Talese, Gay. The Kingdom and the Power. New York: World Publishing Co., 1966.
Trift, Susan, and Alex Jones. The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family behind The New York Times. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1999.
Tuchman, Barbara. The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. New York: Knopf, 1984.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to photographs. “ST” refers to Seymour Topping.
Abel, Rudolf, 197n
Abrams, Creighton, 264, 265, 267
Abrams, Floyd, 358–59, 360
Abt, Samuel, 330
Abu Ghraib prison, 396
Acheson, Dean, 78, 98, 100, 117–18, 127, 152, 172, 246
Acupuncture anesthesia in surgery, 336–37
Afanasyev, Victor, 3
Afghanistan, 2, 241, 390, 392
Agence France-Presse, 32, 87, 89, 342
Agent Orange, 234
Aidit, D. N., 281–84, 287–89, 295
Air Force, U.S. See U.S. Air Force
Al-Qaeda terrorists, 396
Albanians, 202
Alessandri, Marcel, 135–36, 143, 144, 147
Algeria, 260
Ali, Haj Marcus, 291
Allen, Larry, 158, 160, 163–64
Almond, Edward, 174
Alsop, Joe, 206
American Society of News Editors, 397
An, Pham Xuan, following p. 224
Angkor, 243–44, 261
Anti–Vietnam war movement, 269, 271, 334, 361, 386–87. See also Vietnam War
AP. See Associated Press (AP)
Apple, Johnny, 387
Arnett, Peter, 385
Arnold, Martin, 362
Asia Link Group, 377
Asper, George, 385
Associated Press (AP): Chinese journalists working with ST and, 107–10
and fall of Nanking, 89
financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 396
and front page of New York Times, 322
hiring of ST by, 2, 49–50
Indochina bureau of, 125–26
London office of, 158, 167, 190
in Manila, 5–6
Moscow office of, 196–99
Paris office of, 163
Peking bureau of, after Communist takeover, 117
and Roderick, 33
Saigon office of, 158, 163–64
Shanghai office of, 60, 94
and support of ST’s reporting of Chinese Civil War, 119
Atom bomb, 3–4, 17. See also Nuclear weapons
Attwood, William and Sim, 347–49
Auriol, Vincent, 162
Badger, Oscar, 87
Bagdikan, Ben, 359
Baker, Russell, 206
Baldwin, Hanson W., 314
Bali, 291–93
Bancroft, Harding F., 331, 358–59
Bangkok, 148–50
Bao Dai, following p. 110, 125, 126, 131–32, 146, 152–55, 218, 384, 394
Barr, David: and Chiang Kai-shek, 40–41, 47–48, 55, 78, 119
on Chinese Nationalist generals, 42, 43, 119
and Joint U.S. Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) in Nanking, 35, 40, 45, 47–48, 175, 176
and Korean War, 175, 176, 178, 179
Barr, Ginny, 176
Barrenco, José Migar, 215
Barrett, David D., 20, 22
Bassow, Whitman, 204
Battle of Hong Kong, 297
Bay of Pigs invasion, 205–6, 207, 212, 219
Bazin, Marcel Marshal, 123
Beaverbrook, Lord, 33
Bedell Smith, Walter, 168, 185–87
Beecher, William, 267–68
Berkey, Russell, following p. 110
Berlin, 190–94, 206–8, following p. 224
Bernstein, Ted, 49
Bethune, Norman, 16
Bickel, Alexander M., 358–59
Bigart, Homer, 159, 221
Black, Hugo, 359
Blum, Robert, 152–53
Bo, Mai Van, 222
Bonn, West Germany, 310, 311
Borge, Tomás, 214
Bosshard, Walter, 32–35
Boudin, Leonard, 362
Bowles, Chester, 261–62, 264, 267
Bradlee, Ben, 359, 360
Brazil, 216
Brecht, Bertolt, 191
Brezhnev, Leonid, following p. 224
Brink, Francis G., 153
Britain. See Great Britain
Brown, Gordon, 4
Browne, Malcolm, following p. 224, 382–83, 387
Brownell, Herbert, 358
Buckley, Christopher, 111–12
Bundy, McGeorge, 227, 228, 229
Bundy, William, 234–35, 237–40
Bunker, Ellsworth, 263
Burchett, Wilfred, 269, 312
Burma: CIA operation in, 71, 148–50
and domino theory of U.S., 146
Nationalist forces in, 148–50
U Nu government of, 149
in World War II, 30, 35, 42
Bush, George W., 241, 391, 393, 395–97
