by Will Durant
4. Récit de Marguerite Périer (Pascal’s niece), in Robertson, Freethought, II, 121n.
5. Day, Ninon, 211.
6. Smith, P., Modern Culture, I, 407.
7. In Vartanian, 57.
8. In Fellows and Torrey, Age of the Enlightenment, 23.
9. Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics, in Robinson, D.S., Anthology of Modern Philosophy, 227–34.
10. Sévigné, Letter of August 4, 1680.
11. Faguet, Dix-septième Siècle, 77.
12. Robinson, H., Bayle, 46.
13. Ibid., 19.
14. Bayle, Pensées diverses sur la comète, Ch. 100, in Fellows and Torrey, 69.
15. Ch. 25, in Robinson, Bayle, 91.
16. Ch. 141, in Fellows and Torrey, 73.
17. Ch. 172, ibid., 75.
18. Luke xiv, 16–23.
19. Bayle, Selections, xiv.
20. In Robinson, Bayle, 83.
21. Hazard, 93.
22. Disraeli, Curiosities, II, 391–92.
23. In Robinson, Bayle, 236.
24. Disraeli, II, 393.
25. Bayle, Selections, 173 (article “Manichees.”).
26. Ibid., 8–25 (article “Adam”) and 157–83, (“Manichees”); Robinson, Bayle, 208–212.
27. Selections, 208 (article “Pyrrho”).
28. Ibid., 209.
29. 210.
30. 204 (article “Abdas”).
31. 205 (“Pyrrho”).
32. Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, 15.
33. Selections, 211 (“Pyrrho”).
34. Ibid., 214 (“Pyrrho”) and 177 (“Manichees”).
35. In Faguet, 18.
36. Ibid., 10.
37. Havens, Age of Ideas, 35.
38. Hazard, 444.
39. Havens, 37.
40. Selections, Introd., xx.
41. Robinson, H., Bayle, 274.
42. Selections, Introd., xxx.
43. Faguet, 6.
44. Selections, Introd., xxvii.
45. Faguet, 6.
46. Robinson, Bayle, 294.
47. Noyes, A., Voltaire, 470.
48. Faguet, 54.
49. In Fellows and Torrey, 62.
50. Fontenelle, Origine des fables.
51. Fellows and Torrey, 43.
52. Ibid., 60.
53. Ibid., 44–46.
54. Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, 215.
55. In Lanfrey, Historie politique des papes, II, 138.
56. In Bell, Men of Mathematics, p. xix.
57. Bury, J.B., The Idea of Progress, 108.
58. Desnoiresterres, III, 239.
59. In Faguet, 21.
60. Havens, 60.
61. Aldis, Mme. Geoffrin, 25.
62. Ibid., 30; Havens, 62.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Kayser, Spinoza, 41.
2. Maimonides, Guide to the Perplexed, I, Introd.; II, Props. 37–46; III, Props. 22, 30, etc.
3. Ibid., II, pp. 17f.
4. II, Prop. 2, Introd.; Zeitlin, Maimonides, 151.
5. Jewish Encyclopedia, VIII, 29.
6. Martin, H., Louis XIV, I, 403.
7. Lucas, Life of Spinoza, in Clark, Great Short Biographies, 718.
8. Ibid., 719.
9. 720.
10. Graetz, History of the Jews, V, 93.
11. Ibid.
12. Lucas, 720.
13. Graetz, V, 94.
14. Lucas, 722.
15. Wolf, A., in Spinoza, Correspondence, 49.
16. Kayser, 137.
17. Spinoza, Correspondence, 146, Letter XIX.
18. Spinoza, Ethics, Part IV, Prop. 45, Scholium II.
19. Waxman, History of Jewish Literature, II, 263.
20. Bayle, Selections, 305.
21. Spinoza, On the Improvement of the Intellect, Nos. 1–10.
22. Ibid., Nos. 13 and 41.
23. No. 16.
24. Roth, Leon, Spinoza, p. 25.
25. Brunschvigg, L., Spinoza et ses contemporains, p. 138.
26. Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Pref.
