by Lisa Hilton
London, Roger of, 151
London, Tower of, 83, 154, 167, 181, 217, 227, 231, 238, 239—40, 248, 260, 263, 275—6, 296, 301, 333, 341, 342, 346, 367, 369, 373, 374, 405, 414, 417; library, 253; princes in the, 392—3. 394, 406—7
London, William of, 171
London Bridge, 181, 182, 288, 359
‘London Bridge is Falling Down’, 182
London Chronicle, The, 314, 316, 353
Longchamp, Walter, 127
Longvilliers, Montreuil, 75
Lords Appellant, 286—7, 296—7, 298
‘Lords Ordainers’, 214, 215
Loremo, 267
Lorraine, duchy of, 65
Lorri, William de, 206
Loudun, 114, 137
Louis I, Count of Flanders, 263
Louis I, King of France, 335
Louis II, Count of Flanders, 263—4
Louis III of Anjou, 335
Louis VI (‘the Fat’), King of France, 60, 70, 71, 96—7, 107
Louis VII, King of France, 81, 90, 293; Eleanor of Aquitaine betrothal, 96, 97; coronation, 97; marriage to Eleanor, 97, 100; devotion to Eleanor, 97; explosive tendency, 97—8; and archbishopric of Bourges, 98; chastised by Bernard of Clairvaux, 99; and fall of Edessa, 101; on Second Crusade, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106; and Eleanor’s adultery with Prince Raymond, 104—5; divorce from Eleanor, 106, 107, 108, 109; at war with Angevins, 108—9; continues to use ducal title, 110; death of Constance and marriage to Adela of Blois, 111 treaty with Henry and Richard, 113; and Eleanor’s conspiracy against Henry, 116
Louis VIII, King of France, 140, 155, 156, 158
Louis IX, King of France, 143, 158, 159, 165, 176, 180—1, 182, 191, 192, 201, 361
Louis X, King of France, 243
Louis XI, King, 366—7, 368, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376
Louis of Bavaria, King of the Germans, 259, 266
Loundres, John de, 190
Louvain, 78
Lovell, Thomas, 404
Lucca, Balliardi of, 207
Lucy, Elizabeth, 378
Ludgershall, 187, 311
Ludlow, 349, 350, 417; Castle, 77
Ludwig of Bavaria, 279
Luke (Berengaria’s servant), 138
Lundy island, 238
Lusignan, 159
Lusignan, Aymer de, 170, 172, 174
Lusignan, Geoffrey de, 116—7, 170, 174
Lusignan, Guy de, 116—7, 170
Lusignan, Hugh de, 143, 144—5, 146, 147, 152, 157, 158, 169, 170
Lusignan, Hugh X de, 152, 156, 157—8, 159—0
Lusignan, Matilda of, 157
Lusignans, 143, 144, 146, 147, 152, 170—1, 172, 177, 178, 180
Luttrell, Henry, 311
Lyons-la-Fôret, 65, 71
Lyre abbey, 29
Mabille (wet nurse), 206
Madeleine, Princess of France, 339
Madox collection, 257—8
Magdeburg, 281
Magna Carta (1215), 154—5, 156, 157, 299
Maiden Bradley, 168
Maidstone, 172
Mailing nuns, 57
Maine, 28, 336, 339, 341
Maingot, William de, 116
Mainz, 129
Majine, Tiphaine la, 336
Malcolm, King of Scotland, 40—1, 42—3
Malmesbury, 148
Malmesbury, William of, 21, 34, 41, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55—6, 57, 71, 72, 78, 84
Malory, Thomas, 418, 422, 423, 424, 425
Maltravers, Sir John, 233, 241, 244
Maltravers, Lord and Lady, 360
Man, Isle of, 319
Mancini, Dominic, 378, 384—5
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl, 83, 85
Manfred, son of Emperor Frederick, 177
Manny, Sir Walter, 258
Manuel Comnenus, Emperor of Byzantium, 102
Mapleton, John, 311
March, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of, 269, 284
March, Roger of, 284
