Wells, H. G., 113
Wen Bing-chung, xix, 5–6, 12, 19, 22n
Wesleyan College, 19, 22–24, 56, 64, 304
Whampoa Military Academy, 126–28, 129, 130, 133, 138, 139, 171, 172, 189, 217, 218, 219, 258, 368, 559
White, Harry Dexter, 708–9
White, Theodore, xix, 78, 210, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 329, 352–53, 357, 358–59, 371, 384, 394, 443–44, 452, 482, 486, 487–88, 495, 497–99, 510, 511, 513, 530, 531, 541, 552
Whitman, Alden, 678–80
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 488n
Willauer, Whiting, xix, 557
William Hunt Company, 711
Willkie, Wendell, xix, 360, 405–12, 416, 417–18, 424, 430–31, 432–33, 434, 440, 460, 501, 505
Wilmington Star, 6
Wilson, Robert, 296
Wilson, Thomas M., 377
Wilson, Woodrow, 58, 75
Wilson Quarterly, 590
Winchell, Walter, xix, 430
women, position of in China, 61, 62, 72–74, 274
Women’s Advisory Committee of the New Life Movement, 327
Women’s Home Companion, 113
Women’s League, 644, 650
Women’s Work Department, 508
Woodhead, H. G. W., 344, 346
World Economic Conference, 331
World Journal, 676
World News Tonight, 675
World War I, 59, 69n, 75, 78, 80, 103, 105, 236, 283, 337, 373, 474, 509
World War II, 201n, 234–35, 312, 415, 527, 529, 581, 588, 599, 604, 666, 673, 678, 680
see also Sino-Japanese War, Second (1937–45); specific conferences
Wounded Soldiers League, 235
Wu, Edith, 608
Wu, K. C. (Wu Kuo-chen), xix, 300, 332, 336, 591, 596, 597, 607–9, 611, 614, 634
Wu Chih-hui, 133n
Wuhan, China, 144, 152, 153–55, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162–63, 171, 172, 173, 174, 197, 200, 204, 330
Wu Pei-fu, 76, 77, 141, 142–43
Wu Ting-chang, 336
X Force, 396, 491
Xiang Ying, xix, 351, 352
Xiao, Mrs., 672
Xiong, Dr., 635
Yalta Conference, 515–17, 519, 523, 525–27, 580
Yang, General Hu-chen, xix, 252, 254, 260, 261–62, 263, 271n
Yang, H. K., 647
Yang Huang-kuan, xix, 125, 128, 129, 136, 141
Yangtze Development Corporation, 560–61
Yao Yi-ch’eng, xix, 91, 94, 95n, 175, 245
Yeh, George, 596, 601
Yeh Ting, 351
Yen, C. K., 636
Yen Hsi-shan, xix, 77, 187, 205, 212
Y Force, 396, 471, 473, 483, 491, 492, 493, 497
Yikiangshan, 618
Young, Arthur N., xix, 536
Young General’s Plot, 482
Youngman, William S., Jr., 555, 648, 649n
Youth Corps, 609
Yu, Premier, 668
Yuan Shih-kai, xix, 54–55, 57–60, 61, 62, 63, 75, 88, 92
Yu Hua Bank, 338
YWCA, 70, 109, 120
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
HANNAH PAKULA is the author of The Last Romantic, which Graham Greene called one of the three best books of the year, and An Uncommon Woman, which was a Los Angeles Times Book Award finalist. She lives in New York City.
The National Archives and Records Administration Columbia
University Rare Book and Manuscript Library
Library of Congress, Manuscript
Division Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University
Wellesley College Archives
Memorial Museum of Soon Ching-ling, Shanghai, China
The University of Oklahoma Western History Collections
The Lilly Library/University of Indiana
Winston Churchill, excerpt from letter to Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(November 17, 1943), Map Room File, Box 17, Folder 3. FDR Library.
Copyright © Winston S. Churchill. Reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd.,
London on behalf of The Estate of Winston Churchill.
