The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World

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The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World Page 38

by Grandin, Greg


  9. DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 1, box 1, folder 5, Samuel Delano Jr. to Samuel Delano III, March 21, 1820; DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 1, box 1, folder 5, Samuel Delano, Jr. to Captain Henry Chandler, December 11, 1832.

  10. DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 1, box 8, folder 14, Amasa to Samuel Delano, Jr., September 7, 1821. For Samuel’s finances, see DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 3, box 2, folder 2, “Attachment of Goods and Estate of Samuel Delano, Jr.,” July 22, 1822, and “Settlement of Grievance between Samuel Delano, Jr. and G. W. Martin,” April 21, 1823.

  11. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 617.

  12. Speeches and Address of Peleg Sprague, Boston: Phillips, Samson, 1858, p. 452.

  13. MA (Boston), Judicial Archives, docket no. 27093, vols. 121 (pp. 300 and 464); 121-1 (p. 37); 172 (p. 104); 193 (p. 226); 207 (p. 170).

  EPILOGUE: HERMAN MELVILLE’S AMERICA

  1. Daniel Johnson and Rex Campbell, Black Migration in America: A Social Demographic Hisory, Durham: Duke University Press, 1981; John Russell Rickford, Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English, Hoboken: John Wiley, 2002, p. 138; Walter Johnson, “King Cotton’s Long Shadow,” New York Times, March 30, 2013; Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South, 1931, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1959, p. 363, for fever quotes. See also Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, pp. 374–78; John Craig Hammond, Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007; Matthew Mason, Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006; Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007, p. 193.

  2. Stephen Matterson, “Introduction,” in Herman Melville, The Confidence-Man, New York: Penguin, 1990, p. xxiv. At the same time, Melville was also questioning this belief; see Hershel Parker, “Politics and Art.”

  3. White-Jacket, pp. 505–6; For Melville’s “radical” break with the past, Matterson, “Introduction,” The Confidence-Man, p. xxiv. For Melville’s use of naval discipline and the arbitrary power of officers as a metaphor for slavery, and one southern reviewer’s recognition of the metaphor, see Karcher, Shadow over the Promised Land, pp. 44–47.

  4. Robert May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973, p. 164.

  5. John M. Murrin, Paul E. Johnson, James M. McPherson, Alice Fahs, and Gary Gerstle, Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Independence Cengage Learning, 2012, p. 463; Liberator, May 23, 1851.

  6. Robert Cover, Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975, p. 251; The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Cape Cod and Miscellanies, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906, p. 396; Jeannine DeLombard, “Advocacy ‘in the Name of Charity’ or Barratry, Champerty, and Maintenance? Legal Rhetoric and the Debate over Slavery in Antebellum Print Culture,” in Law and Literature, ed. Brook Thomas; Turbinger: Gunter Narr Verlag, 2002, p. 271, Robert D. Richardson Jr., Emerson: The Mind on Fire, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 496; Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001, p. 21; Len Gougeon, Virtue’s Hero: Emerson, Antislavery, and Reform, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010, p. 244; William Nelson, “The Impact of the Antislavery Movement upon Styles of Judicial Reasoning in Nineteenth-Century America,” Harvard Law Review 87 (1974): 513–66; Anthony Sebok, Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 69; Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1851, vol. 61, Boston: Little, Brown, 1853, p. 310; Don Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 234. For Shaw’s previous antislavery rulings, see Cover, Justice Accused. In 1844, for instance, Shaw freed Robert Lucas, who arrived in Boston on the USS United States (the same ship that carried Herman Melville home from his soon-to-be famous Pacific voyages). Shaw’s ruling in the Lucas case was in a way similar to the earlier one issued by the state’s Supreme Judicial Court in the suit brought by James Mye’s would-be masters, who had signed him up as a hand on the Tryal with the expectation that they would receive a percentage of his shares. With Lucas, his owner had enlisted him in the navy and collected his pay, but once docked in Massachusetts, the slave petitioned the court for his freedom and Shaw granted it. “None but a free person can enter a contract,” Shaw wrote.

  7. Parker, Herman Melville: A Biography, vol. 2, p. 454.

  8. For “popular sovereignty” as “white supremacy,” see Pamela Brandwein, Reconstructing Reconstruction: The Supreme Court and the Production of Historical Truth, Durham: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 38; Ashraf H. A. Rushdy, American Lynching, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012, p. 143; Kristen Tegtmeier Oertel, Bleeding Borders: Race, Gender, and Violence in Pre–Civil War Kansas, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009, p. 4.

  9. Delbanco, Melville, pp. 153–54; Parker, Melville and Politics, p. 234.

  10. Benito Cereno, p. 257.

  11. Davis, Problem of Slavery, p. 563; Douglas Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, New York: Anchor Books, 2008.