Marche, Comte de la, 248
Marche, Olivier de la, 415
Marche, Richard du, 198
Marcher lords, 226—7, 228
Mare, Peter de la, 272
Margaret, daughter of Edward Atheling, 34
Margaret, daughter of Edward I and Eleanor, 194—5
Margaret, daughter of Edward III and Philippa, 254, 261, 264, 268
Margaret, daughter of Henry III and Eleanor, 169, 173, 185, 186
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth, 411, 413
Margaret, Empress, 259
Margaret, Queen of Scotland, 40—1, 42, 43, 52, 413
Margareta, Queen of Hungary, 274
Margarita of Sicily, 121
Margat, 125
Marguerite of Anjou (later Queen of England), 325, 424, 425; court, 329; ancestry, 335; birth, 335; home life, 336 possible suitors, 336 betrothal to Henry VI, 336 journey to England, 337, 343; marriage to Henry, 333, 337, 338, 339, 342—3; meets Henry, 337—8; coronation, 338—9, 340, 376; and Maine, 339—40; intimacy with Henry, 340—1; and Earl of Suffolk, 341; and Jack Cade’s rebellion, 342; finances, 342—4; wedding gift, 344; and dukes of York and Somerset, 345, 346, 347; pregnancy, first, 345—6; and ‘Loveday’ reconciliation ceremony, 348; plays increasing role in government, 348; and Earl of Warwick, 348—9, 359; and Wars of the Roses, 350, 351—2, 353, 354; defends son Edward’s rights, 351; blamed for husband’s shortcomings, 354; and Jacquetta, Duchess of Bedford, 357; and Elizabeth Woodville, 358, 368; in Scotland, 366; journeys to France, 366, 367; returns to protection of her family, 367; and marriage of son to Anne Neville, 368; in Paris, 370; delays return to England, 370, 371; returns to England, 373; imprisoned, 374—5; ransomed and returns to France, 375; living in penury, 375—6; death, 376
Marguerite of France (King Louis’s daughter), 111, 117, 119
Marguerite of France (later Queen of England): family, 204; marriage to Edward I, 204, 205—6; qualities, 204—5; dower lands, 205; children, 206, 207; and Franciscans, 207; leisure pursuits, 207; extravagance, 207, 218; relationship with Edward, 207—8; ‘peaceweaver’ role, 208—9, 213, 218—19; relationship with stepson Edward, 208—1 o; and stepson Edward’s relationship with Gaveston, 209, 210, 211—12, 214; and Edward II’s wedding, 211—12; death, 218
Marguerite of Provence, 165, 176, 182
Marguerite of Savoy, 170, 187
Marianism, 55, 281
Marie, Countess (daughter of Louis VII and Eleanor), 99, 107, 110, 111, 129, 134, 135
Marie of Bavaria, 292
Marie of France, 211
Mark, Philip, 156
Marlborough, 150, 151, 152, 187, 218, 248; Castle, 213, 227, 268
Marlowe, Christopher, 241
marriages, dynastic, 21—2
Marshal, John the, 238
Marshal, William the, 119, 151
Marshal, William, Earl of Pembroke, 150, 156
Martel, Geoffrey, Count of, 36
Martine (Berengaria’s servant), 138, 140
Martinet (minstrel), 207
Mary, daughter of Edward I and Eleanor, 188, 194—5, 207
Mary, daughter of Edward III and Philippa, 254, 261, 264, 268, 308
Mary, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth, 360
Mary, daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth, 413
Mary, daughter of Stephen and Matilda, 72, 76, 90
Mary, heiress to Duke of Burgundy, 378—9
Mary of Scotland, 41, 75—6
Matha, Foulques de, 116