Butterfield, Fox, 330, 382
Cairo declaration, 353
Cambodia: Angkor in, 243–44, 261
army of, 253–54
bombing of, by U.S., 241, 242, 253–54, 256, 262, 264–73, 391–92
capital of, 259–60
casualties during invasion and bombings of, 270–74
CIA missions in, 254, 257–59
Communist victory in, 381, 384, 392
coup against Sihanouk in, 255, 272
de Gaulle in, 260–61, 312
diplomatic relations between U.S. and, 253, 263, 267
elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 244–53
in French Union, 243, 244
invasion of, by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces, 269–71, 351
Issaraks in, 243
and Johnson, 259, 261, 262
journalists killed or missing in, 272–73, 386
and Khmer Rouge, 242–44, 261, 267, 269–77, 381, 384, 385, 392
Khmer Rouge occupation of Phnom Penh in, 272–77, 381, 385
Lon Nol in, 255, 268–73, 384, 392
map of, 266
Menu Campaign against, 269–70
Nixon’s policy on, 241, 242
North Vietnamese troops and Vietcong in, 253–56, 258, 261–65, 267, 268
Operation Rock Crusher against, 270–71
Pol Pot regime in, 171, 242, 243, 273–77
purges and executions by Khmer Rouge in, 242, 276, 277
recall of AP correspondents in, after Communist victory, 385
rubber tree planters in, 263–64
and SEATO, 186–87
Sihanouk in, following p. 224, 242–44
ST in, 254–60
and “Vesuvius” operation, 261–64, 267
Viet Minh in, 243, 244
Vietnamese invasion and occupation (1978–88) of, 276–77
Vietnamese refugees in, 256–57
Canada: Communist China recognized by, 104–5
and Korean War, 104
and Vietnam War, 234–40. See also Ronning, Chester
Canton, China, 95, 114
Carlson, Evans, 20
Carlyle, Thomas, 397
Carpentier, Marcel, 143, 144
Carter, Jimmy, 360
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 92
Caruthers, Osgood, 196
Cassady, Sylvia, 194, 332–33
Cassini, Bishop Cipriano, 62, 75, 76
Castro, Fidel, 2, 213–17, following p. 224, 311
“Catfish” operation, 28–29
Catholic Church: in China, 12–13, 61–65, 73, 75–77, 77n, 104
and French Indochina War, 159
and Graham Greene, 161
in Hainan, 114–17
in Vietnam, 139, 159
Catledge, Abby, 195
Catledge, Turner, 194–95, 219, 312, 314, 317, 322
Catlett, Don, 245–52
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Ceauescu,
Nicolae, 269, 311, 355
Censorship, 200, 203–4, 379, 386
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): in Burma, 71, 148–50
in Cambodia, 254, 257–59
and Communist China, 298, 350
creation of, 127
and Cuban missile crisis, 208
Allen Dulles as director of, 387
Helms as director of, 393
and Hmong people, 384
in Indochina, 127
in Indonesia, 284, 295
and Korean War, 173–74, 181
in Laos, 384
and prisons for and torture of terrorists, 395
and Saddam Hussein’s defeat, 393
and South Vietnam, 218–19, 381, 382, 384
Chalabi, Ahmed, 396
Chang Chi-chung, 81, 83
Chang Yao-ming, 88
Charton, Pierre, 144
Chassin, Lionel Max, 37–38
Checkpoint Charlie, following p. 224
Ch’en Chi-tang, 116
Chen Geng, 143, 144
Ch’en I, 79
Chen, Joseph, 56
Chen, Rose, 72
Chen Yi: and assault of Taiwan, 171
and Battle of the Huai-Hai, 53, 55–58, 62, 67, 70, 72
capture of Hangchow by, 94
crossing of Yangtze by, 84, 339
and Cultural Revolution, 339, 341–42, 356
death of, 339
and fall of Shanghai, 94, 339
and invasion of Taiwan, 96, 339, 353
and Laos conference (1961), 205, 339
Lin Biao denounced by, 367
as military strategist, compared with Mao, 44
occupation of Nanking by troops of, 89, 94, 205, 339
photograph of, following p. 110
Red Guards’ attack on, 339, 342
and ST, 205
and Sukarno, 282
and Vietnam War, 232
during World War II, 22
and Zhou Enlai, 339, 356
Cheney, Richard, 395
Cheng Tung-kuo, 42
Cheng Yu-kuang, 88
