by Lisa Hilton
16. Juvenal des Ursins, ‘Histoire de Charles VI, Roy de France’ in Nouvelle Collection de memoires sur I’histoire de France (Paris, 1836), quotation trans. Lisa Hilton.
17. See Gervase Mathew, op. cit., and also Michael Bennett, Richard II and the Revolutions of 1399 (Stroud, 1999).
18. Chronicles of the Revolution 1307—1400, ed. and trans. Chris Given-Wilson (Manchester, 1993), pp.56—7.
19. English Historical Documents IV, p.174.
20. Walsingham.
21. Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.59.
PART FIVE
CHAPTER 14: JOANNA OF NAVARRE
1. Paul Strohm, England’s Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legitimisation 1399—1422 (New Haven, 1998), p.160.
2. Cited in Dillian Gordon, ‘A New Discovery in the Wilton Diptych’, Burlington Magazine No. 1075, Vol. 134 (October 1992).
3. Strohm, England’s Empty Throne, op. cit., p.157.
4. Guillaume Gruel, Chronique d Artur de Richemont, ed. le Vavasseur, Achille (Paris, 1890)
5. A.R. Myers, ‘The Captivity of a Royal Witch: The Household Accounts of Queen Joan of Navarre 1419—21’, in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library Vol. 24 (1940).
CHAPTER 15: CATHERINE DE VALOIS
1. Strecche, Chronicle.
2. The Great Chronicle of London.
3. The First English Life of Henry V
4. Gibbons, op. cit.
5. Juvenal des Ursins, op. cit.
6. Parisian Journal 1406—1499.
7. p. cit.
8. See E.H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, 1957), p.240.
9. Anne Crawford, Letters, p.116.
10. Ibid.
11. J.W. McKenna, ‘Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy’, in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 28 (1965).
12. Incerti Scriptoris Chronicon Angliae (Giles’s Chronicle).
13. Ralph A. Griffiths and Roger S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty (Stroud, 2005), p.38.
14. Sir John Wyn of Gwydir, cited in Griffiths and Thomas, ibid., p.38.
15. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.41.
16. David Crouch, ‘Noble Women: The View from the Stands’ in The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900—1300 (Harlow, 2005), p.316.
CHAPTER 16: MARGUERITE OF ANJOU
1. Philippe Erlanger, Margaret of Anjou: Queen of England (London, 1970), p.29.
2. Ibid., p.80.
3. Laynesmith, op.cit., p.84.
4. See Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution of England c. 1437—1309 (Cambridge, 1997), pp.92—4.
5. Erlanger, op. cit., p.113.
6. Gillingham, op. cit., p.62.
7. H.M. Colvin, The History of the King’s Works Vol. ii (London, 1963) P.936.
8. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.242.
9. Cited in Gillingham, op. cit., pp.72—3.
10. Carpenter, op. cit., p.143.
11. Gillingham, op. cit., p.116.
12. London Chronicle.
13. Gillingham, op. cit., p.135.
14. Ibid., p.99.
15. Carpenter, op. cit., p.113.
CHAPTER 17: ELIZABETH WOODVILLE
1. Thomas More, The History of Richard III.
2. A.R. Myers (ed.), Introduction to The Household of Edward IV, p.2.
3. Arlene Okerlund, Elizabeth Wydeville (Stroud, 2005), p.15.
4. In their article ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, A. Sutton and L.Visser Fuchs confirm that Elizabeth Woodville was ‘too young ever to have been a lady-in-waiting’.
5. This view of the marriage is taken by, among others, David Baldwin.
6. More, op. cit.
7. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.88.
8. Luchino Dallaghiexa, Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan, No. 131.
9. David Baldwin, Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower (Stroud, 2002), p.41.
10. Michael Hicks, Anne Neville, Queen to Richard III (Stroud, 2006), p.84.
11. Rows Rolls No. 62.
12. Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recoverye of his Kingdomes from Henry VI.
13. Ibid.
14. Gillingham, op. cit., p.213.
15. See Agnes Strickland and Okerlund, op. cit.
16. Erlanger, op. cit., p.243.
17. Charles Ross, Edward IV (1971), p.87.
18. A. Sutton and L. Visser Fuchs, ‘Most Benevolent Queen’, in The Ricardian No. 129, Vol. 10 (June 1995)
CHAPTER 18: ANNE NEVILLE
1. Calendar of State Papers Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan I.
2. Alison Weir, The Princes in the Tower (London, 1992), p.64.
3. Ibid. p.77.
4. Gillingham, op. cit., p.223.
5. Ibid., p.224.
6. Laynesmith, op.cit., p.90.
7. Ibid.
8. Croyland Chronicle.
9. Ibid.
10. Griffiths and Thomas, op. cit., p.92.
11. Edward Hall, Chronicle.
12. Croyland Chronicle.
13. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm J. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge, 1992), p.64.