Matilda, daughter of Geoffrey of Anjou’s sister Sibyl, 142
Matilda, daughter of Henry II and Eleanor, 11l
Matilda, daughter of Stephen and Matilda, 72, 73—4
Matilda, daughter of William and Matilda, 37
Matilda, daughter of Wulgrim, 152
Matilda, Empress, Countess of Anjou (daughter of Henry and Matilda), 46, 57, 58, 60, 65, 68, 69; claim as father’s direct heir, 69—70; marriage to Geoffey of Anjou, 70—1; consolidates power, 73; sends envoys to pro-Angevins, 76; claim to throne, 78—9, 80, 83—4, 88
; Foliot’s praise for, 80—1; qualities, 81; and Stephen as prisoner, 83; gains support of barons, 83, 87—8; in London, 83—4; reaches agreement with Matilda of Boulogne, 84—5; loses support of barons, 85; and siege of Oxford, 85—6; returns to Normandy, 86; religious seclusion, 86, 87; relationship with husband Geoffrey, 87; escape from Oxford, 91; masculinity of, 91—2
Matilda of Anjou, 60, 61, 142
Matilda of Boulogne (later Queen of England), 47, 424; ancestry, 68, 69; marries Stephen of Mortain, 69—70; children, 72, 73; coronation, 73; death of children Matilda and Baldwin, 73—4; and hermits, 74; and monastic expansion, 74; support for religious movements, 75, 87; education, 76; charters attested, 76, 86; intimacy with husband Stephen, 76; and unrest in Kent, 76—7; and peace with Scots, 77; as
Matilda of Boulogne—contd military leader, 77, 83, 85; illegitimacy claim, 80; and marriage of son Eustace to Constance, 8 1 and Henry of Scotland, 82; and Empress Matilda’s claim to throne, 83; London declares loyalty to, 84; reaches agreement with Matilda, 84—5; based in London, 86; religious seclusion, 86—7; and succession of Eustace, 89; diplomatic mission to Flanders, 90; as a model consort, 91, 92; political influence, 95; death, 90, 91; burial, 87, 90
Matilda of Flanders (later Duchess of Normandy and Queen of England): ancestry, 17, 18—19; and marriage to William of Normandy, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 39; appearance, 21; first son Robert born, 21; childhood, 25, 27; daily life, 27—8; and William’s expedition to England, 31, 32; and William’s coronation, 33; crowned Queen of England, 33—4; and ‘harrying of the north’ campaign, 35; as regent of Normandy, 35, 36; and English estates, 35—6; and lord Brictric, 35—6; strength of character, 36; children, 21, 37, 75; peripatetic life, 37; defies husband in support of son Robert, 38; godparent to Edith of Scotland, 40; political influence, 95; death, 39
Matilda of Scotland (later Henry I’s queen), 27, 35, 281; as Edith of Scotland, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 53; changes name from Edith, 43, 46; Henry I proposes to, 44—5; appearance, 45, 52, 53; marries Henry, 46; land ownership, 46—7; and Waltham Abbey, 47; and leprosy, 47—8; and development of Anglo-Norman Church, 48, 49, 50; letters, 49; as regent during Henry’s absence, 50, 57—8, 63; status evidenced by charters witnessed, 50—1, 57; cultural patronage and interests, 51—2, 54, 55—6, 63; nickname, 52; court, 52, 79; architecture, interest in, 53—4; reprimanded by Anselm, 56 role as intercessor, 56 Whitsun court, 57; and Henry’s unfaithfulness, 57, 64; as a nun, 80; political influence, 95; death and burial, 58—9
