by Martin Jones
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Rollo, F. and Marota, I. (1999) ‘How microbial ancient DNA, found in association with human remains, can be interpreted’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 354: 111-19.
Rollo, F., Sassaroli, S. and Ubaldi, M. (1995) ‘Molecular phylogeny of the fungi of the Iceman’s grass clothing’, Current Genetics 28: 289-97.
Rollo, F. et al. (1994) ‘Molecular ecology of a Neolithic meadow’, Experientia 50: 576-84.
Rollo, F. et al. (1995) ‘The “neolithic” microbial flora of the Iceman’s grass: morphological description and DNA analysis’, in K. Spindler et al. (eds), Der Mann im Eis, Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag: Vienna and New York, pp. 107-14.
Salo, W. L. et al. (1994) ‘Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 91: 2091-4.
Spigelman, M. and Lemma, E. (1993) ‘The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ancient skeletons, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3: 137-43.
Taylor, G. M. (1996) ‘DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified in mediaeval human skeletal remains using polymerase chain reaction’, Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 789-98.
Taylor, G. M., Rutland, P. and Molleson, T. (1997) ‘A sensitive polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of Plasmodium species DNA in ancient human remains’, Ancient Biomolecules 1 (3): 193-203.
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11 the hunt goes on
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index
Abri, 185
acid, and bones, 81, 82, 89
adenine (A), 16, 25, 29, 202, 237, 250
adhi, 120
adipocere, 207
AFLP see amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Africa
cattle, 150–156
expansion of farmers/metalworkers, 152
Olduvai Gorge finds, 55
sub-Saharan, 185–186
Agricultural University, Norway, 113
agriculture, 7, 42, 105–106, 161, 188, 286
Asian, 153
and dairying, 226–227
European, 108, 187–192, 199
expansion in Africa, 152–153
and human population, 266, 276
multiple routes, 110
in the New World, 118–122, 168
origin of, 100, 110, 112–115, 179, 286–287
spread of maize cultivation, 209–212
and tuberculosis, 271–272
variety of prehistoric diets, 219–223
Aguadulce rock shelter, Panama, 210–211
Akhenaten, 92
Alaska, 72, 138, 139, 168, 169, 174
albumin protein studies, 56, 57, 64, 205, 214
albumins, 56, 57, 64, 205, 214
Aleppo, Syria, 127
Aleutian islands, 169
Aleuts, 169, 170, 171
Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina, 238, 240, 241
Alice, Princess, 240
Alice of Battenburg, 240
alkalis, 207
Allaby, Robin, 126–127
Allaikha River, 142
alleles, 125, 126, 250
Allison, Marvin, 204
alpacas, 86, 148–149
alpha clade, 127
Alps, 191
Alu-sequence, 21
Amazon forest, 171, 249
Amazon River, 171
amber, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 40, 92, 277–280
Ambergene, 278
amelogenin gene, 242–243
America, 141, 144, 188, 199
first steps across, 168–173
lineage A, 173–175
lineage B, 173–175, 180
lineage C, 173–175
lineage D, 173–175
lineage N, 175
lineage X, 173–175
mitochondrial control region charting, 188
mummies, 203
pioneer journeys, 170–171, 179
pre-Columbian, 139, 140, 173–176
American Museum of Natural History, New York, 28