  ILLUSTRATIONS CREDITS

  I’m indebted to the following individuals and institutions for permission to publish images from their collections: Carolyn Ravenscroft and Erin McGough of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society (for the painting of the Perseverance, image 15); Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, of the NYPL (image 5); the Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs of the NYPL (images 9, 10, 11, and 20); the General Research Division of the NYPL (images 21, 25, 27, 28, 31); the Picture Collection of the NYPL (image 36); Michael Dyer of the New Bedford Whaling Museum (for images 30 and 34); The British Library (image 32); and Garrick Palmer, who graciously allowed me to produce two of his wonderful wood engravings (images 33 and 37), which illustrate a 1972 edition of Benito Cereno.

  FIRST INSERT:

  Image 1:

  “Capturant le Gustave Adolphe,” Ange-Joseph-Antoine Roux, 1806.

  Image 2:

  René Geoffroy de Villeneuve, L’Afrique, ou histoire, moeurs, usages et coutumes des africains: le Sénégal (1814).

  Image 3:

  Engraving by T. H. Birch, 1837, original in the National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, London).

  Image 4:

  “Slaves on the West Coast of Africa,” Auguste-François Biard, c. 1833.

  Image 5:

  Johann Moritz Rugenda, Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil … (1835).

  Image 6:

  “View of Montevideo from the Bay,” Fernando Brambila, c. 1794.

  Image 7:

  Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches … (Thomas Nelson, 1890).

  Images 8, 12,

  and 13:

  César Hipólito Bacle, Trages y costumbres de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1833[1947]).

  Images 9, 10,

  and 11:

  Jean-Baptiste Debret, Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil (1834).

  Image 14:

  Amasa Delano’s A Narrative … (1816).

  Image 15:

  From the Collection of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society; photograph by Norman Forgit.

  Image 16:

  Nelson’s Monument, Liverpool, drawn by G. and C. Pyne, engraved by Thomas Dixon, in Lancashire Illustrated: From Original Drawings (1831).

  SECOND INSERT:

  Image 18:

  C. H. Pellegrini: Su Obra, su vida, su tiempo, compiled by Elena Sansinea de Elizalde (1946).

  Image 19:

  César Hipólito Bacle, Trages y costumbres de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1833[1947]).

  Image 20: />
  Jean-Baptiste Debret, Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil (1834).

  Images 21

  and 25:

  Alexander Caldcleugh, Travels in South America (1825).

  Images 23

  and 24:

  Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches … (Thomas Nelson, 1890).

  Image 26:

  Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches … (Ward Lock, 1890).

  Image 27:

  George Anson, A Voyage Round the World (1748).

  Image 28:

  The Boy’s Own Paper, December 10, 1887.

  Image 29:

  Map by Alexander Hogg, in G. A. Anderson, A New, Authentic, and Complete Collection of Voyages Round the World (1784).

  Image 30:

  “Ann Alexander,” Guiseppi Fedi, 1807.

  Image 31:

  P. D. Boilat, Esquisses Sénégalaises (1853).

  Image 32:

  “Plano de la Isla Santa María en la costa del reyno de Chile,” 1804.

  Image 35:

  “View of Talcahuano,” Fernando Brambila, c. 1794.

  INDEX

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Abenaki

  Active (ship)

  Adams, John Quincy

  Adams, Samuel

  Albany

  Alexandria

  Allyn, John

  Alzaga, Martín de

  American Revolution

  Amistad rebellion

  Andes

  travel across

  Angola

  Aquinas, Saint Thomas

  Aranda, Alejandro de

  murder of

  overland slave trade and

  Tryal rebellion

  Aranda, Nicólas de

  Arendt, Hannah

  Argentina

  overland slave route

  skin trade

  slave trade

  Ariadne (ship)

  Aristotle

  Ascensión (ship)

  Atlantic crossing. See Middle Passage

  Augustine, Saint

  Australia

  Avilés Itúrbide y del Fierro, Gabriel

  Azores

  Aztecs

  Baba, Ahmad

  Babo (historical person)

  death of

  Babo (fictional character)

  Bahia

  Bailyn, Bernard

  Baraka, Amiri

  Barbados

  Barcia, Manuel

  Bargas, Lorenzo

  Beagle (ship)

  Beckert, Sven

  Belisario (ship)

  Benjamin, Judah

  Blackburn, Robin

  Blake, James

  Bogota

  Bolívar, Simón

  Bolivia

  Bolton, John

  Bombay

  Bonny Island

  Borges, Jorge Luis

  Boston

  Bounty (ship)