David Kung, excerpt from a letter to Albert C. Wedemeyer (February 11, 1978),
Box 46, Folder 6. Wedemeyer Papers, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace.
Reprinted with the permission of Gregory Kung.
Eleanor Roosevelt, excerpt from a letter to Madame Chiang Kai-shek
(September 16, 1947), Box 3, Folder Madame Chiang Kai-shek. Lauchlin Currie Papers,
Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Reprinted with the permission
of Nancy Roosevelt Ireland, Trustee, Anna E. Roosevelt Trust.
George Sokolsky, excerpt from a letter to Madame Chiang Kai-shek (May 12, 1958),
Box 35, Folder 16. George Sokolsky Papers, Hoover Institution on War,
Revolution and Peace. Reprinted with the permission of George Sokolsky.
Charlie Jones Soon, letter to Dr. Young J. Allen and letter to his father (June 1881) from
James Burke,My Father in China. Reprinted with the permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd.
Soong May-ling (Madame Chiang Kai-shek), letter to Chiang Kai-shek
from Ch’en Chieh-ju, Chiang Kai-shek’sSecret Past: The Memoirs of His Second Wife.
Reprinted with the permission of Westview Press/Perseus Books Group.
And a special thanks to Elizabeth Chiang for the Estate of Soong May-ling
(Madame Chiang Kai-shek) for permission to reprint the many previously
unpublished quotes by Soong May-ling.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Picture Research by Jerry Marshall at pictureresearching.com
T.V. Soong: His Life and Times, by Wu Jingping and Tai-chun Kuo (Fudan University Press, 2008): 1, 2, 3, 5, 52, 53
Courtesy of Archives and Special Collections/Willet Memorial Library/Wesleyan College: 4, 15
Courtesy of Wellesley College Archives: 6, 22
Courtesy of Thomas A. DeLong: 7
© Three Lions/Hulton Archive/Getty Images: 8
Private Collection: 9
Photograph courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum (NegA9940): 10
From J. J. Matignon, Superstition, crime et miserie en Chine, 1899: 11
Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling, Beijing: 12
© AP/Wide World Photos: 13, 17, 26, 31, 39, 44, 54, 59, 61, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76
© Everett Collection: 14
© Popperfoto/Getty Images: 16
© Bettmann/Corbis: 18, 25, 28, 40, 41, 55, 56, 60, 68
Wikipedia: 19, 20, 21, 32
Virtual Shanghai project, http://virtualshanghai.net: 23
© Mark Kauffman/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images: 29
Courtesy of the Microforms Department, University of North Texas Library: 30
© Xinhua: 33, 34, 35, 50, 72
© Sovfoto.com: 36
© AFP/Getty Images: 37, 38
© Underwood and Underwood/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images: 42
© Jack Birns/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images: 43
From:The Storm Clouds over China, The Memoir of Ch’en Li-fu, edited by Sidney H. Chang and Ramon H. Myers (Hoover 1994): 45
© Carl Maydans/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images: 46
© Roger-Viollet/The Image Works: 47
© Brown Brothers: 48
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division: 49, 57, 66
Hoover Institution Archives, Joseph W. Stilwell Collection (51001 env AAA): 51
© The Granger Collection, NY: 58
Courtesy of the Microtext Dept., Boston Public Library: 62
From: The First Lady of China (Watson, Thomas, IBM, 1943): 63
© Walter Sanders/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images: 64
© John Florea/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images: 65
Hoover Institution Archives, Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers (83007 env HH): 67
Jiang: 73
© H
ulton Archive/Getty Images: 74
© Reuters/Landov: 77
The Soong family in July of 1917, at home in Shanghai.
This is the first picture of all eight members of the family (May-ling and T.V. had just returned from college in the United States). Front row: T.A.; second row from left: Ai-ling, T.V., and Ching-ling; third row: Charlie and Ni Kwei-tseng; standing in back: T.L. and May-ling.
