by Will Durant
dissolved by Cromwell, 190
divorce laws, 222–23
episcopacy controversy, 218
House of Lords abolished (1649), 183
and Jews, 459, 460, 461
Milton’s participation in, 218, 222–24, 226
Pride’s Purge (1648), 183, 187, 192, 193
public discontent with, 184
restrictions on press and pulpit, 189, 224, 226
Rump (1648–53), 183, 202, 203
and Scottish revolt, 187–89
taxation, 183
UNDER CROMWELL (1653–58): 198–99, 231
and army, 192
Cromwell named Lord Protector, 191
dissolutions, 192, 193, 230
nominated (“Barebone’s”) P., 190–91
INTERREGNUM (1658–60): 202, 205
and army, power struggle with, 203
dissolved by Monck, 203–4
Milton opposes recall of Charles, 232–33
royalist P. elected (1660), 205
UNDER CHARLES II (1660–85): 234, 261, 333
amnesty debate, 245–46
and Anglican Church, 247, 252–53
anti-Catholic laws, 251, 278–79, 281, 282
“Cavalier P.” (1661–79), 246, 282
commercial, industrial interests, 258–59, 261, 276
“Convention P.,” 244–46, 252
corruption and bribery in, 273, 280
dissolutions, 246, 282, 284, 285
and Dutch Wars, 43, 276–77, 278
Exclusion bills, 282–85
passim; impeachments, 277, 282
and King, peaceful relations with, 247, 276
and King, quarrels with, 252–53, 256, 259, 276–79
passim, 282–85
passim; “Oxford P.” (1681), 284–285
and royal prerogative, 246–47
and taxation jurisdiction, 245
“Whig P.” (1679), 282
UNDER JAMES II (1685–88): 290–94, 299
anti-Catholic legislation, 290 (see also Test Act)
“Convention” at Coventry, 297, 300, 301
and Declarations of Indulgence, 292, 293, 294
and legislative supremacy, 288
William III invited to throne, 297–98
UNDER WILLIAM III (1689–1702): 302, 304, 692, 705
anti-Catholic legislation, 302, 303
“Convention P.” (1689), 297
corruption and bribery, 305, 581
and Irish govt., 303
and King, conflicts with, 305
religious toleration measures (1689, 1696), 301–2
UNDER ANNE (1702–14): 309, 351
declaration of war on France (1702), 706
and Hanoverian succession, 310
and Marlborough indictment, 309–10
power struggle with ministries, 307, 310
parliamentary union with Scotland (1707), 308
HOUSE OF LORDS: 226, 281, 282, 284
abolition of (1649), 183
Church legislation, 218, 252–253
Commons lessens power of, 247
punishment of Commonwealth men, 245
re-establishment of (1660), 205, 246
Scottish members, 308
parliamentary privilege vs. royal prerogative, 245–47, 276–79, 285, 288, 289, 292–94, 298–99, 305, 307, 310–11, 565, 581, 582
Parthenon, Athens, 162, 424, 657
Partridge, John (1644–1715), 352
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 55–67, 75, 80, 129, 153, 163, 312, 374, 670
and atmospheric pressure, 56, 511
and barometer, 56, 498
on belief as a wise wager, 65, 251
and binomial theorem, 533*, and Boileau, 66, 148, 149
and calculus, 57, 499, 500
and casuistry of Jesuits, 47, 48, 59–60, 85
computing machine of, 56, 662
death of, 67
and Descartes, 56, 511, 599
“The heart has its reasons,” 64, 148, 529
and Jansenism, 50, 57–60, 69
joins Port-Royal, 59
on religion and reason, 62–66, 602
Pascal, Étienne (d. 1651), 55–57
passim , 496
Pascal, Gilberte, see Périer, Gilberte Pascal
Pascal, Jacqueline (1626–61), 55–58
passim , 67
Passau, bishopric of, 423
Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), 520
Paterson, William (1658–1719), 304
Patin, Guy (1601–72), 527
Patkul, Johann Reinhold von (1660–1701), 369, 374, 383, 385
Patriarcha, or The Natural Power of Kings Asserted (Filmer), 253, 579
Paul, Saint (d. 67), 53, 78, 128, 209, 476
Peace of the Church (1668–79), 68
peasantry: Dutch, 166
in England, 22, 258, 299, 303
in France, 21–22, 26, 44, 73, 82, 160, 708–9