  Bradford, Gamaliel

  Bradford, George Partridge

  branding, slave

  Brazil

  British East India Company

  British Royal African Company

  British Royal Navy

  Brown, Albert Gallatin

  Brown, David

  Brown, Elijah

  Brown, John

  Brown, Sterling

  Brown, William

  Buenos Aires

  founding of

  overland slave route

  El Retiro

  skin trade

  slavery

  Burke, Edmund

  A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

  Busch, Briton Cooper, The War against the Seals

  Cádiz

  Calcutta

  Calhoun, John

  Callao

  Calvinism

  Canary Islands

  Canton

  Cape Barren Island

  Cape Coast Castle

  Cape Cod

  Cape Horn

  Cape of Good Hope

  Cape Verde Islands

  Caracas

  Caribbean

  Carlos IV, King of Spain

  Carmichael, Stokely

  carpenters

  “carpenter’s coast”

  Cartagena

  Casal, Josef

  Catholicism

  Islam vs.

  reconquista

  Cereno, Benito (fictional character)

  Cerreño, Benito (historical person)

  background of

  death of

  dispute with Delano

  gentry life of

  Tryal chase, battle, and capture

  Tryal rebellion and deception

  Tryal trial and executions

  Cerreño, Francisca

  Chan, Gip Ah

  Channing, William Ellery

  Charbonnier, Aymar-Joseph-François

  Charleston

  child indenture

  Chile

  abolition

  sealing

  war for independence

  China

  sealing market

  Christianity

  Islam vs.

  reconquista and

  Second Great Awakening

  See also specific denominations

  Christiansborg (ship)

  Civil War

  Coffin, Thomas, Jr.

  Collingwood, Luke

  Colombia

  Columbus, Christopher

  Concepción

  Concord (ship)

  Confederate States of America

  Congo

  Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness

  contrabanding

  convict labor

  Cook, Captain

  Cooke, Edward

  Coolidge, Calvin

  Córdoba

  Correa, Manuel

  Cortes, Hernán

  Creole (ship)

  Crocker

  Crusades

  Cuba

  Darwin, Charles

  Beagle diary

  Melville and

  Daure

  Davis, David Brion

  Davis, Ossie

  Declaration of Independence

  Delano, Abigail

  Delano, Amasa (historical person)

  American Revolution and

  background of

  as British East India Company officer

  death of

  dispute with Cerreño

  first sealing voyage

  maritime career of

  A Narrative of Voyages and Travels

  second sealing voyage

  Tryal chase, battle, and capture

  Tryal rebellion and deception

  Tryal trial and executions

  views on slavery

  whaling and

  Delano, Amasa (fictional character)

  Delano, Hannah

  Delano, Samuel

  Delano, Samuel, Jr.

  Delano, William

  Delanoe, Amasa

  de Lannoy, Philippe

  Delaware

  de Mattos, Tomás, La Fragata de las Máscaras

  Dickens, Charles

  Douglas (ship)

  Douglass, Frederick

  Du Bois, W. E. B.

  Dunbar, Jessie

  Duxbury, Massachusetts

  religion

  slavery and

  Easter Island

  Ecuador

  Eliza (ship)

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England

  Elkins, Stanley

  Elliott, Charles Wyllys

  Ellison, Ralph, Invisible Man

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo

  Essex (ship)

  Evans-Pritchard, Edward

  Fanning, Edmund

  fashion

  Mendoza

  seal skinr />
  Spanish

  subversion and

  United States

  Faulkner, Carol

  Ferrer, Ada

  Fodio, Uthman dan

  Folger, Mayhew

  Fouta Djallon

  France

  Jacobinism

  Napoleonic Wars

  Revolution

  slave trade

  Francisco

  Franklin, Benjamin

  “free labor,” doctrine of

  free soilers

  “free trade of blacks”

  fuero interno

  Fugitive Slave Act

  Fulani

  Fulbe

  Fuller, Margaret

  Galapagos

  Galveston Island

  Gambia River

  Gansevoort, Leonard

  Gansevoort, Peter

  Garcés, Joaquín Díaz, “El Camino de los Esclavos”

  Gardner, Paul, Jr.

  Genovese, Eugene

  Georgia

  Gobir

  Gold Coast

  Gorée

  Granada

  Grant, Ulysses S.

  Great Britain

  American Revolution and

  slave trade

  Greene, Lorenzo

  Guayaquil

  Guillié, Sébastien

  Guinea

  Gustavus (ship)

  Guiana

  Haiti

  independence

  Revolution

  Hall, Joshua

  Hall, Stephen

  Hall et al. v. Gardner et. al.

  Hausa

  Havana

  Hawaii

  Hawthorne, Nathaniel

  Hector (ship)

  Hegel, G. W. F., The Phenomenology of Spirit

  Hinduism

  Holland

  Holley, Horace

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell

  Homer, Odyssey

  Hope (ship)

  conditions on

  Howe, George

  Huarpes

  Humaya, Hacienda

  Humboldt, Alexander von

  Huston, John

  Hutchinson, Thomas

  Iberia

  Catholic reconquista of

  Ibrahima, Abd al-Rahman

 

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