‘Punjab and Haryana dispute how the waters…should be shared’: Waslekar, p.58.
11: Huntress of the Lithic
‘Government by Women’: Karttunen, 1989, p.187.
‘“Such was the rule in early times”’: Muir, II, pp.335–6.
‘Megasthenes’ “Hyperborea”’: Karttunen, 1989, pp.186–9.
‘Sui Shu (History of the Sui Dynasty)’: Francke thought that Sui Shu was compiled c. 586 CE (1914, p. 74). In fact it was written a century later, from 622 to 656 CE.
‘Kalhana’s Rajatarangini’: Kalhana, tr. Stein, I, p.137.
‘exposing their “high breasts”’: ibid., p.138.
‘The Sanskrit texts described Uttarakuru’: Karttunen, 1989, p.188.
‘An eighteenth-century Chinese text’: Enoki, p.54.
‘Alberuni called it’: Alberuni, tr. Sachau, I, p.108.
‘polyandry was responsible for the short stature’: Cunningham, p.295. See, for contrast, Arthur Connolly’s reaction to a Khan he met on the way to India from Russia: ‘He would not be persuaded that our matrimonial law was not reversed in Europe, and that every woman might not take unto herself four husbands; he had read it in a book, and would not be gainsayed. I was able, I hope, to correct some very erroneous impressions that he had formed with regard to the laxity of our moral system’ (Connolly, p.207).
‘“lands where women make the love”’: Kipling, Chapter 14.
‘“one of the ugliest customs”’: Francke, 1907a, p.172.
‘women are “physically ruined”’: quoted in Jiao, p.24.
‘the women of Ladakh’: Norberg Hodge, 2000, pp.57–8; also the video based on the book, 1993.
‘The Dards, also known as Brokpa…or Minaro’: The Dards may be either the descendants of the Minaro, or an immigrant people who adopted the indigenous Minaro customs.
‘once they dominated most of Ladakh’: Lamayuru, an ancient monastery just south of Mulbekh, is said to have been a Dard colony (or possibly a Bon settlement) before it became Buddhist. In the twentieth century there were still Dards in central Ladakh, and Rohit Vohra, who studied Dard culture in the 1980s, was of the opinion that ‘if one scratches beneath the surface one will discover archaic Dard customs’ (1989a, p.36).
‘the “small chip between the legs of the female figure”’: Pande, p.135.
‘a full three thousand years before Harappa’: This corroborates earlier guesses: ‘the megalith site of Burzahom…yielded great numbers of artificially flaked stones, among which were flakes and cores reminiscent of palaeolithic technique’(de Terra and Paterson, p.233).
‘Dard groups still exist’: Vohra, 1982, p.69.
‘in the Home Minister’s hands’: www.bjp.org/today/june_0203/june_2_p_25.htm
‘Angered at this insult she turned her back’: Francke, 1914, p.107.
‘a “phallus-shaped rock”’: http://kargil.gov.in/tourism/monastery.htm
‘they mistook some of the more sensuous Buddha statues for depictions of women’: Francke disagreed with Cunningham about the sculptures at Dras. The former thought they were Maitreya Buddhas; the latter, nuns. See Francke, 1914, p.105.
‘Not all these giants, it seems, were male’: Francke, 1905, p.95.
‘the original matriarchal religion had gradually been superseded’: The religion whose traces Peissel observed may have been that of Bon, with its demons, gods and goddesses. They were Bon deities whom Padmasambhava ‘subdued’ during his tour of Ladakh and Tibet in the eighth century CE.
‘the longest local record of polyandrous marriages’: Vohra, 1989a, p.110.
‘polyandry, monogamy, polygyny’: Vohra, 1989b, p.25.
‘was in truth so sexually explicit’: Vohra, 1989b, p.99.
‘Palaeolithic stone tools were also found here’: There are also small, neat carvings of bent-legged hunters, like drafts of the Matisse-like hunters from Gakuch (which in their Pakistani context seemed so rare).
‘At Domkhar further east, where the river narrows’: Francke described how the Dards used to make bridges: ‘They fasten several beams to the bank in such a way that they project into the river. After a short time they are frozen in an encrustation of ice of such solidity that it is possible to walk on them as far as the outer end. Then several more beams are fastened to the first…and so on, until the other bank is reached’ (1907a, p.157). Laurianne Bruneau, who is writing a PhD on rock carvings in Ladakh, showed me a photograph of a giant carving even further east, at Stakna in central Ladakh. She believes it may have been recently destroyed by bridge-building in the area. See Vernier, p.50.
‘a Palaeolithic site carbon-dated to the fifth millennium BCE’: Fonia.
12: The Disappearing River
‘“There is a plain in Asia”’: Herodotus, tr. Rawlinson, pp.273–4.
‘their falling water tables’: Monbiot.
‘“the Ganden Palace, victorious in all directions”’: Bertsch, p.34.
‘many nomads died’: see World Tibet Network News, 28 December 1994.
‘“winter of genocide”’: Allen, p.6.
‘polyandry…is today on the increase in Tibet’: Jiao.
‘orogenic, flysch, zircon, gneiss’: ‘mountain-forming’ ‘a series of tertiary strata…consisting of slates, marls, and fucoidal sandstones’ ‘a native silicate of zirconium, occurring in tetragonal crystals, variously coloured, red, yellow, brown, green, etc.’ ‘a metamorphic rock, composed, like granite, of feldspar or orthoclase, and mica, but distinguished from it by its foliated or laminated structure’ (OED).
‘some thirty to forty-five million years ago’: Peter D. Clift speculates that the proto-Indus river was formed at least forty-five million years ago (p.254); John R. Shroder Jr and Michael P. Bishop estimate thirty million years (in Meadows and Meadows, eds, p.243).
‘the “oldest known river” in the region’: Clift, p.237.
‘International Flyway Number 4’: Muhammad Farooq Ahmad in Meadows and Meadows, eds, p.9.
‘sea birds, river birds, marsh birds…’: Mubashir Hasan, p.xvi.
‘In their annual migrations’: Dorst, p.376.
‘the soul journeying to God’: Pauwels, p.34.
‘claws of migrating cranes’: I. Ansari, p.155.
‘the migration out of Africa’: Oppenheimer, map.
‘saraansh: flowing for ever’: Das, p.34; kindly translated for me from the Sindhi and Sanskrit by Gian Chand. Sarana, ‘causing to go or flow’: Monier-Williams, p.1109.
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For a full Bibliography of all works consulted during the writing of this book please go to www.empiresoftheindus.co.uk
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