14. Croyland Chronicle.
15. Peter Idley, Instructions to his Son, ed. Charlotte d’Evelyn (Modern Languages Association of America, Lancaster PA, 1935), p.31.
16. Croyland Chronicle.
17. Rosemary Horrox, ‘The History of KRIII(1619) by Sir George Buck, Master of the Revels’, review in English Historical Review No. 382, Vol. 97 (January 1982).
18. Ibid.
19. Croyland Chronicle.
CHAPTER 19: ELIZABETH OF YORK
1. Camden Miscellany.
2. Ibid.
3. Polydore Vergil.
4. Baldwin, op. cit, p.125.
5. J. Nichols (ed.), Wills of the Kings and Queens of England (London, 1790).
6. MS Arundel 26, British Library.
7. Margaret Aston, ‘Death’ in Fifteenth Century Attitudes, ed. Horrox, op. cit., p.212.
8. F.R.H. Du Boulay, An Age of Ambition: English Society in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1970)
9. Jones and Underwood, op. cit., p.161.
10. Gill, Louise ‘William Caxton and the Revolution of 1483’ in English Historical Review No. 445, Vol. 112 (February 1997).
11. Cited in Belozerskaya, op. cit., p.77.
12. English Historical Documents 1485—1558.
13. Thomas More.
CONCLUSION
All quotations from ‘Beowulf’ are from Heather O’Donoghue, (ed.) and Kevin Crossley-Holland (trans.), Beowulf (Oxford, 1999). Those from Morte d’Arthur are from Eugene Vinaver, Malory:Works (Oxford, 1971).
1. Terence McCarthy, An Introduction to Malory (Cambridge, 1988).
2. This reading of the heroic feminine in ‘Beowulf’ is drawn from Stacy S. Klein, ‘Beowulf’ and the Gendering of Heroism’ in Stacy S. Klein, Ruling Women: Queenship and Gender in Anglo-Saxon Literature (Notre Dame, IA, 2006), pp.87—123.
3. Ibid. p.98.
4. Ibid. p.98.
5. Peter Clemoes (ed.), Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies (Oxford, 1997), p.279.
6. Klein, op. cit., p.113.
7. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners (Oxford, 1978), p.95.
8. See Elias, ibid., and J. Huizinga, J., ‘The Violent Tenor of Life’, in J. Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1955).
9. Blamires, op. cit., p.231.
10. Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage and Politics in England 1225—1350 (New York, 2003), p.135.
11. J.A. McNamara, John E. Halborg and E. Gordon Whatley (eds.), Sainted Women of the Dark Ages (Durham, NC, 1992), p.70.
12. P.A. Lee, ‘Reflections of Power: Margaret of Anjou and the Dark Side of Queenship’, in Renaissance Quarterly 29 (1986
).
13. P.J.C. Field, ‘The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory’, in Arthurian Studies No. 6 (1993).
14. Ibid., p.143.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly I would like to thank Claire Norton, who permitted me to begin this book in her beautiful library in the French countryside, and her father, the late Colin Gordon, for his tremendously generous gift of the original editions of Agnes Strickland’s works. Pascal Marichalar in Paris, Mañuel Sagastibelza Beraza in Pamplona and Dr Sally Connolly in Houston were all most generous and helpful in suggesting research materials. I am grateful to the director of the Archivio Statale in Milan for permitting me to see some extremely rare material, to Dr Christopher Tyerman of Oxford University for prompt and constructive advice, to Dr Dorian of the British Library, Professor Kinch Hoekstra at Berkeley, Lady Antonia Fraser, for her continued encouragement and interest and Mr Bashir Malik of HSBC, whose eleventh-hour intervention saved the whole project. Many thanks also to Nicole Martinelli in Milan for bad babysitting.
My agent, Michael Alcock, and Alan Samson at Weidenfeld & Nicolson have as ever been fantastically kind, and I am particularly grateful to Caroline North, who agreed to work with me for a third time.
This book could never have been finished had it not been for the patience and endless support of my parents-in-law, Vittorio and Patrizia Moro.