in Germany, 22
in Ottoman Empire, 426
in Poland, 371, 374
in Russia, 375, 383, 392, 400, 404, 405
in Spain, 707
in Sweden, 366
Peasants’ War (Germany, 1524–25), 80
Pecquet, Jean (1622–74), 522
Pédant joué, Le (Cyrano de Bergerac), 600
Pedro II, King of Portugal (r. 1683–1706), 446
Pelagian heresy, 55
Pembroke College, Cambridge, 265
Penn, Admiral Sir William (1621–70), 200, 255, 256
Penn, William (1644–1718), 255–56, 291, 416
Pennsylvania colony, 256, 259
penny post service, 275
Pensées de M. Pascal . . . , 62–65, 80, 129
Pensées diverses sur la comète (Bayle), 606
Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703), 166, 266, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 329, 332–35
and Newton, 544, 545
and Royal Society, 335, 495, 539
and surgery, 333, 528
quoted on Charles II’s court, 248–49, 250, 271
on Dryden, 322, 326
on Harrison execution, 245
on London Fire (1666), 266
on the plague, 261, 262
Pereslavl, Lake, 378
Pereyaslav, Poland, 467
Pericles (d. 429 B.C.), 87, 161, 657
Périer, Florin, (fl. 1648), 56
Périer, Gilberte Pascal (1620–87), 55, 66
Périer, Marguerite (d. 1733), 61
Périgord, 81, 708
Péronne, 717
Pernau (Parnu), 384
Perpignan, 504
Perrault, Charles (1628–1703), 78, 91, 161–62
Perrault, Claude (1613–88), 23, 161, 496, 498, 524
Perrault, Pierre (1608–80), 507
Perrin, Pierre (1620–75), 33
Persia, 409, 509
Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus: A.D.34–A.D. 62), 327
Perpetual Edict (Holland, 1667), 175
Pertharite (Corneille), 131
Pesaro, Italy, 439
Peter I the Great, Czar of Russia (r. 1682–1725), 377–83, 391–410, 414
army and navy built by, 383, 397
birth of, 377
character of, 391–93
childhood and education, 377–378, 391
coup d’état of, 378
court of, 393–94
death of, 409
and Jews, 468–69
Persian campaign of, 409
portraits of, 405
and religion, 379, 382, 393, 399, 404
ships, interest in, 379, 380–82, 383, 401
and son Alexis, 406–8
and stepsister Sophia, 377, 378, 382–83, 398
and Streltsi massacre, 382–383, 392
Sweden, war with, 369, 383–90, 405
travels to West, 380–82, 405–6, 407, 520, 677
and Turks, 379, 383, 388
and Westernization of Russia, 378, 379, 381–82, 393, 397–404, 406, 409, 410
and women, 39
4–95
Peter Petrovich (d. 1719), 407, 408
Petersburg, Russia, see St. Petersburg
Petit, Vincent (goldsmith: 17th cent.), 95
petites écoles, 52, 61, 69, 486
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca: 1304–74), 220
Petre, Sir Edward (1631–99), 280, 288, 291, 293
Petty, Sir William (1623–87), 187, 257, 497, 502
Phaedrus (1st cent.), 145
Phalaris (c. 570–c. 554 B.C.), 491
pharmacopeia, 524, 526
Phèdre (Racine), 128, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143
Phèdre et Hippolyte (Pradon), 139
Pheidias (c. 490–432 B.C.), 162
Phélypaux, Louis, see Pontchartrain, Seigneur de
Philip II, King of Spain (r. 1556–98), 436, 451, 460
Philip III, King of Spain (r. 1598–1621), 12, 455, 699
Philip IV, King of Spain (r. 1621–65), 11, 34, 42, 200, 699
Philip V, King of Spain (r. 1700–46
earlier, Duke of Anjou), 437, 449, 453, 701–5, 708, 710–14
passim, 716
Philippine Islands, 699
Philippsburg, Palatinate, fortress of, 692
Philosopher of Rotterdam Accused . . . (Jurieu), 612
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton), see Principia Mathematica
Philosophiae Sacrae Scripturae interpres (Meyer), 623
Philosophical Commentary . . . (Bayle), 484, 607–8, 613
Philosophical Considerations touching Witches and Witchcraft (Glanvill), 482
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, The, 497, 498
Philosophie de Newton, La (Voltaire), 536