Chengdu, China, 114
Chennault, Claire L., 57, 57n, 93, 113, 148
Chiang Ching-kuo, 35n, 59, 60, 114
Chiang Kai-shek: accusations against Sun Li-jen concerning coup against, 35n
and Barr, 47–48
and Battle of the HuaiHai, 55, 57, 71, 74
Christianity of, 52, 78
criticisms of, concerning Chinese Civil War, 13, 18, 38, 47, 74, 78, 113, 119, 126
death and burial of, 120
dental work for, 51
and French recognition of Communist China, 223
and Korean War, 172
Kuomintang (KMT) Party of, 17–18, 21, 48, 119, 120, 374
and MacArthur, 172
and Manchuria, 38–44
on Mao’s army as “Bandits,” 327
marriage of, 51–52
Marshall on, 47–48
move of capital to Nanking by, 6, 10, 48–49
and peasant grievances, 67
on “Peip’ing” as name for Peking, 6
photographs of, following p. 110
possible coalition government between Mao and, 20–22, 26, 80–82
as president of Nationalist government on Taiwan, 120, 354
resignation of, in 1949, 78–79
retreat to Taiwan by, 79, 83, 114
and Ronning, 51–52
and Roosevelt, 20
semifeudal structure in China under, 301
and Shanghai, 59–60
and Stalin, 22–23, 25–28, 31
U.S. policy on, 17–19, 22, 28, 36, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 79, 96, 118–20, 126, 155, 156, 169–70, 172
and war against Japan, 9, 13, 19, 48, 57n. See also Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 48, 51–52, 60, 78, 114, 120
Chiang Wei-kuo, 56, 58, following p. 110
Chicago Sun-Times, 359
Chicago Tribune, 33
China: and acupuncture anesthesia, 336–37
agricultural collectivization and People’s Communes in, 68, 300, 301, 303, 340
and atom bomb, 17
Audrey Topping’s travels in, 73n, 304–6, 332–34, 336–39, 345–55
casualties of Maoist policies in, 300, 342–44, 374
Deng Xiaoping’s leadership of, 68, 93, 121, 367–71, 376–79
dispute between India and, concerning Aksai Chin border territory, 234
documentaries on, 311, 368
economy of, after Civil War, 171
founding of People’s Republic of China, 90n, 96, 102, 103
free market incentives in, during late 1970s, 121, 376–79
Gang of Four in, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 185–89
and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 146, 155, 163, 170, 184
Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) in, 109–10
ideological split between Soviet Union and, 2, 17, 199–203, 302
industrialization and Great Leap Forward in, 299–300, 302, 303, 306, 339–40, 377
Japan’s war against, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 31, 44, 48, 57n
journalists in Communist China, 107–10
and Kissinger, 11, 102, 326, 349–50, 355, 362
and Korean War, 23, 101, 103–4, following p. 110, 146, 147, 169–83, 340, 353, 377
Kuling in, 52
and land reform program, 25, 66–68, 378
and Malaysia, 282
Manchuria dispute between Soviet Union and (1969), 349
Maoist purges and executions in, 99, 108–10, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374
map of, 8
National People’s Congress (NPC) in, 340, 356–57
New Democracy for, 24–25, 92–93, 105, 303
Nixon’s policy on and visit to, 11, 19, 23–24, 101–2, 200, 203, 326, 338, 349–51, 355, 362, 377, 391
occupation of North Vietnam by, 130
peasants in, 66–68, 126, 378
possibility of nuclear war between Soviet Union and, 17
possible Soviet aggression against, 349, 350
Qin dynasty terra-cotta warrior sculptures in, 369
recognition of Communist China by other countries, 103–5, 223, 298
Red Guards in, 305, 307–9, 336, 338–44, 356, 374
return of Hong Kong to, 378
Roosevelt’s policy on, 20–23
and Sihanouk, 258–59, 268–69, 351
and Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 101, 102, 117–18
Snow’s writings on, 4, 325–27
Soviet aid for, 25
