Queens Consort

Home > Other > Queens Consort > Page 60
Queens Consort Page 60

by Lisa Hilton


  16. Juvenal des Ursins, ‘Histoire de Charles VI, Roy de France’ in Nouvelle Collection de memoires sur I’histoire de France (Paris, 1836), quotation trans. Lisa Hilton.

  17. See Gervase Mathew, op. cit., and also Michael Bennett, Richard II and the Revolutions of 1399 (Stroud, 1999).

  18. Chronicles of the Revolution 1307—1400, ed. and trans. Chris Given-Wilson (Manchester, 1993), pp.56—7.

  19. English Historical Documents IV, p.174.

  20. Walsingham.

  21. Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.59.

  PART FIVE

  CHAPTER 14: JOANNA OF NAVARRE

  1. Paul Strohm, England’s Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legitimisation 1399—1422 (New Haven, 1998), p.160.

  2. Cited in Dillian Gordon, ‘A New Discovery in the Wilton Diptych’, Burlington Magazine No. 1075, Vol. 134 (October 1992).

  3. Strohm, England’s Empty Throne, op. cit., p.157.

  4. Guillaume Gruel, Chronique d Artur de Richemont, ed. le Vavasseur, Achille (Paris, 1890)

  5. A.R. Myers, ‘The Captivity of a Royal Witch: The Household Accounts of Queen Joan of Navarre 1419—21’, in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library Vol. 24 (1940).

  CHAPTER 15: CATHERINE DE VALOIS

  1. Strecche, Chronicle.

  2. The Great Chronicle of London.

  3. The First English Life of Henry V

  4. Gibbons, op. cit.

  5. Juvenal des Ursins, op. cit.

  6. Parisian Journal 1406—1499.

  7. p. cit.

  8. See E.H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, 1957), p.240.

  9. Anne Crawford, Letters, p.116.

  10. Ibid.

  11. J.W. McKenna, ‘Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy’, in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 28 (1965).

  12. Incerti Scriptoris Chronicon Angliae (Giles’s Chronicle).

  13. Ralph A. Griffiths and Roger S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty (Stroud, 2005), p.38.

  14. Sir John Wyn of Gwydir, cited in Griffiths and Thomas, ibid., p.38.

  15. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.41.

  16. David Crouch, ‘Noble Women: The View from the Stands’ in The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900—1300 (Harlow, 2005), p.316.

  CHAPTER 16: MARGUERITE OF ANJOU

  1. Philippe Erlanger, Margaret of Anjou: Queen of England (London, 1970), p.29.

  2. Ibid., p.80.

  3. Laynesmith, op.cit., p.84.

  4. See Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution of England c. 1437—1309 (Cambridge, 1997), pp.92—4.

  5. Erlanger, op. cit., p.113.

  6. Gillingham, op. cit., p.62.

  7. H.M. Colvin, The History of the King’s Works Vol. ii (London, 1963) P.936.

  8. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.242.

  9. Cited in Gillingham, op. cit., pp.72—3.

  10. Carpenter, op. cit., p.143.

  11. Gillingham, op. cit., p.116.

  12. London Chronicle.

  13. Gillingham, op. cit., p.135.

  14. Ibid., p.99.

  15. Carpenter, op. cit., p.113.

  CHAPTER 17: ELIZABETH WOODVILLE

  1. Thomas More, The History of Richard III.

  2. A.R. Myers (ed.), Introduction to The Household of Edward IV, p.2.

  3. Arlene Okerlund, Elizabeth Wydeville (Stroud, 2005), p.15.

  4. In their article ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, A. Sutton and L.Visser Fuchs confirm that Elizabeth Woodville was ‘too young ever to have been a lady-in-waiting’.

  5. This view of the marriage is taken by, among others, David Baldwin.

  6. More, op. cit.

  7. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.88.

  8. Luchino Dallaghiexa, Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan, No. 131.

  9. David Baldwin, Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower (Stroud, 2002), p.41.

  10. Michael Hicks, Anne Neville, Queen to Richard III (Stroud, 2006), p.84.

  11. Rows Rolls No. 62.

  12. Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recoverye of his Kingdomes from Henry VI.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Gillingham, op. cit., p.213.

  15. See Agnes Strickland and Okerlund, op. cit.

  16. Erlanger, op. cit., p.243.

  17. Charles Ross, Edward IV (1971), p.87.

  18. A. Sutton and L. Visser Fuchs, ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, in The Ricardian No. 129, Vol. 10 (June 1995)

  CHAPTER 18: ANNE NEVILLE

  1. Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan I.