INDEX
abbesses, royal, 25—6, 35
abbeys, foundation and patronage of, 26
Aberystwyth, 348
Abingdon, 86, 178; Abbey, 53, 268
Abingdon, Edmund of, 176
Abingdon Chronicle, 51
Accord, Act of (1460), 351
Acre, 125, 126, 193, 198
Adalia, 102, 103, 105
Adam, son of Edward 11, 230
Adam, Thomas, 337
Adela, Countess of Blois, 25, 37, 38, 39, 55, 56 68, 75, 111
Adela, daughter of King of France, 17, 18—19
Adeliza of Louvain (Henry I’s queen), 47, 55, 330; marriage to Henry I, 60; appearance, 61; coronation, 61; charters signed, 61—2, 64; and literature, 63; payment of ‘queens-gold’, 63; children, lack of, by Henry, 64, 69; court, 62; landholdings, 64; patronages, 64; and stepdaughter Matilda, 65, 78, 79, 81; relationship with Henry, 65—6; and death of Henry, 66; marriage to and children by William d’Aubigne, 66; in Afflighem abbey, 66; invites brother Joscelin to England, 78; death of, 66—7
Ademar, Count of Angoulême, 143, 144, 145—6, 147
‘administrative kingship’, 62—3
Aelfgifu, 24
Aelfric, 421
Aelfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, 23
Aelred, 197
Aethelred, King of England, 23
Aethulwulf, King of the West Saxons, 23
Afflighem abbey, 66
Agatha, daughter of William and Matilda, 37
Agatha, widow of Edward Atheling, 34
Agatha, wife of Edmund Ironside, 40
Agincourt, battle of (1415), 250, 314—5
Aicough, William, bishop of Salisbury, 338, 340, 342
Aigue-Mortes, 192
Aimery de Thouars, 147
Alan the Black, 43
Alan the Red, Count of Richmond, 42, 43
Alba, 269—70
Albany, Duke of, 329
Alberic of Ostia, 77
Alcoba, Pedro de, 317
Aldemstone, 266
Aldred, Archbishop, 33
Alençon, Jean, Duke d’, 308, 315
Alençon, siege of, 20
Aleppo, 105
Alexander, archdeacon of Salisbury, 63
Alexander III of Scotland, 158, 173, 186
Alexander IV, Pope, 177
Alfonso, son of Edward I and Eleanor, 194, 195, 201
Alfonso VIII of Castile, 121, 146, 155, 175
Alfonso X of Castile, 175, 176, 196, 197
Alfonso of Aragon, 114, 127, 336
Alfred, son of Aethelred, 23, 24
Alfred the Great, 23, 26
Alice, daughter of Hugh de Lusignan and Isabelle, 170, 185
Alix, daughter of Louis VII and Eleanor, 107, 110, 111
Alnwick Castle, 366
Alsace, Thierry of, 70
Alton, treaty of (1101), 50
Alys of France, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127
Amadeus of Savoy, 170, 204
Ambléou, John d’, 177
Amboise, 370
Ambroise, 123, 124, 126
Amesbury, 113, 187—8; convent, 207
Amiens, 325
Amiens, Mise of (1264), 182
anchorites, 74
Ancrene Riwle, 74
André (debtor in Le Mans), 138
Angers, 136 152; Cathedral, 368
Angevin empire, 112
Angevins, 76, 88, 90, 108—9; knights, 78
Anglesey, 327
Anglesey, Robin of, 331
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 24, 25, 35, 40, 46, 70; ‘D’ version, 32—3
Angoulême, 96, 145, 152, 159
Angoulême, Alice of, 151
Angoulême, Charles, Count of, 302
Angoulême, Count of, 116, 302
Anjou, 375; house of, 335
Anjou, Fulk of, 60, 61
Annales Paulini, 212, 241
Anne, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, 376, 387, 396, 407, 409, 410
Anne of Bohemia (wife of Richard II): marriage to Richard, 274—5, 308; life in London, 277—8; clothing and jewellery, 279; and Chaucer, 279, 280; introduces Bohemian craftsmanship to manuscript illustration, 280; religious reading, 281, 282; intimacy with Richard, 282, 283, 285, 288—9; and St Anne’s feast day celebration, 282; and ‘Merciless Parliament’, 286, 287; and Londoners, 287—8, 289; intercessions, 288, 293, 310; travels with husband, 289; death and funeral, 289; epitaph, 290; in Wilton Diptych, 310