Matthias (Eleanor of Provence’s steward), 180
Maubergeonne Tower, 113
Mauger, archbishop of Rouen, 28
Maulay, Peter de, 156
Maule, Elena de, 258—9
Maunay, Wantelet de, 258
Maunsel, John, 176
Maurienne, Alice of, 117
Mauzé, Porteclie de, 116
McLynn, Frank, 145, 149
Medina del Campo, treaty of (1489), 413
Meliadus, 197
Melior, Cardinal, 127
Melun, siege of (1420), 324
Mercadier, 136
Mercers’ Company, 361
Merton Priory, 53, 58, 62
Messina, 123, 131
Messina, Treaty of, 123
Metz, 101, 336 337
Meulan, 322, 323
Mezières, Philippe de, 290, 291, 292—3
Middleham, 349, 362, 364, 382, 389, 390, 397—8
Milan, 269, 273
Milan, Duke of, 269
Milanese ambassador, 381
Milford Haven, 300, 401
Millyng, Abbot, 371
Mirebeau, 114, 143—4, 147
Moleyns, Adam, bishop of Chichester, 341
Moleyns, Sir John de, 245, 267
monastic expansion during 12th century, 74—5
Moneyasse, John de, 266
Monmouth, Geoffrey of, 54
Monmouth Castle, 239
Monreal, 121
Mons, 236
Mont Dieu, Monsignor de, bishop of Brescia, 337
Mont St Michel, 292, 334
Montacute, William, 269
Montagu, Sir William, 244—5
Montalt, Robert de, 248
Montfort, Simon de, 172—3, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191
Montgomery, Lord John de, 259
Montgomery Roger of, 31—2
Montgomery land holdings, 69
Montils, 336
Montlouis, 117
Montmirail, Jean de, 160
Montreuil, 75, 214, 249
Montreuil, treaty of (1299), 204, 205, 211, 217
Montreuil-Bellay, 108
Montreuil-Bonnin, 137
Mora, 32
Morains, François Vignolles, Lord of, 376
Morcar, Harold’s father-in-law, 32
More, Thomas, 355, 357, 358, 360, 378, 386—7
Morte d’Arthur, 418—19 422—3, 424, 425
Mortemer, 28
Mortimer, Kate, 248
Mortimer, Maud, 183
Mortimer, Roger, Baron Wigmore, 183, 225, 226, 227, 228, 231—2, 235, 236, 239—40, 242, 243, 244 245, 247, 249, 283—4
Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1460), 352
Mortlake, 187, 190
Morton, John, bishop of Ely, 394
Mote, Alexia de la, 260
Mote, Lady Isabella de la, 259
Mowbray, John, 226
Mucclestone, 349
Mucegros, Robert de, 166, 167
Much Hadham, 332
Murdac, Henry, 89
Muriel (‘English poetess’), 41, 53
Murimuth, Adam, 241
Namur, Robert of, 268
Nancy, 337
Nantes, 312
Naples, 122, 335, 336
Navarre, 121
Navarre, Charles of, 315
Navarre, Jeanne of, 204, 212
needlework, Anglo-Saxon, 27, 42
Negra, Raffaelo de, 338
Nesfield, John, 396
Nevile, Margaret de, 185—6
Nevill, Anthony, 416
Neville, Anne (later Queen of England), 363, 365, 374, 389; ancestry, 369; early life, 369; marriage to Edward, Prince of Wales, 368, 369, 370; search for second husband, 380—1; marriage to Richard III, 380, 381—2; dowry, 382; represents husband during his absence, 382; arrival in London, 385; piety, 390; cultural interests, 390—1; coronation, 391—2; relationship with husband Richard, 397, 398; Richard stops sleeping with, 398, 399—400; death, 400; burial, 401
Neville, George, Archbishop of York, 286, 364, 369, 372
Neville, Hugh de, 150, 154
Neville, Isabel, 362, 363, 365—6, 369, 374, 378, 380
Neville, John, 367, 370
Neville, Lady de, 150
Neville family, 345, 346, 347, 349, 361, 382
Neville’s Cross, battle of (1346), 263
New Forest, 44
Newark, 156; St Mary’s church, 314