27. Ibid., Ch. ix.
28. Ch. ii, p. 33.
29. Ch. i, p. 24.
30. Ch. vi, p. 92.
31. Ch. xiv, p. 186.
32. Ibid., p. 189.
33. Ch. vii, p. 118.
34. Ch. xix, p. 245.
35. Preface, p. 5.
36. Ibid., p. 8.
37. In Kayser, 202.
38. Correspondence, 348 (Letter LXXV).
39. Tractatus, Ch. i, p. 18.
40. Kayser, 247.
41. Meyer, R. W., Leibniz and the 17th-Century Revolution, 47.
42. Ibid., 46.
43. Kayser, 168–69.
44. Ibid., 231.
45. Bayle, Selections, 305–6.
46. Brunschvigg, 140.
47. Ibid., 146.
48. Lucas, in Clark, 724.
49. Kayser, 249–51.
50. Putnam, Censorship of the Church of Rome, II, 255.
51. Correspondence, Letter XLVIII.
52. Lucas, 725.
53. Brunschvigg, 141.
54. Kayser, 262–65; Enc. Brit., XXI, 234b.
55. Lucas, 725.
56. Correspondence, Letter 1.
57. Bayle, Selections, 306.
58. Ibid., 307.
59. Spinoza, Ethics, iv, 50, scholium.
60. Correspondence, Letter LXV.
61. Letter LXVII.
62. Ibid.
63. Letter LXXVI.
64. Letter LXXIX.
65. Letter VI.
66. Letter VII.
67. Letter LXVIII.
68. Kayser, 298.
69. Bayle, Selections, 308.
70. Letter IX.
71. Ethics, i, 8; Scholium II.
72. Ibid., i; Definition IV.
73. ii, 13, scholium.
74. On the Improvement of the Intellect, Nos. 99–101.
75. Ethics, i, 15.
76. Letter LIV.
77. Tractatus, p. 65.
78. Ethics, v, 17.
79. Ibid., i, 8; Scholium 11.
80. Cf. Wolfson, H., Philosophy of Spinoza, II, 158.
81. Letter XXXII; Ethics, ii, 11, corollary.
82. Ethics, i, 17, note.
83. Ibid., i, 31.
84. Ibid., 18.
85. Letter LXXV.
86. Ethics, i, 32, Corollary 1.
87. Tractatus, pp. 44, 92.
88. Ethics, i, appendix.
89. Tractatus, p. 202.
90. Letter LIV.
91. Ethics, i, appendix.
92. Letter LXXIII.
93. Including Wolfson, H., II, 348.
94. Letter XIX.
95. Letter XXX.
96. Ethics, v, 24.
97. ii, 13.
98. iii, 2, scholium.
99. Ibid.
100. ii, 12.
101. Ibid.
102. ii, 17–18.
103. ii, 26.
104. ii, 21.
105. ii, 48, scholium; Letter 11.
106. Ethics, ii, 49.
107. iii, 2, scholium
108. ii, 49, corollary.
109. iii, Definition 1.
110. ii, 48.
111. i, appendix.
112. Letter LVIII.
113. Ethics, i, appendix.
114. iii, 6–7.
115. i, 34.
116. i, appendix.
117. iv, Definition vii.
118. v, 20, scholium.
119. iv, 20, 22, corollary.
120. iv, 18, scholium.
121. Ibid.
122. iii, 59.
123. iii, 9, scholium.
124. iv, Definition I
125. iii, appendix.
126. iii, 11, scholium; iv, 59.
127. iii, appendix.
128. Nietzsche, Antichrist, No. 2.
129. Ethics, iv, 45, scholium; iv, 50, 53–54.
130. iv, 42, 45, Scholium 11.
131. iii, Definiti
on III.
132. iii, Introd.
133. v, 3, corollary.
134. Müller, Johannes, Physiologie des Menschen (1840), II, 543–48.
135. Ethics, iii, 1, corollary.
136. iii, 59, scholium.
137. iv, 7.
138. iv, 51, scholium; 58, scholium.
139. iii, 59; Definition xxvii.
140. iv, 67.
141. iii, 12, scholium.
142. v, 21.
143. v, 34, scholium.
144. v, 29, scholium.
145. v, 23.
146. v, 31, scholium.
147. v, 3.
148. v, 6.
149. iv, 26.
150. ii, end.
151. iv, 68.
152. iv, 50, scholium.
153. iv, appendix, xiii.
154. iv, 73.
155. iv, 46.
156. iv, 48, scholium.
157. E.g., Bidney, Psychology and Ethics of Spinoza, 246.
158. Ethics, iv, 14.
159. Ibid., iii, appendix, Definition VI.
160. Improvement of the Intellect, Introd.
161. Ethics, iv, 28.
162. Tractatus Politicus, i, 4.
163. Ibid., ii, 8.
164. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Ch. xvi, p. 201; Tractatus Politicus, ii, 4.
165. Ethics iv, 37, Scholium 1.
166. Tractatus Politicus, vi, 1.
167. Ethics, iv, 20, 22.
168. Ibid., 35, scholium; 73.
169. Tractatus Politicus, i, 5.
170. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Ch. xx, p. 259.
