320 “He was… despise”: White, In Search of History, p. 77.
320 “slim, rather… grunt”: Salter, p. 215.
320 “There were… ruler”: Payne, pp. 237–38.
320 “few Chinese… him”: Edgar Snow, “China’s Fighting Generalissimo,” Foreign Affairs 16, no. 4 (July 1938).
320 “I feel… counts”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, no. 2770, letter or note, Reel 1, 1941.
321 “the chief… again”: Library of Congress, Clare Boothe Luce papers, Box 595, Folder 11, Theodore White, “Politics in China,” June 1, 1940.
321 “A beautiful… queen”: White, p. 143.
321 “a great… hair”: WCA: Pearl S. Buck, “The Sister ‘Dictators’: Behind the Chinese Dragon,” scrapbook of items by or about Madame Chiang Kai-shek, collected by Hetty S. Wheeler (1935–1940), unidentified magazine, September 1937.
321 “I was… anything”: Chang with Halliday, pp. Mme Sun Yat-sen, 79–82.
322 “embraced all… Corinthians”: Snow, Journey to the Beginning, p. 87.
323 “Among the… Chiang”: Chang with Halliday, Mme Sun Yat-sen, pp. 92–93.
323 “devoted her… work”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
323 “chief interests… amassed”: Snow, “China’s Fighting Generalissimo,” Foreign Affairs 16, no. 4 (July 1938).
323 “Though few… family”: Edgar Snow, “China Has Three First Ladies,” Toronto, Canada Evening Star, June 21, 1941.
323 “very bossy… stubborn”: Author’s conversation with Lily Yen Zee, Shanghai, March 25, 2003.
323 “To her… all”: George Sokolsky, “The Soongs of China,” The Atlantic Monthly, February 1937, p. 186.
324 “Less strikingly… richly”: Mowrer, p. 80.
324 “90 percent… gossip”: Tuchman, p. 412.
324 “amazed by… honesty”: Lattimore, p. 142.
324 “purse-proud… Hong Kong”: Sheean, Between the Thunder and the Sun, p. 370.
324 “had told… rest”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
324 “When will… possible”: Academia Historica, Taipei, CKS, wire to Madame, undated (in answer to hers of March 22, 1939).
324 “The problem… me”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, April 3, 1939.
324 “I read… urgent”: Ibid., CKS, wire to Madame, undated (answer to above).
324 “I am… okay”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, February 16, 1940.
324 “How do… there”: Ibid., CKS, wire to Madame, February 17, 1940.
325 “much better… me”: Ibid., Madame wire, to CKS, February 21, 1940.
325 “My sisters… Empire!”: Chang with Halliday, Mme Sun Yat-sen, p. 94.
325 “avuncular shine… China”: Gellhorn, pp. 56–58. On July 30, Hemingway sent a long letter about the animosity between the Nationalists and the Communists to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, saying that a “Mr. White” had asked him to evaluate what he saw while in China. As it turned out—at least according to a Canadian journalist named Peter Moreira—the man was Harry Dexter White, a deputy at the Treasury Department and spy for the Russians, who forwarded Hemingway’s analysis to someone who gave it to Soviet agents in New York. (Peter Moreira, “Ernest Hemingway, Secret Agent,” Toronto Star, March 19, 2006.)
326 “who can… am”: WCA: Martha Gellhorn, “Her Day,” Collier’s, August 30, 1941.
327 “an influence… overestimate”: WCA: Pearl S. Buck, “The Sister ‘Dictators’: Behind the Chinese Dragon,” scrapbook of items by or about Madame Chiang Kai-shek, collected by Hetty S. Wheeler (1935–1940), unidentified magazine, September 1937.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE
329 “[T]here has… later”: HA: Kohlberg papers, Box 160, Vanya Oakes, “Heir to Chiang’s Mantle,” Magazine Digest, December 1945.
329 “a round… chins”: White and Jacoby, p. 111.
329 “undoubtedly more… Soong”: Coble, p. 162.
329 “basically anti-foreign”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh Papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
329 “one great… Daddy”: White and Jacoby, p. 112.
329 “in a… man”: HA: Kohlberg papers, Vanya Oakes, Box 160, “Heir to Chiang’s Mantle,” Magazine Digest, December 1945.