ST in, during 1971 and 1980, 308, 336–39, 345–55
ST’s interview with Zhou Enlai in, 311, 332–34
and Taiwan’s future, 352–55
as traditional enemy of Vietnam, 170–71
Truman’s policy on, 7, 18–20, 31, 48, 69, 78, 80, 96, 117, 118, 156, 172
U.S. recognition of Communist China, 117–18, 216
and Vietnam War, 189, 207, 232–33, 377–78, 385
war between Vietnam and (1979), over Paracel Islands, 171. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese Civil War; Chinese Communist Party (CCP); Cultural Revolution; Mao Zedong; Zhou Enlai; and specific cities, such as Peking
China Lobby, 18, 52, 119, 326
China Quarterly, 374
Chinchow, Manchuria, 41–43
Chinese Catholic Association, 77n
Chinese Civil War: battle for Manchuria during, 30–36
capture of Hangchow by Communist forces, 94
casualties of, 31, 36, 37, 43, 46, 57, 58, 66, 69–70, 73, 73n, 84–85
and “Catfish” Operation, 28–29
cease-fire during, 6, 7, 11, 17, 31
Chiang Kai-shek on mistakes in, 120
Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to Taiwan during, 79, 83, 114
Chine
se journalists working with ST during, 107–10
Communist capture and jailing of American assistant military attachés during, 34
Communist occupation of Nanking during, 91–94
criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek concerning, 13, 18, 38, 47–48, 74, 78, 113, 119, 126
crossing of Yangtze by Communist army during, 81, 83–85, 88
defections to Communist forces during, 43–44, 56, 58, 74, 78, 83, 84, 113
execution of Yang Kaihui during, 376
fall of Manchuria during, 37–44, 78
fall of Nanking during, 84–90, 90n
fall of Shanghai during, 94
fall of T’aiyuan during, 93
food shortages during, 39, 40, 93
and France, 133
Hainan Island battle of, 113–18
house detention of ST by Communists in Nanking, 92
Hsuchow column in, 53–58, 63, 70–72
Huai-Hai battle during, 1, 44, 53–74, following p. 110
Kalgan during, 11–12, 17–18
Kennedy on, 155–56
MacArthur on, 169–70
Mao compared with Lin Biao as military strategist during, 44
Mao’s headquarters in Yenan during, 13–29, 301
Mao’s predictions of success during, 72, 74
Mao’s protracted war strategy during, 27, 37–38, 147, 227
Marshall’s mediation mission during, 7, 11, 13, 17–19, 28–29, 31, 51, 72, 80
Nanking during, 45–52
Nationalist Air Force during, 45, 55, 65, 69, 70, 93, 114, 116
Nationalist pilots’ performance during, 45
Nienchuang in, 56, 57
peace proposal by Communists (April 1949) during, 83
peasant support for Communists during, 66–68, 126
and People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 1, 7, 15, 26, 28, 37–38, 83, 89, 90n, following p. 110
prisoners of war during, 58, 63, 70, 71, 74
Red Army’s Long March during, 10, 27, 352, 355
refugees during, 39, 40, 46, 59, 61–62, 85, 171
Siwantse during, 12–13
size of opposing armies during, 15, 28, 46, 78
ST in Peking as journalist covering, 7–11
ST with Communist forces during, 1, 60– 61, 65–74
and Stalin, 22, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96
ST’s reflections on outcome of, 118–21
ST’s travels in China during, 11–13, 61–62, 65–74
Stuart’s attempts at peace settlement for, 79–82
superiority of Nationalist troops and equipment in, 19, 28, 46, 74
surrender of Peking during, 82
tank column used by Communists during, 55, 56
Tat’ung during, 11
transfer of Nationalist air force, navy, and army divisions to Taiwan, 79, 83, 96
Tsinan in, 53, 55
U.S. aid and support for Nationalist government during, 17–19, 22, 28, 36, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 79, 96, 118–19, 126, 155, 156, 169–70. See also Huai-Hai, Battle of the
On the Front Lines of the Cold War Page 54