Anor, daughter of William X’s mistress, 96
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49—50, 55, 56, 75
Antioch, 104, 105, 106, 191
Antwerp, 259
Aquitaine, Duchy of, 95—6, 97, 109, 148, 269
Aragon, 121
Arbrissel, Robert d’, 113
Archibald of Bourbon, 103
Ardres, 294
Arevalo, Rodrigo de, 193
Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, 313, 323
Armagnacs, 323
Arnulf, 36
Arques, siege of fortress of, 28
Arques, William of, 28
Arthur, son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Lucy, 378
Arthur, son of Henry VII and Elizabeth, 404, 413, 414—5, 417
Arthur of Brittany, 119, 120, 123, 127, 136 143, 144, 175
Artois, Blanche of, 218
Artur of Brittany, 308, 312, 315—6
Arundel, Archbishop, 281, 282
Arundel, Countess of, 180
Arundel, Pynham priory, 64—5
Arundel, Richard FitzAlan, Earl of, 286, 289, 296, 297
Arundel, Thomas, Earl of, 311, 399
Arundel Castle, 66, 78, 79, 85
Asser, 26
Aston, Hertfordshire, 66
Atholl, Earl of, 208
Aubigne, William d’, 66, 78, 79, 247—8
Aubigny, Regnaut d’, 248
Audley Lord, 349
Audrehem, Arnaud d’, 248
Auranchin, Hugh d’, 31—2
Auvergne, 96
Aylesbury, 156
Bache, Anthony, 260
Bacon, Francis, 408
Badlesmere, Lady, 228
Badlesmere, Lord Bartholomew of, 227, 228
Baker, Geoffrey le, 241
‘Bal des Sauvages’ (1393), 292
Baldock, 236
Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, 143
Baldwin, heir to the Earl of Devon, 170
Baldwin, Matilda of Flanders’ brother, 19
Baldwin, son of Stephen and Matilda, 72, 73—4
Baldwin ‘Iron Arm’, Count of Flanders, 23
Baldwin
II, Count of Flanders, 23, 25
Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, 17, 19, 20, 36
Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders, 36
Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders, 61
‘Ballad of Fair Rosamund, The’, 112
Balliol, Alexander, 170
Balliol, Edward, 257
Balliol, John, 205, 257
Bamburgh Castle, 257, 366, 367
Bannockburn, battle of (1314), 226, 283
Bar-le-Duc, 337
Bardi (bankers), 260
Barfleur, 60, 110, 117
Barking Abbey, 47, 333
Barnard Castle, 390
Barnet, battle of (1471), 373
Bastenthwaite, Thomas de, 260
Bath, 81, 166, 202, 373; abbey, 198
Bath, Adelard of, 57
Bath, Reginald of, 186
Baudri of Dol, Bishop, 56 63
Bayeux, 29; Tapestry, 27, 31
Bayeux, Odo of, 38—9
Baynard’s Castle, 389
Bayonne, 96, 113
Beatrice, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Henry III and Eleanor), 169, 177, 180, 181, 185, 186, 201
Beatrice of Provence, 165, 168, 169, 170, 176, 182—3, 187
Beauchamp, Richard, 390—1
Beauchamp Pageant, 390—1
Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Winchester, 318, 329
Beaufort, Joan, 382
Beaufort, Lady Margaret, 333—4, 348, 393, 394, 395, 401, 406, 411, 412, 414, 415
Beaufort-en-Vallée castle, 132, 133, 134, 148
Beaugency, 107
Beaulieu Abbey, 150, 185, 289, 374
Beaumont, Henry de, 208, 215, 233
Beaumont, Roger of, 31—2
Beaumont, Viscount, 341
Béarn, Gaston de, 173, 175, 190
Beauvais, 233
Becket, Thomas à, 114, 139, 301
Bede, the Venerable, 26
Bedford, 154, 244
Bedford, Duke of, 365, 416
Bedford, Enguerrand de Coucy, Earl of, 269
Bedford, Jacquetta, Duchess of, 319, 350, 353, 356—7, 358, 370, 372, 377
Bedford, Jasper, Duke of (son of Owen Tudor and Catherine de Valois, formerly Earl of Pembroke), 332, 333, 334, 348, 352, 364, 373, 393
Bedford, John, Duke of (son of Henry IV), 313, 315, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 330, 332, 356
Bedford Hours, 325, 328
Bel, Jean le, 262
Bel, Robert le, 193
Benedict XIII, Pope, 308