329 “was sitting… him”: Lattimore, China Memoirs, p. 79.
330 “a brilliant… intelligence”: Columbia University Library, COHO: Dr. K. C. Wu, “Reminiscences for the Years 1946–53,” as told to Professor Nathaniel Peffer and Professor C. Martin Wilbur, May 1961, revised and corrected November 1963, part D, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 335–38.
330 “conceal his… Kung”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections: James M. McHugh papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
330 “Mme. Kung… danced”: Alsop with Platt, p. 220.
330 he is… reputation: One of these centered around stories about a man named Sonne, who represented a firm that had sold a mint in 1920 to the then Chinese government for a million dollars. The bill was unpaid, and by 1928, when the KMT was in power, mints could be purchased for only $250,000. Sonne, according to the story, “was prepared to accept almost any settlement,” but T.V. “asked him to present the original bill for one million dollars, for which he handed him back $650,000.” Sonne said he was “positive” that T.V. “pocketed the $350,000” and said that “Li Ming [another Chinese banker] could confirm this.” This same Li Ming, who was chairman of the board of directors of the Bank of China, also confirmed that T.V.’s wife charged the Bank of China for her opera tickets. “Oh, yes,” he said, “they charge most of their living expenses to T.V.’s expense account at the Bank of China.” (HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, LC, “FDR Memorandum 1943, Not for the files,” May 15, 1943.)
Another story was told by a man named Sutterle, an old resident of Shanghai: “Some years ago we worked up a plan to rehabilitate the China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company.… The plan was to buy new ships to replace the old, out-moded ones and to transfer the business management to the Dollar Steamship Company’s Offices.” But the planners “failed to consult T.V.,” and the Chiang government appointed someone with veto power to sit on the company board. “Before the Government man would allow the contract to be signed, he insisted that we put up $700,000 in cash… as a token of good faith.” The government man took the money and disappeared. Although the government later returned the money, in order “to save the Government and T.V.’s face,” the chairman of the board, a gentleman named Marquis Li, “was tried, convicted by a Government packed Court and I believe died in jail.” (HA: Roy Holbrooke to Lauchlin Currie, April 16, 1943.)
331 “lost no… domineering”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh Papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
331 “I have… health”: HA: Kohlberg papers, Box 160, Vanya Oakes, “Heir to Chiang’s Mantle,” Magazine Digest, December 1945.
331 “He refused… subscribes”: Swanberg, p. 95.
332 “Being minister… dog”: Coble, p. 130.
332 “engineered the ousting”: Columbia University Library, COHO: Dr. K. C. Wu, “Reminiscences for the Years 1946–53,” as told to Professor Nathaniel Peffer and Professor C. Martin Wilbur, May 1961, revised and corrected November 1963, part D, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 338.
332 “he who… Chiang”: Hahn, Chiang Kai-shek, pp. 179–80.
332 even “suggested”… Chiang”: Columbia University Libr
ary, COHO: interview with George Sokolsky by Prof. C. Martin Wilbur, 1962, p. 22.
332 “T. V. Soong… China”: Sokolsky, “The Soongs of China,” The Atlantic Monthly, February 1937, p. 187.
333 “I wanted… task”: “Mr. T.V. Soong’s Resignation,” The North-China Herald, November 1, 1933.
333 “a willing… cashier”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh Papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
333 “If I… again”: Tuchman, p. 411.
333 “new shoes… fills”: “Reflection,” The North-China Herald, November 1, 1933.
334 “for the… health”: Fenby, p. 238.
334 “This is… fight”: Abend, p. 215.
334 “apparently had… banks”: Coble, pp. 195–96.
335 “What is… before”: Arnold, p. 413.
335 “There has… thousands”: Crozier, p. 243.
336 “While it… it”: http://jean-monnet.net/menu06/page1us.html.
336 “widely considered… organization”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, JMcH, “Present Political Situation in China,” no. 1-38, January 20, 1938.
336 “a mixture… policy”: Snow, Journey to the Beginning, p. 90.
336 “She is… known”: Columbia University Library, COHO: Dr. K. C. Wu, “Reminiscences for the Years 1946–53,” as told to Professor Nathaniel Peffer and Professor C. Martin Wilbur, May 1961, revised and corrected November 1963, category 5A, vol. 2, no. 3, 325.