philosophy, 55, 128, 311, 351, 492, 529, 539, 548–597, 598–619, 678
of aesthetics, 592–93
and censorship, 483
of church and state, 557–59, 591, 606, 628–29
definition of, 550, 598
of government and law, 548, 554–57, 563, 564–566, 579–83, 612, 650–53, 658–60
of history, 78
Leibniz’, 667–75, 678–79
and religion, conflict with, 59, 63–66, 118, 474, 478, 566–572, 588–89, 591, 598–99, 612, 613, 629
and religion, reconciliations, 571–75, 588–89, 593–597, 599, 602–5, 629–30, 636–41, 656, 660, 664–667, 669–75
Spinoza’s, 620–57
phosphorus, 516
physics, 495–99
passim, 501, 509–15, 528, 529, 534–36, 547
Physiologie des Menschen (Müller), 646
physiology, 522–24 , 495, 500, 528
Pia desideria (Spener), 416
Picard, Jean (1620–82), 503, 513, 538
Piedmont, massacre of Vaudois (Waldensians) in, 73, 194, 232, 430
Pietism, 53, 83, 167, 485, 660
origin of name, 416
Pignerol (Pinerolo), fortress of, 19
Pigot, Thomas (fl. 1673), 513
Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 210–11 , 360
Pinto, David (fl. 1650), 458
Piotrków province, Poland, 467
Piryatin, Poland, 467
Pisa, Italy, 434, 455
Pistoia, Italy, 431
Pitti Gallery, Florence, 434
Pitt, William, the Elder, Earl of Chatham (1708–78), 337
Pius V, Saint (Michele Ghislieri), Pope (r. 1566–72), 430, 456, 457
plague, 261, 262, 456, 467, 525, 526, 528, 536
Plaideurs, Les (Racine), 137
Plain Dealer, The (Wycherley), 316
Plaisirs de l’île enchantée, Les (Molière), 114
Plan for the English Commerce, A (Defoe), 338
Plato (427–347 B.C.), 193, 218, 570, 653, 654, 657, 667, 678
Platonists, English, see Cambridge Platonists
Plautus, Titus Maccius (c. 255–184 B.C), 108, 124
Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus: A.D. 23–79), 607
Pliny the Younger (Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus: A.D. 62?–C. 113), 607
Plunket, Oliver, Archbishop of Armagh (1629–81), 280, 283
Plutarch (46?–120?), 570
Pococke, Edward (1604–91), 492
Poitou, dragonnades in, 71–72
Poland, 369–74, 466
Cossack rebellion against, 366, 370
and Jews, 464–68
and Russia, 370–371, 409
and Socinians, 167
and Sweden, 366, 367, 369, 372, 374, 383, 385, 387, 467
and the Turks, 371–74, 422–25
Political Arithmetic (Petty), 502
Political History of the Devil (Defoe), 338
Polo, Marco (1254?–1324), 304*
Polonnoye, Poland, 467
Polotsk, Poland, 468
Poltava, battle of, 387, 397
Polyeucte (Corneille), 143
polygamy, 78, 238, 324–25, 411
Pomerania, 367, 369, 387, 412
Pommereux, Mme. de, 11
Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462–1525), 628
Pomponne, Simon Arnaud, Marquis de (1618–1699), 662
Pondicherry, 699
Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, Seigneur de (1643–1727), 691, 693, 697–98, 701
Pontchâteau, Baron de, 52
Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), 271, 307, 311, 316, 323, 330, 492, 529, 591
French influence on, 148, 312
and Addison, 345, 346
and Swift, 352, 354, 356, 358
his epitaph for Newton, 546
“proper study of mankind,” 587
pope, infallibility of, 49, 55
“Popish Plot” Terror, 256, 280–84, 287, 300
Pöppelmann, Matthäus Daniel (1682–1736), 418
population growth, 502
porcelain, 93, 95, 419
Porta, Giambattista della (1538?–1615), 517
Port Mahon, Minorca, 715
Port-Royal, 10, 47, 50–53, 61, 81, 83, 96, 146, 149, 153, 156, 486
and Jansenism, 48, 54–55, 67
miraculous cure at, 61
nuns dispersed, abbey razed, 68
Pascal and, 57, 58–59, 62
Racine and, 69, 133–34, 139–42
passim
Portsmouth, Duchess of, see Kéroualle, Louise Renée de
Portsmouth, England, 246, 248
Portugal, 25, 248, 446–48, 454, 457, 702, 706