  2. Alison Weir, The Princes in the Tower (London, 1992), p.64.

  3. Ibid. p.77.

  4. Gillingham, op. cit., p.223.

  5. Ibid., p.224.

  6. Laynesmith, op.cit., p.90.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Croyland Chronicle.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Griffiths and Thomas, op. cit., p.92.

  11. Edward Hall, Chronicle.

  12. Croyland Chronicle.

  13. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm J. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge, 1992), p.64.

  14. Croyland Chronicle.

  15. Peter Idley, Instructions to his Son, ed. Charlotte d’Evelyn (Modern Languages Association of America, Lancaster PA, 1935), p.31.

  16. Croyland Chronicle.

  17. Rosemary Horrox, ‘The History of KRIII(1619) by Sir George Buck, Master of the Revels’, review in English Historical Review No. 382, Vol. 97 (January 1982).

  18. Ibid.

  19. Croyland Chronicle.

  CHAPTER 19: ELIZABETH OF YORK

  1. Camden Miscellany.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Polydore Vergil.

  4. Baldwin, op. cit, p.125.

  5. J. Nichols (ed.), Wills of the Kings and Queens of England (London, 1790).

  6. MS Arundel 26, British Library.

  7. Margaret Aston, ‘Death’ in Fifteenth Century Attitudes, ed. Horrox, op. cit., p.212.

  8. F.R.H. Du Boulay, An Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1970)

  9. Jones and Underwood, op. cit., p.161.

  10. Gill, Louise ‘William Caxton and the Revolution of 1483’ in English Historical Review No. 445, Vol. 112 (February 1997).

  11. Cited in Belozerskaya, op. cit., p.77.

  12. English Historical Documents 1485—1558.

  13. Thomas More.

  CONCLUSION

  All quotations from ‘Beowulf’ are from Heather O’Donoghue, (ed.) and Kevin Crossley-Holland (trans.), Beowulf (Oxford, 1999). Those from Morte d’Arthur are from Eugene Vinaver, Malory:Works (Oxford, 1971).

  1. Terence McCarthy, An Introduction to Malory (Cambridge, 1988).

  2. This reading of the heroic feminine in ‘Beowulf’ is drawn from Stacy S. Klein, ‘Beowulf’ and the Gendering of Heroism’ in Stacy S. Klein, Ruling Women: Queenship and Gender in Anglo-Saxon Literature (Notre Dame, IA, 2006), pp.87—123.

  3. Ibid. p.98.

  4. Ibid. p.98.

  5. Peter Clemoes (ed.), Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies (Oxford, 1997), p.279.

  6. Klein, op. cit., p.113.

  7. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners (Oxford, 1978), p.95.

  8. See Elias, ibid., and J. Huizinga, J., ‘The Violent Tenor of Life’, in J. Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1955).

  9. Blamires, op. cit., p.231.

  10. Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage and Politics in England 1225—1350 (New York, 2003), p.135.

  11. J.A. McNamara, John E. Halborg and E. Gordon Whatley (eds.), Sainted Women of the Dark Ages (Durham, NC, 1992), p.70.

  12. P.A. Lee, ‘Reflections of Power: Margaret of Anjou and the Dark Side of Queenship’, in Renaissance Quarterly 29 (1986
).

  13. P.J.C. Field, ‘The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory’, in Arthurian Studies No. 6 (1993).

  14. Ibid., p.143.

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  Firstly I would like to thank Claire Norton, who permitted me to begin this book in her beautiful library in the French countryside, and her father, the late Colin Gordon, for his tremendously generous gift of the original editions of Agnes Strickland’s works. Pascal Marichalar in Paris, Mañuel Sagastibelza Beraza in Pamplona and Dr Sally Connolly in Houston were all most generous and helpful in suggesting research materials. I am grateful to the director of the Archivio Statale in Milan for permitting me to see some extremely rare material, to Dr Christopher Tyerman of Oxford University for prompt and constructive advice, to Dr Dorian of the British Library, Professor Kinch Hoekstra at Berkeley, Lady Antonia Fraser, for her continued encouragement and interest and Mr Bashir Malik of HSBC, whose eleventh-hour intervention saved the whole project. Many thanks also to Nicole Martinelli in Milan for bad babysitting.

  My agent, Michael Alcock, and Alan Samson at Weidenfeld & Nicolson have as ever been fantastically kind, and I am particularly grateful to Caroline North, who agreed to work with me for a third time.

  This book could never have been finished had it not been for the patience and endless support of my parents-in-law, Vittorio and Patrizia Moro.