336 “influential persons”: Coble, p. 249.
336 “Madame Kung… useful”: Columbia University Library, COHO: Dr. K. C. Wu, “Reminiscences for the Years 1946–53,” as told to Professor Nathaniel Peffer and Professor C. Martin Wilbur, May 1961, revised and corrected November 1963, part D, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 322–27.
336 “one of… moment”: Coble, p. 207
337 “That evening… attendants”: Leith-Ross, p. 208.
337 “specific proof… squeal”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh Papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
337 “The protection… activity”: Coble, “The Soong Family and Chinese Capitalists,” in Samuel C. Chu, p. 77.
A report from the U.S. Treasury Department on a man named Martin Gold says that Gold, an employee of the William Hunt Company in Chungking, had been entrusted to negotiate for the company for contracts to print paper money for the Central Bank of China. Although there had been “considerable criticism of defective notes shipped by the Hunt Company” the first time around, Gold obtained a new contract for supplying 100-yuan banknotes. During the course of the negotiations, he sent a cable about the size and design of these notes to his office in Chungking, which ended “Present sent Rosamonde” (Rosamonde was the eldest of the Kung daughters). Ten days later, Hunt cabled Gold congratulations on obtaining the contract. In May 1942, Gold was in New York, where, according to the Office of Censorship, he purchased diamonds and other jewelry in the amount of $30,000 to be taken back to China for the account of Dzung Kying, payment to be made out of the Central Bank of China’s account with the Chase Bank in New York, “by order of Rosamonde.” It was also noted that, in fact, the name “ ‘Dzung Kying could be the Chinese counterpart… of David Kung [Rosa-mond’s brother].” (HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, “Treasury Department,” October 20, 1943.)
338 “modern Borgia”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
338 “go away… do”: Ibid.
339 “Someone has… criticize!”: Selle, pp. 348–49. (Note: Neither the university nor its president is identified by the author of the book.)
339 “the Chinese… conditions”: Columbia University Library, RBML, William Henry Donald correspondence, Harold K. Hochschild to Earl Albert Selle, January 31, 1947.
339 “more and… am.”: Selle, p. 349.
339 “Let’s leave… needed”: Wu Jing-ping, Study of Historical Materials, vol. 2.
339 “engaged a… war”: Library of Congress, Clare Boothe Luce papers, Box 595, Folder 7, Ernest O. Hauser, “China’s Soong,” undated (1941).
340 “assumed the… position”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, JMcH, “Strictly Confidential, Present Political Situation in China,” September 14, 1938.
340 “Hitler spoke… look”: Columbia University Library, COHO, “The Reminiscences of K’ung Hsiang-hsi, as told to Julie Lien-ying How, February 10 to June 10, 1948,” pp. 121–22.
341 “I thought… Government”: Ibid., p. 114.
341 “went to… desk”: Salter, pp. 218–19.
341 “A royal… modesty”: HA: Nym Wales papers, Box 32.0, Annie Lou Hardy, “Madame Kung’s Georgia Visit,” The Shanghai Spectator, October 20, 1932.
342 “controlled by… agreement”: Columbia University Library, COHO: “The Reminiscences of K’ung Hsiang-hsi, as told to Julie Lien-ying How, February 10 to June 10, 1948,” pp. 114–23.
342 “real nice… China”: Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, p. 218.
CHAPTER THIRTY
343 “The Japanese… blood-stream”: HA: Walter H. Judd papers, Box 175, Folder 1, Alfred Kohlberg, “Portrait of Chiang.”
343 “Millions have… income”: Jonathan Marshall, “Opium and the Politics of Gangsterism in Nationalist China, 1927–1945,” The Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, July–September 1976, p. 20.
343 “in effect… soldiers”: Columbia University Library, COHO, interviews with George Sokolsky, conducted by Professor C. Martin Wilbur, 1962, p. 39.
344 “Finance Minister… come”: “Spring Comes to Chiang Kai-shek,” Time, April 27, 1931.
344 “honorary advisers… vice”: Marshall, p. 32.
346 “Inasmuch as… taxes”: Ibid., p. 22.
346 “being over-zealous… gingerly”: “The Opium Traffic on the Yangtze,” The North-China Herald, April 8, 1930.