171. Tractatus Politicus, vi, 4.
172. lbid., xi, 2.
173. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Ch. xxvii.
174. Ibid.
175. Tract. Pol., xi, 4.
176. Ibid., vii, 17.
177. Ethics, iv, appendix, 17.
178. Tract. Pol., vi, 12.
179. In Bevan and Singer, Legacy of Israel, 451.
180. Wolfson, H., Spinoza, II, 233f.
181. Letter to Hugo Boxel, in Correspondence, 290.
182. Jewish Encyclopedia, XI, 517.
183. Ethics, iii, preface; v, preface.
184. Tract. Pol., x, 1; v, 7.
185. Oldenburg to Spinoza, in Correspondence, Letter III.
186. Uberweg, History of Philosophy, II, 64–74.
187. Bayle, article “Spinoza.”
188. Jewish Enc., XI, 519.
189. Ethics, v, 36.
190. Garland, Lessing, 174.
191. Brandes, G., Main Currents of 19th-Century Literature, I, 170; III, 257; IV, 75.
192. Robertson, Freethought, II, 168.
193. Hume, Treatise on Human Nature, Book I, Part iv, No. 5; Vol. I, pp. 228–29.
194. Froude, Short Studies in Great Subjects, I, 219–67.
195. Arnold, Matthew, “Spinoza,” in Essays in Criticism.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Dunning, Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu, 321.
2. Robertson, Freethought, II, 296.
3. Ibid., 298.
4. Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding, Introd., pp. 52 and 93; Philosophical Writings, 154, 166.
5. Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, 192.
6. Meyer, Leibniz and the 17th-Century Revolution, 50.
7. Spengler, I, 42.
8. Mahan, A. T., Influence of Sea Power in History, 107.
9. Russell, Bertrand, Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 6n.; Camb. Mod. History, V, 717.
10. Ibid., 718; Meyer, 86.
11. Dampier, History of Science, 175; Camb. Mod. History, V, 717.
12. Wolf, A., in Spinoza, Correspondence, 47.
13. Enc. Brit., XIII, 885c.
14. Jordan, G. J., Reunion of the Churches: A Study of G. W. Leibnitz and His Great Attempt, 42.
15. Meyer, 162.
16. Leibniz, Theodicy, 71.
17. Jordan, 36.
18. Robertson, Freethought, II, 300.
19. Piat, in Kayser, Spinoza, 206.
20. Russell, Critical Exposition, vii.
21. Meyer, 133.
22. Ibid., 77.
23. Hazard, Critical Years, 223.
24. Jordan, 81–91.
25. Ibid., 97.
26. Hazard, 224.
27. Kesten, H., Copernicus and His World, 400.
28. Hazard, 228.
29. Ibid., 234.
30. 230; Martin, H., Histoire de France, XIV, 292.
31. Hazard, 231.
32. Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, I, 417, in Smith, P., Modern Culture, I, 318.
33. New Essays, Preface, p. 42.
34. Locke, Essay, II, i, 2.
35. Aristotle, De anima, III, 4.
36. Leibniz, New Essays, Book II, Ch. i, p. 111.
37. Ibid.
38. Preface, p. 43.
39. I, i, pp. 71, 81.
40. Locke, Essay, II, 21.
41. Leibniz, New Essays, I, ii, pp. 88, 95.
42. Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, 16.
43. Leibniz, Monadology, Nos. 28–30; New Essays, Preface, p. 44.
44. Leibniz-Clarke, 16.
45. New Essays, I, ii, p. 94.
46. I, iii, p. 104.
47. II, i, p. III.
48. II, i, p. 117.
49. Überweg, II, 107; Meyer, 152.
50. A. G. Langley in Leibniz, New Essays. p. 101n.
51. Monadology, No. 66.
52. Leibniz, Système nouveau, in Überweg, II, 109.
53. Walt Whitman.
54. Monadology, No. 9.
55. Ibid., No. II.
56. Nos. 18, 70.
57. Letter to Christian Wolff, in Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, p. 83.
58. Monadology, No. 63.
59. Principles of Nature and Grace, No. 4.
60. Monadology, No. 72.
61. Ibid., No. 78.
62. No. 81.
63. Leibniz, Explanation of the New System, in Cassirer, 111.
64. Letter of Mar. 3, 1696, in Philosophical Writings, 115.
65. Introd. to the Theodicy, 47.
66. Monadology, No. 41; Theodicy, p. 74.
67. New Essays, Preface, p. 52; Monadology, No. 77.
68. Theodicy, p. 378.
69. Ibid.
70. Monadology, No. 69.
71. Philosophical Writings, 40.
72. Theodicy, 134.
73. Ibid., 379.
74. Principles of Nature and Grace, No. 10.
75. Letter to Bayle, 1702, in Introd. to the Theodicy, 47.
76. Couturat, Opuscules . . . de Leibniz, p. 590, in Joseph, H. W., Lectures on the Philosophy of Leibniz, 44.
77. Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, x, xiv.