  INDEX

  abbesses, royal, 25—6, 35

  abbeys, foundation and patronage of, 26

  Aberystwyth, 348

  Abingdon, 86, 178; Abbey, 53, 268

  Abingdon, Edmund of, 176

  Abingdon Chronicle, 51

  Accord, Act of (1460), 351

  Acre, 125, 126, 193, 198

  Adalia, 102, 103, 105

  Adam, son of Edward 11, 230

  Adam, Thomas, 337

  Adela, Countess of Blois, 25, 37, 38, 39, 55, 56 68, 75, 111

  Adela, daughter of King of France, 17, 18—19

  Adeliza of Louvain (Henry I’s queen), 47, 55, 330; marriage to Henry I, 60; appearance, 61; coronation, 61; charters signed, 61—2, 64; and literature, 63; payment of ‘queens-gold’, 63; children, lack of, by Henry, 64, 69; court, 62; landholdings, 64; patronages, 64; and stepdaughter Matilda, 65, 78, 79, 81; relationship with Henry, 65—6; and death of Henry, 66; marriage to and children by William d’Aubigne, 66; in Afflighem abbey, 66; invites brother Joscelin to England, 78; death of, 66—7

  Ademar, Count of Angoulême, 143, 144, 145—6, 147

  ‘administrative kingship’, 62—3

  Aelfgifu, 24

  Aelfric, 421

  Aelfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, 23

  Aelred, 197

  Aethelred, King of England, 23

  Aethulwulf, King of the West Saxons, 23

  Afflighem abbey, 66

  Agatha, daughter of William and Matilda, 37

  Agatha, widow of Edward Atheling, 34

  Agatha, wife of Edmund Ironside, 40

  Agincourt, battle of (1415), 250, 314—5

  Aicough, William, bishop of Salisbury, 338, 340, 342

  Aigue-Mortes, 192

  Aimery de Thouars, 147

  Alan the Black, 43

  Alan the Red, Count of Richmond, 42, 43

  Alba, 269—70

  Albany, Duke of, 329

  Alberic of Ostia, 77

  Alcoba, Pedro de, 317

  Aldemstone, 266

  Aldred, Archbishop, 33

  Alençon, Jean, Duke d’, 308, 315

  Alençon, siege of, 20

  Aleppo, 105

  Alexander, archdeacon of Salisbury, 63

  Alexander III of Scotland, 158, 173, 186

  Alexander IV, Pope, 177

  Alfonso, son of Edward I and Eleanor, 194, 195, 201

  Alfonso VIII of Castile, 121, 146, 155, 175

  Alfonso X of Castile, 175, 176, 196, 197

  Alfonso of Aragon, 114, 127, 336

  Alfred, son of Aethelred, 23, 24

  Alfred the Great, 23, 26

  Alice, daughter of Hugh de Lusignan and Isabelle, 170, 185

  Alix, daughter of Louis VII and Eleanor, 107, 110, 111

  Alnwick Castle, 366

  Alsace, Thierry of, 70

  Alton, treaty of (1101), 50

  Alys of France, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127

  Amadeus of Savoy, 170, 204

  Ambléou, John d’, 177

  Amboise, 370

  Ambroise, 123, 124, 126

  Amesbury, 113, 187—8; convent, 207

  Amiens, 325

  Amiens, Mise of (1264), 182

  anchorites, 74

  Ancrene Riwle, 74

  André (debtor in Le Mans), 138

  Angers, 136 152; Cathedral, 368

  Angevin empire, 112

  Angevins, 76, 88, 90, 108—9; knights, 78

  Anglesey, 327

  Anglesey, Robin of, 331

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 24, 25, 35, 40, 46, 70; ‘D’ version, 32—3

  Angoulême, 96, 145, 152, 159

  Angoulême, Alice of, 151

  Angoulême, Charles, Count of, 302

  Angoulême, Count of, 116, 302

  Anjou, 375; house of, 335

  Anjou, Fulk of, 60, 61

  Annales Paulini, 212, 241

  Anne, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, 376, 387, 396, 407, 409, 410

  Anne of Bohemia (wife of Richard II): marriage to Richard, 274—5, 308; life in London, 277—8; clothing and jewellery, 279; and Chaucer, 279, 280; introduces Bohemian craftsmanship to manuscript illustration, 280; religious reading, 281, 282; intimacy with Richard, 282, 283, 285, 288—9; and St Anne’s feast day celebration, 282; and ‘Merciless Parliament’, 286, 287; and Londoners, 287—8, 289; intercessions, 288, 293, 310; travels with husband, 289; death and funeral, 289; epitaph, 290; in Wilton Diptych, 310