347 “the Chinese… benefitted”: Marshall, p. 25.
347 “Du Yueh-sheng… Shanghai”: Ibid., p. 38.
347 “It is… resistance”: Madame Chiang, China Shall Rise Again, p. 10.
347 the “Seven Deadly… war”: Ibid., p. 38.
347 “China was… fear”: Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Schlesinger Library: Frances Gunther papers, William H. Chamberlin, review of China Shall Rise Again, unidentified source, January 1941.
348 “I have… day”: WCA: Emma DeLong Mills papers, MC to EM, January 14, 1939.
348 “glad… you… frazzle”: Ibid., MC to EM, June 17, 1939.
348 “almost non-existent… returns”: Ibid., EM to MC, March 14, 1939.
348 “some way… work”: Ibid., EM to MC, August 1, 1939.
348 “an assortment… highways”: Ibid., MC to EM, November 10, 1939.
348 “difficult to… with”: Ibid., MC to EM, November 1, 1939.
348 “It comes… Europeans”: Ibid., EM to MC, December 18, 1939.
349 “It takes… blood”: Taylor, p. 96.
349 “In some… bone”: “Life in Occupied Kiangsu,” The North-China Herald, February 28, 1940.
349 “make a… Japan”: National Archives: RG 59, CDF (1940–1944), Box 5849, January 20, 1940.
349 “the most… traitor”: Ibid., January 23, 1940.
349 “Japanese tool… meat”: Library of Congress: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., papers, Box 27, Donald to TR Jr., December 30, 1938–January 1, 1939.
350 a “godsend”… gather”: “Japan-in-China,” Fortune, September 1941.
350 “enjoyed H. H. Kung’s… writers”: Crozier, p. 219.
351 “during the… died”: White and Jacoby, p. 210.
352 “buzzed with…
ruthlessness”: White and Jacoby, p. 76.
352 “The Sino-Japanese… party”: Crozier, p. 237.
352 “The communists… out”: Library of Congress: Clare Boothe Luce papers, Box 595, Folder 11, Theodore White, “Crisis in China,” March 15, 1941.
353 “dispatches had… war”: Snow, Journey to the Beginning, p. 236.
353 “Now… challenged”: Crozier, pp. 236–40.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE
354 “The Japanese… might”: Han Suyin, Destination Chungking, p. 218.
354 “resembled nothing… anthill”: Payne, p. 239.
354 “The bombing… impossible”: WCA: Emma DeLong Mills papers, MC to EM, May 10, 1939.
355 “The door… coolies”: Farmer, pp. 233–34.
355 “Do what… bombs”: WCA: Mills papers, MC to EM, May 10, 1939.
356 “Other generals… resting”: Han Suyin, Destination Chungking, p. 225.
356 “obliged to… sores!”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Madame Chiang to T. V. Soong, Box 63, Folder 33, June 12, 1941.
356 “improved by… percent”: WCA: Madame Chiang, “Hospitals on the Changsha Front,” January 10, 1940.
356 “Friends of… Japan”: WCA: Text of Broadcast by Madame Sun Yat-sen, Madame H. H. Kung, and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, from Chungking, China, 7:45 P.M., April 17, 1940, NBC National Hookup, reprinted in China Monthly, June 1940, pp. 7–8.
357 “told that… lawmakers”: WCA: Mills papers, EM to MC, April 22, 1940.
357 “Society people… reprisals”: Ibid., EM to MC, April 8, 1940.
357 “the spirit… lows”: WCA: Theodore H. White, “Chiang Kai-shek,” Life, March 2, 1942.
357 “the most… world”: Chang and Halliday, Mao, p. 232.
357 “We have… fig-leaves!”: WCA: Mills papers, MC to EM, June 16, 1940.
358 “scratched out… earth”: “The Unbelievable Burma Road,” Fortune, September 1941.
358 “an unbelievable… pieces”: Library of Congress: Clare Boothe Luce papers, Box 595, Folder 11, Theodore White on smuggling, April 25, 1941.
359 “When I… again”: White, “Chiang Kai-shek,” Life, March 2, 1942.
360 “Both parties… war”: WCA: Mills papers, EM to MC, July 22, 1940.
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