78. Meyer, 97f.
79. New Essays, III, vi, p. 333.
80. Preface, 50.
81. Letter to Guhrauer in Monadology, 38.
82. Wolf, A., History of Science . . . in the 16th and 17th Centuries, 391; History of Science . . . in the 18th Century, 352.
83. Leibniz, Protogaea, in Locy, Growth of Biology, 256.
84. Ibid.
85. 257.
86. Meyer, 103.
87. Maverick, L. A., China a Model for Europe, 14.
88. Russell, B., History of Western Philosophy, 591; Newman, J. R., World of Mathematics, III, 1861.
89. Brewster, Newton, II, 215.
90. Hazard, 234.
91. Meyer, 164.
92. Ibid., 126.
93. Saw, Ruth, Leibniz, 147.
94. Meyer, 152.
95. In Robinson, Bayle, 268.
96. Hazard, 303.
97. Spengler, I, 42.
98. New Essays, II, xvi, p. 534.
99. Ibid., IV, xvi, p. 535.
100. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 148.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Boulenger, Seventeenth Century, 242.
2. Cruttwell, Mme. de Maintenon, 189.
3. Ibid., 186.
5. Saint-Simon, III, 12.
6. Ibid., 13.
7. Acton, Lectures, 244.
8. Martin, H., Louis XIV, I, 552; Michelet, V, 127–28.
9. Saint-Simon, III, 12.
10. Ibid., 11.
11. Macaulay, History, II, 475.
12. Martin, I, 535.
13. Ibid., II, 64.
14. Michelet, V, 16.
15. Benoist, Coysevox, 37.
16. Michelet, V, 6.
17. Boulenger, 239.
18. Martin, II, 65.
19. Voltaire, Louis XIV, 302.
20. Michelet, V, 39.
21. Clark, Seventeenth Century, 72.
22. Enc. Brit., III, 242a.
23. Voltaire, 148.
24. Ibid., 149.
25. Ogg, Europe in the 17th Century, 314.
26. Martin, II, 106.
27. Voltaire, 157.
28. Enc. Brit., XIV, 923a. Sir Winston Churchill’s gallant attempt to exonerate his ancestor is not convincing; cf. his Marlborough, II, 328, 373–86.
29. Nussbaum, Economic Institutions, 108.
30. Martin, II, 288.
31. Tocqueville, L’Ancien Régime, 179, Book III, Ch. iv.
32. Guérard, Life and Death of an Ideal, 208; Havens, The Age of Ideas, 52.
33. Cruttwell, 201.
34. Lewis, Splendid Century, 31.
35. Michelet, V, 14–15.
36. Ibid., 36–37.
37. Camb. Mod. History, V, 349.
38. Ibid., 378.
39. Ogg, 266.
40. Professor Wolfgang Michael in Camb. Mod. History, V, 393.
41. Martin, II, 314.
42. Camb. Mod. History, V, 394.
43. Ibid.
44. 395; Martin, II, 317.
45. Voltaire, 310; Camb. Mod. History, V, 396; Martin, II, 318n.
46. Chesterfield, Letter of May 31, 1752.
47. Martin, II, 325.
48. Ogg, 267; Camb. Mod. History, V, 401.
49. Boulenger, 291.
50. Voltaire, 186.
51. Mahan, 204; Ogg, 268; Camb. Mod. History, V, 398–9.
52. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 9.
53. Martin, II, 335.
54. Voltaire, 330.
55. Guizot, History of France, IV, 373.
56. Voltaire, 219.
57. Saint-Simon, I, 370.
58. Michelet, V, 86.
59. Funck - Brentano, .L’Ancien .Régime, 410; Lacroix, Paul, Eighteenth Century, 80.
60. Camb. Mod. History, V, 30.
61. Saint-Simon, I, 372.
62. Martin, II, 431.
63. Saint-Simon, II, 61.
64. Boulenger, 306.
65. Saint-Simon, II, 262.
66. Martin, II, 447.
67. Ibid., 448.
68. Voltaire, 229.
69. Ibid., 230.
70. Churchill, English-speaking Peoples, III, 68.
71. Saint-Simon, II, 68.
72. Lacroix, Eighteenth Century, 22.
73. Boulenger, 307.
74. Ibid.
75. Saint-Simon, II, 166.
76. Ibid., 67.