Possoshkov, Ivan (d. 1726), 404
Post Boy, The (newspaper), 313
Postman, The (newspaper), 342
Potocki, Waclaw (1622?–97), 374
Potsdam, Edict of (1685), 414
pottery, Dutch, 168
Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 90, 96, 97, 98, 170, 171, 435
Powell, Mary, see Milton, Mary Powell
Powell, Richard (d. 1646), 222–24, 242
Powis, William Herbert, 1st Marquis of (1617–96), 280
Poznań, Poland, 465, 467
Pozzo, Andrea dal (1642–1709), 435
Pradon, Nicolas (1632–98), 139
Prague, 418, 464, 525
Prandtauer, Jakob (1658–1726), 418, 427
Praxiteles (fl. 340 B.C.), 99, 162
Précieuses ridicules, Les (Molière), 31, 108–9, 148, 150
predestinarianism, see free will
Presbyterians, English, 184, 193–94, 204, 222–23, 246, 252, 301, 328–29, 590
excluded from Parliament (1648, 1660), 183, 193, 203–4
opposition of to other sects, 198, 218–19, 254, 256, 278
Restoration policies toward, 253, 278, 292
Presbyterians, Scottish, 183, 187, 188, 194, 218
pressure cooker, 517
Pride, Thomas (d. 1658), 183, 193, 203
Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804), 516
Primaticcio, Francesco (1504–70), 99
Princesse de Clèves, La (La Fayette), 150–51, 158
Principia Mathematica (Newton), 311, 359, 491, 492, 504–5, 511, 531, 533, 534, 539, 540–543, 544, 546, 657
Principles of First P
hilosophy (Descartes), 673
Principles of Human Knowledge, The (Berkeley), 542, 594
Prior, Matthew (1664–1721), 312, 327, 353, 437
Prix de Rome, 88
probabilism, doctrine of, 47–48, 59
probabilities, calculus of, 57, 499
Processus Integri (Sydenham), 527
Propositiones de Motu (Newton), 539
Propylaea, Athens, 424
Pro se Defensio (Milton), 232
prostitution, 17, 28, 29, 525
Protestantism and Protestants, 70–71, 85, 179, 200, 367, 432, 483, 493, 606, 608
Bossuet’s history of, 80–81, 85
and Catholicism, struggle against, 75, 85, 329, 423
and Catholicism, unity with (proposed), 432, 664–67
in England, 329, 715, see also Anglican Church, Dissenters, Presbyterians, Puritans, Quakers
of Europe, united against France, 75, 85, 279, 305
in France, 23, 49, 232, 430, see also Huguenots
in Germany, 71, 75, 80, 413–16
passim, 422, 432, 464, 483, 664–67, see also Lutherans
in Hungary, 421, 423
in Ireland, 186, 187, 303
in Italy, 430
in Poland, 366, 374
in Scotland, 189, see also Presbyterians
in Spain, 449
in United Provinces, 71, 164, 167, 175, 279, see also Calvinists
and War of Spanish Succession, 75, 305, 713, 715
protocol, 28, 32
Protogaea (Leibniz), 676
protozoa, 520–21
Provence, 152, 710
Provincial Letters (Pascal), 47, 55, 59–60, 61, 67, 79, 85, 117, 129, 149
Provoked Wife, The (Vanbrugh), 317–18
Prussia, 387, 389, 412–15, 706
see also Brandenburg
Prut, Treaty of the (1711), 388
Prynne, William (1600–69), 462
Pskov, 375
psychology, 588, 593, 599, 603, 669
Hobbes’s, 550–53, 562
Leibniz’, 667–69, 678
Locke’s, 551, 579, 581, 583–88, 667–69
Spinoza’s, 643
Psyché (tragedy-ballet), 125
“psychosomatic” theory, 524
Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632–94), 658–59
Puget, Pierre (1622–94), 100–1
Pulchérie (Corneille), 132
Purcell, Daniel, 268
Purcell, Henry (1658–95), 33, 250, 267–68
Puritans, 196, 252, 290, 328, 329, 343, 416, 566
Anglican persecution of, 254, 301
attitude on arts, books, recreation, 195, 207–8, 266
and Bible, 194–95, 207
and Charles II, 246, 252
in Commonwealth, 183, 190, 244
intolerant of other churches, 187, 193–94, 198–199, 256, 272, 560
and Declarations of Indulgence, 278, 292
and the Jews, 459–62, 470
and Milton, 212, 218–20, 226, 242
and morality, 195, 207, 268, 273
Root and Branch faction of, 218
and theater, 195, 314