amino acids, 33–34, 118, 201–202
and blood proteins, 214
left-handed/right-handed, 33
Neanderthal, 69
racemization, 33–34, 69
Ammerman, Albert, 164, 167, 187
amphora, 217
amplification, 26, 35, 39, 44, 69, 125, 143, 149, 185, 243, 273, 290
amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), 113
Amud Cave, Israel, 208
Amur River, 170
Anatolia, 105, 127
Ancient Biomolecules Initiative (ABI), 10, 32, 34, 200
Anderson, 62, 63, 64
Anderson sequence, 70, 71, 178, 185
Andes mountains, 90, 91, 141, 199, 255
animals
domesticated, 104, 107, 112–115, 119, 121, 125, 136, 138, 141, 158, 169, 270
extinct, 141–144, 199
genetic blueprints, 110
see also individual animals
anthropologists, 50, 55, 65, 107, 194, 221–222, 246
antibodies, 9, 203, 205, 291
antigen, 203
apatite, 41
apes
evolution of, 53
human descent from, 52
Araceae, 213
‘archaeological units’, 6, 7
Arctic Sea, 170
arrowroot, 211
arthritis, 268
Asia
agriculture, 164, 188, 199
camels, 148
and Easter Islands, 178
and a genetic bottleneck, 170
the horse in, 144, 145, 146
migration to America, 173
mitochondrial control region charting, 187
steppe, 109
Assam, 122
Atlantic Ocean, 174
aurochsen, 135, 150, 155–156
Australasia, 162, 176
Australian National University, 212
‘Austronesian’ language family, 179
autolysis, 24
autosomes, 243, 251
Axumite figure, 152
bacteria, 81, 82, 89, 264
in amber-entombed insects, 278
anaerobic, 83
hopanes in, 279
salt-tolerant, 86–87
spores, 277–279
survival without air, 90
tuberculosis, 270, 272–273
Bailley, Mike, 270
Baluchistan, 136, 150
Bantu-speaking peoples, 152, 153
barley, 100, 105, 109, 122, 125, 131, 132, 136, 162
basalt, 213
base-pairs, 15, 16, 20, 21, 25, 27, 29, 34, 39, 44, 60, 61, 62, 63, 69, 70, 121, 123, 124, 142, 143, 149, 151, 155, 171, 173, 180, 181, 185, 237, 249, 251, 253, 281
Basques, 182, 190
Beagle, HMS, 19, 107
beer, 222–223
Be’er Sheva University, 275
bees, amber-embedded, 27, 34
beeswax, 220, 231
Bellwood, Peter, 179, 180
Bering Straits, 11, 96, 144, 148, 172, 175, 176, 281
Beringia, 170, 173, 273
Bernal, Martin: Black Athen, 184
beta clade (wheat), 127
bio-archaeology, 7, 8, 107, 109, 199
bio-minerals, 38, 206
biological preservation
burial, 81–84
the colour of time, 92–94
crumbling wood, 91–92
disappearing bodies, 89–91
in extremes of wet and dry, 84–87
the plywood principle, 88
why remnants survive, 94–95
biomolecules
amino acid racemization, 33
artificial, 203
atoms, 223
Eglinton and, 30
and the form of the whole organism, 59
hopanes, 279–280
and oxidation, 87
retention of, 8
start of the Ancient Biomolecules Initiative, 32
and visual state of preservation, 35
and waxy texture, 41
bison, 96, 151, 154, 216
bitumen, 90
Black Death, 265–266, 268–270, 282–283
blood
albumins, 56–57, 64, 205, 214
blood groups, 165, 188, 203, 204, 285
haemoglobin in, 16, 205
plasm, 56
residues on stone tools, 213–216
bog bodies, 24, 82, 83, 92, 93
boiling, evidence of, 220, 222
Bolivia, 139
bones, 1–3, 7, 9, 101, 221, 285, 290
burial, 81, 84
chemical fate, 41
collagen in, 16
conservation of ancient, 202
contamination, 35, 38–39
diseased, 266, 268, 270–271, 275–276
DNA in, 36, 37, 38, 155
found in coal, 38
mycolic acids in, 274
Neanderthal man, 46, 52, 53, 54, 67–76
structure, 38
Sub-Saharan, 185