  Anor, daughter of William X’s mistress, 96

  Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49—50, 55, 56, 75

  Antioch, 104, 105, 106, 191

  Antwerp, 259

  Aquitaine, Duchy of, 95—6, 97, 109, 148, 269

  Aragon, 121

  Arbrissel, Robert d’, 113

  Archibald of Bourbon, 103

  Ardres, 294

  Arevalo, Rodrigo de, 193

  Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, 313, 323

  Armagnacs, 323

  Arnulf, 36

  Arques, siege of fortress of, 28

  Arques, William of, 28

  Arthur, son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Lucy, 378

  Arthur, son of Henry VII and Elizabeth, 404, 413, 414—5, 417

  Arthur of Brittany, 119, 120, 123, 127, 136 143, 144, 175

  Artois, Blanche of, 218

  Artur of Brittany, 308, 312, 315—6

  Arundel, Archbishop, 281, 282

  Arundel, Countess of, 180

  Arundel, Pynham priory, 64—5

  Arundel, Richard FitzAlan, Earl of, 286, 289, 296, 297

  Arundel, Thomas, Earl of, 311, 399

  Arundel Castle, 66, 78, 79, 85

  Asser, 26

  Aston, Hertfordshire, 66

  Atholl, Earl of, 208

  Aubigne, William d’, 66, 78, 79, 247—8

  Aubigny, Regnaut d’, 248

  Audley Lord, 349

  Audrehem, Arnaud d’, 248

  Auranchin, Hugh d’, 31—2

  Auvergne, 96

  Aylesbury, 156

  Bache, Anthony, 260

  Bacon, Francis, 408

  Badlesmere, Lady, 228

  Badlesmere, Lord Bartholomew of, 227, 228

  Baker, Geoffrey le, 241

  ‘Bal des Sauvages’ (1393), 292

  Baldock, 236

  Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, 143

  Baldwin, heir to the Earl of Devon, 170

  Baldwin, Matilda of Flanders’ brother, 19

  Baldwin, son of Stephen and Matilda, 72, 73—4

  Baldwin ‘Iron Arm’, Count of Flanders, 23

  Baldwin
II, Count of Flanders, 23, 25

  Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, 17, 19, 20, 36

  Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders, 36

  Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders, 61

  ‘Ballad of Fair Rosamund, The’, 112

  Balliol, Alexander, 170

  Balliol, Edward, 257

  Balliol, John, 205, 257

  Bamburgh Castle, 257, 366, 367

  Bannockburn, battle of (1314), 226, 283

  Bar-le-Duc, 337

  Bardi (bankers), 260

  Barfleur, 60, 110, 117

  Barking Abbey, 47, 333

  Barnard Castle, 390

  Barnet, battle of (1471), 373

  Bastenthwaite, Thomas de, 260

  Bath, 81, 166, 202, 373; abbey, 198

  Bath, Adelard of, 57

  Bath, Reginald of, 186

  Baudri of Dol, Bishop, 56 63

  Bayeux, 29; Tapestry, 27, 31

  Bayeux, Odo of, 38—9

  Baynard’s Castle, 389

  Bayonne, 96, 113

  Beatrice, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Henry III and Eleanor), 169, 177, 180, 181, 185, 186, 201

  Beatrice of Provence, 165, 168, 169, 170, 176, 182—3, 187

  Beauchamp, Richard, 390—1

  Beauchamp Pageant, 390—1

  Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Winchester, 318, 329

  Beaufort, Joan, 382

  Beaufort, Lady Margaret, 333—4, 348, 393, 394, 395, 401, 406, 411, 412, 414, 415

  Beaufort-en-Vallée castle, 132, 133, 134, 148

  Beaugency, 107

  Beaulieu Abbey, 150, 185, 289, 374

  Beaumont, Henry de, 208, 215, 233

  Beaumont, Roger of, 31—2

  Beaumont, Viscount, 341

  Béarn, Gaston de, 173, 175, 190

  Beauvais, 233

  Becket, Thomas à, 114, 139, 301

  Bede, the Venerable, 26

  Bedford, 154, 244

  Bedford, Duke of, 365, 416

  Bedford, Enguerrand de Coucy, Earl of, 269

  Bedford, Jacquetta, Duchess of, 319, 350, 353, 356—7, 358, 370, 372, 377

  Bedford, Jasper, Duke of (son of Owen Tudor and Catherine de Valois, formerly Earl of Pembroke), 332, 333, 334, 348, 352, 364, 373, 393

  Bedford, John, Duke of (son of Henry IV), 313, 315, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 330, 332, 356

  Bedford Hours, 325, 328

  Bel, Jean le, 262

  Bel, Robert le, 193

  Benedict XIII, Pope, 308

 

‹ Prev