Charlie Soong, father, at the age of forty-nine. Taken at the time of his voluntary exile to Japan, following Sun Yat-sen. Tokyo, April 1915.
Ni Kwei-tseng, mother. Undated.
May-ling (front row, center) at Wesleyan, age fifteen. She came to the United States when she was ten.
May-ling, T.V., and Ching-ling in Boston in 1913. May-ling was sixteen, T.V. was nineteen, and Ching-ling, who graduated from Wesleyan that year, was twenty.
May-ling at Wellesley. Taken from a group shot of the Tau Zeta Epsilon Society (the Arts Society) and dated 1916–1917.
Emma Mills.
She was May-ling’s closest friend at college.
The Dowager Empress. Named Tzu Hsi (known as Cixi), she rose from being a concubine of the fifth rank to the most powerful person in China. Note the nails on her fourth and fifth fingers.
A hand of a member of the leisure class. Ludicrously long nails were a sure indication of the privileged, idle life of an upper-class Chinese.
A deformed foot. The result of footbinding, this is a typical “golden lily,” probably somewhere between three and five inches long. Note the resulting callouses on the heel and toes.
A castrated man. There were as many as 3,000 men who voluntarily gave up their sexual organs to prosper in the Chinese Court.
The three Soong sisters.
As young women, they were usually photographed with Ai-ling, the eldest, seated in front of Ching-ling (on the left) and May-ling (on the right).
The Soong sisters with Chiang Kai-shek. Due to Ching-ling’s dislike of her brother-in-law, she usually kept her distance from him. This photograph must date from World War II, when she joined forces with her sisters in a common cause. May-ling is on the left, then Ai-ling, Chiang, and Ching-ling.
The sisters walking through the rubble of war. Ai-ling is holding on to Ching-ling; May-ling, who did more of this than her sisters, is following.
Ai-ling and husband H. H. Kung, a seventy-fifth-generation descendant of Confucius.
Ching-ling and husband Sun Yat-sen, known as the George Washington of China.
T. V. Soong and wife Laura, an elegant socialite.
May-ling and husband Chiang Kai-shek, the man who united China.
Mao Fu-mei. Chiang’s first wife, his mother’s choice.
Yao Yi-cheng. Chiang’s concubine, mother of Chiang Wei-kuo.
Ch’en Chieh-ju. Chiang’s second wife, his own choice, known as Jennie.
Soong May-ling and Chiang Kai-shek’s wedding portrait, December 1, 1929.
Huang Jin-rong. Known (behind his back) as “Pockmarked Huang,” he headed the police force in the French Concession and controlled crime in Shanghai from the inside out.
Du Yueh-sen. “Big-eared Du” was an orphan who made good, organizing the opium trade and adding philanthropy to his accomplishments.
An Opium Den, complete with paraphernalia and a female attendant.
Warlords
Feng Yu-hsiang.
The Christian general.
Wu Pu-fei.
A scholar and philosopher.
Chang Tso-lin.
The lord of Manchuria.
Yen Hsi-shan.
The “model governor” of Shansi Province.
Sun Chuan-fang.
He controlled five provinces.
Chang Tsung-ch’ang.
Known as “The Monster,” he was 6 foot, 6 inches tall.
Mao Tse-tung was already known as one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party in 1924, at the age of thirty-one.
Chou En-lai studied in Paris, where he recruited and organized young revolutionaries. After his return to China, he never appeared in a suit and tie.
Mao in Wuhan in 1927, the year when revolutionary chaos was followed by the retreat of the Communist Party faithful back to Russia.
Chou in 1924, dean of the Political Department of Whampoa Military Academy.
Mao on the march against the Kuomintang.
Chou on horseback. He was deputy chairman of the Red Army Military Council.
Mao and Chou in 1945 in Yenan, the Communist base, photographed ten years after the Long March.
Mikhail Borodin and his wife, Fanya. A smart and effective member of the Comintern, Borodin succeeded in organizing Sun’s government along Soviet lines and infiltrating it with a number of his fellow Communists.
