also crack cocaine
East Rockingham Fire Department
Ellerbee, Teresa
Empire Frozen Foods
employee theft; Triangle Shirtwaist fire and
environmental contamination. See pollution
Environmental Protection Agency
Ervin, Valerie
exercise
exit door locking and blocking; Triangle Shirtwaist fire
exit door signage and lighting
factory farming
Fairley, Mattie
Fairley, Maurice
fajitas. See chicken fajitas
farm crisis
fast food; brain chemistry and; obesity and
fast food industry; Imperial Foods and. See also McDonald’s
fatal fires before and after 1991. See deadly fires before and after 1991
feed. See chicken feed
fillers in further-processed chicken
fines; Auchter Company; post-fire
fire code. See building code
fire departments
fire drills, absence of
fire inspectors and inspection
fires, industrial: post-1991; pre-1991. See also Imperial Food Products fire, Hamlet, North Carolina
fire suppression systems. See sprinkler systems
fish
fish sticks
flies
Foley, Michael Stewart
food costs
food labels and labeling
food science and scientists
food stamps
football
Ford, Gerald
Fordism
Foster, Georgia. See Quick, Georgia
french fries; McDonald’s
fried chicken restaurants
Frye, Stephen
Fuller, David; Dobbins Heights and; lawsuits
Fuller, Mark
furniture industry
Furr, Susan
further-processed chicken; definition. See also chicken nuggets; fillers in further-processed chicken
further-processed foods. See processed foods
Futrell, Stephan
Gagnon, John
Gagnon, Pearlie
Gardner, Jim
garment industry
Georgia; Cagle’s. See also Atlanta; Cumming, Georgia
Germany
Gibson, North Carolina; on map
Gingrich, Newt
globalization
Godfrey, Rickie
Goodman, Raymond
Goodwin, Loretta
Goodwin, Wayne
government subsidies. See subsidies
Grady, Henry
Graham, David
Gray, LaGuana
Greene, Jim
Griffin, Albert
Griffin, Elaine
Grimsley, Joseph W.
Gunter, Woody
Hager, Robert
Hair, James Neal
Hall, Bob
Hamlet Fire Department
Hamlet Hospital
Hamlet Ice Company
Hamlet Ministerial Alliance
Hamlet, North Carolina, fire of 1991. See Imperial Food Products fire, Hamlet, North Carolina, 1991
Hamlet, North Carolina, Imperial Food Products in. See Imperial Food Products, Hamlet, North Carolina
Hamlet, North Carolina, pre-fire history of; African Americans
Harleysville Insurance Company
Harpe, Betty
Haverpride Farms
Hayes, Robin
Haygood, Wil
health. See also workplace health and safety
health care; costs
health insurance
Helms, Jesse
Herbers, John
Hickory, North Carolina
high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
Hodges, Luther
Hoewner, Hans
Hoffman, North Carolina; on map
Holly Farms
Horne, Wilson
housing projects
Humphrey-Hawkins Act
Hunt, James
Hussey, Grady
ice cream industry; inspections
immigrant workers
Imperial Food Products, Cumming, Georgia
Imperial Food Products, Hamlet, North Carolina; bathroom breaks; bathroom filthiness; building inspection; building layout; ear
lier fires; employee paycheck allocation; employee surveillance; employee turnover; extended production; fines; flies; Georgia Quick; health insurance; maintenance and repairs; Martin and Mary Alice, Quick; OSHA inspections; OSHA sign; overtime; protective gear; roof replacement; second shift; Shoney’s and; sprinkler system; start-up; suppliers; USDA inspections; waste treatment; water use. See also Imperial Food Products fire, Hamlet, North Carolina
Imperial Food Products, Moosic, Pennsylvania
Imperial Food Products fire, Hamlet, North Carolina; AFL-CIO response; anniversary events; body bags; community response; death certificates; fire departments’ response; governor’s response; lawsuits and fines; Loretta Goodwin; media coverage; OSHA response; PTSD; public opinion; racial demographics; ruins and memorial
inflation
injuries, workplace. See workplace injuries
inspectors and inspection; Auchter Company; Mello-Buttercup; North Carolina Dept. of Labor; OSHA; USDA. See also fire inspectors and inspection
insurance. See also health insurance; worker’s compensation insurance
Jackson, Jesse, Jr.
Jacobson, Michael
Jarrell, Bertha
Jewell, Jesse D.
Jilin poultry plant fire
joblessness. See unemployment
Johnson, Gary
junkets
junk food consumption; compared to drug use
Kelly, Brenda Gail
Kelly, Joseph R.
Kemlite
Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)
Kosierowski, Helene
Kroc, Ray
Labor Department. See North Carolina Dept. of Labor; U.S. Dept. of Labor
labor legislation. See also Occupational Safety and Health Act
labor unions. See unions
Land, Ruth
Larkee, James
Laurinburg, North Carolina; on map
lawsuits
Lee, Larry
Legrand, Tommy
Leonard, Christopher
Leroy Hubbard Homes; on map
Levenstein, Harvey
libel cases
Liberty Mutual Insurance
licenses
Lilley, William
“line ladies”
liquor moonshining. See moonshining
locking and blocking of exit doors. See exit door locking and blocking
London Greenpeace
Long John Silver’s
Loomis, Erik
Lowder, Carroll
Luebke, Paul
Lyle Farms
Malachi, Gloria “Tootsie”
Mangus, Kim
maps
Marley’s Engineering Products