Newburgh, William of, 91, 108, 115
Newbury, 395
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 215, 216, 257; coalmining near, 266
Newport, Monmouthshire, 227
Nicholas (Joanna of Navarre’s minstrel), 318
Nicholas, bishop of Le Mans, 125
Nicholas II, Pope, 19
Nicholas of the Tower, 342
Nijmegen, 256
Niort, 113, 135, 137, 148, 156
Norfolk, Catherine Neville, Dowager Duchess of, 361
Norfolk, John Howard, Duke of, 359, 399
Norfolk, Margaret, Duchess of (daughter of Edward II), 299
Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of (son of Edward I), 236, 243
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, 285, 286, 287, 289, 297, 298, 299
Norham Castle, 366
Norman, prior of Holy Trinity Aldgate, 53
Norman Conquest, 32—3, 34; preparations for, 31
Normandy, 149, 341, 366; conquest by Henry I, 50; Count Thibault receives dukedom of, 72, 73; development of, 28—9; dukes of, 18; Montgomery holdings, 69; need for peace in, 76; see
ks terms with Geoffrey of Anjou, 86; Viking descent of, 23; during William’s expedition to England, 32
Normandy, grant of (911), 23
Northallerton, 230
Northallerton, battle of (1138), 77
Northampton, 62, 253, 350, 386; castle, 154; priory, 198
Northampton, treaty of (1328), 242, 243, 256
Northumberland, 77
Northumberland, Earl of, 273, 300, 301, 348, 351
Northumbria, 35
Northumbria, Robert Mowbray, Earl of, 42—3
Northumbria, Tostig, Earl of, 31, 32
Northumbrians, 32
Norwich, 362—3
Nôtre-Dame-du-Pré priory, 87
Nottingham, 62, 77, 258 286, 287, 364, 370, 396, 401, 415; Castle, 129, 244 311; Parliament, 244
Nottingham, Earl of, 293
Nur al-Din, 105, 106
Offa’s Dyke, 331
Ogiva (Matilda of Flanders’ grandmother), 19
Olaf, 23
Old Sarum castle, 268
O’Neill, King, 297
Orderic Vitalis, 20, 21, 34, 38, 54, 60, 71, 78, 79, 82, 97
Oreby, Hankyn de, 248
Orléans, 328
Orléans, Louis, Duke of, 300, 313, 315, 316
Orleton, Bishop, 238—9, 240, 246
Osbern, Lord, 18
Osburgh (Alfred the Great’s mother), 26
Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, 43, 45
Otho, Duke of Austria, 259—60
Otto of Germany, 153
Outremer, 101, 191
Oxenford, Joan of, 254
Oxford, 62, 73, 83, 84, 88—9, 90, 127, 180, 198, 236, 238; chapter of hermit monks, 58; siege of (1142), 85—6, 91; University, 249
Oxford, Euphemia, Countess of, 90
Oxford, Provisions of, 215
Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of, 276, 283, 284, 285, 286
Oxfordshire, 298
Pamplona, 120, 121; Olite Palace, 121
Panetier, Hervé le, 116
papal bull, ‘Quantum Praedecessores’, 101
‘papar curia’, 89, 90
Parency, Marie de, 312
Paris, 90, 108, 109, 127, 149, 194, 224, 232, 235, 291 292, 323, 324—5, 328, 335; Celestine convent, 290; College de Navarre, 224; Hotel de St Pol, 324; Louvre, 324; Nôtre Dame, 337; Sainte-Chapelle, 293; ‘school’, 54
Paris, Matthew, 120, 151, 153, 169—70, 179, 185, 202
Paris, treaty of (1254), 176—7, 180
Parker, John le, 202—3
Parker, Robert, 213
Parliaments, English, 180, 181, 213, 239, 272 285, 286, 289, 296, 297, 324, 351, 396; and Catherine de Valois, 330, 331, 332; ‘Merciless Parliament’, 286; Nottingham Parliament, 244 Reading Parliament, 357
Parnell’s company, 362—3
Parsons, John Carmi, 186—7