Mao with General Chu Teh (left), later commander in chief of the Chinese Communist Army.
Nationalists
Wang Ching-wei. Rich, handsome, and expected to succeed Sun Yat-sen as head of the KMT, he advocated collaboration with the Communists, but ended up as a puppet of the Japanese.
Chang Hsueh-liang. Known as the “Young Marshal,” he inherited Manchuria before he turned thirty.
Nationalists
Ho Ying-chin.
Chiang’s chief of staff and the personification of corruption.
Hollington Tong.
Chiang’s PR man who wrote a biography of him.
Chen Kuo-fu.
The older brother of the CC Clique. Rigid and uncorruptible, the Chen brothers controlled Chiang’s schedule and served as the nation’s thought police.
Chen Li-fu.
The younger brother, a devoted conservative and anticommunist.
Chiang and May-ling greeted by officials at the Nanking airport on their return from his kidnapping in Sian, December 26, 1936.
Chiang and Mayling safe at home and smiling.
Japanese using live Chinese for bayonet practice.
Severed heads of victims.
Madame with Chiang and General Joseph W. Stilwell. This picture was taken before the two men learned to despise each other.
Claire Chennault. His solution to the war in China was simple: more U.S. planes and supplies. The Chiangs loved him.
T. V. Soong, General Albert C. Wedemeyer, Chiang Kai-shek, and General Patrick J. Hurley. Wedemeyer became a lifelong friend, and Hurley became ambassador to China for a brief period.
William H. Donald. He and his publicity team built the Chiangs into world icons.
Owen Lattimore. Political advisor to the generalissimo. He was accused later by Senator Joseph McCarthy of spying for the Soviet Union, but the charges against him were dismissed.
Lauchlin Currie. Economic advisor to the Chinese government.
General George C.
Marshall. President Truman sent him to China to do the impossible—unite the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communists.
Madame Chiang welcoming Wendell Willkie to Chungking. Chiang was pleased with him at first.
Willkie greeting Madame in New York, March 1943.
Madame Chiang and President Roosevelt. He came to the train station to meet her, February 1943.
Madame Chiang and Eleanor Roosevelt photographed on the White House lawn.
Cartoon published during her visit to the United States.
Madame addressing the House of Representatives.
The Hollywood Bowl just before Madame’s arrival.
Madame speaking.
Nationalist Conscripts. The men were roped together so they could not escape.
The Cairo Conference, November 1943: Chiang, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Madame. Madame did the translating, talking, and interpreting.
Chiang speaking to the National Assembly in October of 1948, warning the Kuomintang of the danger of the situation with the Communists. The portrait behind him is of Sun Yat-sen.
Chou and Mao at their victory celebration one year later (October 1949).
Mao reviewing tanks on the outskirts of Peking, March 1949.
/> Red Army soldiers sleeping on the streets of Shanghai, so as not to disturb its citizens, who probably compared them favorably to the marauding troops of the Kuomintang.
Chiang’s favorite residence on Taiwan. It was converted into his mausoleum after his death, and is known as the Cihu Presidential Burial Place.
Chiang, Madame, and Chiang’s son Ching-kuo, c. 1955.
Chiang Kai-shek’s family at his coffin. Left to right, Chiang Hsiao-wu, a grandson; Taiwan Premier Chiang Ching-kuo; Madame Chiang; and General Chiang Wei-kuo, Chiang’s adopted son.
Madame Chiang and Senator Robert Dole. Senators Dole and Paul Simon invited her to Washington to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the end of World War II.
Madame Chiang in 1997, a classic Chinese portrait. She was 100 according to Western calculation, 101 according to the Chinese.
* The Chinese always put their last names first.
* From this inhuman treatment came the saying “Not a Chinaman’s chance.” (Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, p. 20.)
* Henry Luce’s sister Elizabeth Luce Moore said that in later years, Charlie’s children signed their names with the same character previously used by the royal dynasty (Moore, “China’s Soong,” Fortune, June 1933).
The Last Empress Page 105