survival of complex molecules, 94
waxy Cretaceous, 39–41
Borucki, Monica, 277, 278
Bos, 154
see also cattle
Botai, Kazakhstan, 145, 146, 147
bottle gourd, 211
botulism, 277
Boyd, Lyle, 9, 203–204, 285
Boyd, William, 203
brachiopods, 28, 56
Bradley, Dan, 150–155
Braidwood, Robert, 105, 122, 125, 135, 149
brain
bog bodies, 83
expansion, 106
Neanderthal, 53, 72, 73
Pääbo’s research, 21–33, 36, 40
Windover Pond discoveries, 23, 249
brassicas, 218, 219
Brazil, 171, 175
bread, 107, 126, 213, 222, 223, 230
Brevard County, Central Florida, 23
brewing, 222–223
Bristol University, 35, 84, 217
Britain
cattle in, 155
the horse in, 145
tuberculosis, 272
Bronze Age, 259, 260, 271, 293
brow-ridges, 50, 53, 99
Brown, Keri, 10
Brown, Terry, 10, 37, 115, 116, 121, 125, 130
Browne, Sir Thomas, 207
building materials, 213
Buka Island, Solomon Island group, 212
Bulleid, Arthur, 6
Burgess Shale, 9
burial, 26, 81–84, 89, 99, 120, 174, 175, 177, 242, 243, 245, 248, 252–254, 260, 274, 282, 290
cabbage, 218–220, 222
cabbage pots, 220, 222
calcium oxalate, 213
calcium phosphate, 41
California, 22, 23, 46, 146, 277
California Polytechnic State University, 277
Calvados, France, 248
Camarino University, 263
Cambridge University, 6, 15, 16, 43, 109, 136, 159, 189, 240
McDonald lecture, 189
camelids, 141, 148, 149
camels, 141, 148, 149
Canada/Canadians, 11, 43, 174, 214, 215
Cann, Rebecca, 64, 65, 67
Cano, Raul, 28, 34, 37, 277, 278
Cape of Good Hope, 19
carbohydrates, 8, 87, 93, 110, 209
carbon, 36, 58, 94, 116, 119, 223, 224, 225, 233, 279
carbon dioxide, 87, 126, 224
carbon isotopes, 224–227
carboxyglutamic acid (GLA), 206
carnivores, 224, 226
casein, 291
Catal Huyuk, Turkey, 150
cats, 140
cattle, 135, 141
African, 151–154
Asian (zebu), 153–154
Domestication, 150–156
European, 153, 154
Harappan, 150–151
and tuberculosis, 270, 271–272
wild, 149, 154, 155
Caucasus, 72
Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca, 164, 165, 167, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 214, 250, 287
Cayonu, Turkey, 105, 114,
Cell journal, 71, 78
cells
animal, 110, 264
biologists’ observations, 8
biomolecules, 9
nuclei of mummies, 19
plant, 11, 110
cellulose, 87, 91, 92, 208
Celtic art forms, 1
Central America, 101, 113, 176, 209, 210, 229
Central Plains, 174
cereals, 2, 3, 14, 101, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 114–117, 122, 125, 127, 131, 135, 136, 190, 208, 213, 225, 287
see also barley; rice; wheat
Cerro Juan Diaz, 211
Ch’ang-sha, Hunan Province (liver of a Chinese corpse, Han dynasty tomb), 19
charcoal burners, 116, 178
Cheddar Cave, 190, 191
Cheddar Gorge, 71
cheese, 226, 231, 232, 272
chemical kinetics, 29
chemistry, 9, 16, 36, 58, 87, 97, 215
Chifunbaze culture, 153
Childe, Vere Gordon, 104–108, 110, 112, 124, 162, 187, 270
Man Makes Himself, 104
What Happened in History, 105
‘Children of the Sun’, 177, 178, 182
Chile, 120, 177, 182, 272
Museum of Natural History, 177
chimpanzees, 111
common ancestry with humans, 56, 70
serum albumin studies, 56–57
China, 199
agriculture, 114
pottery, 154
Chinchorro mummies, 86, 91, 255, 272, 273
chitin, 35
chloroplasts, 26, 27, 117, 118, 123, 264
chromosomes, 61, 62, 66, 118
microsatellites in, 237
X, 242
Y, 153, 159, 182, 196, 242, 243, 249, 287
Clarke, David, 6, 7, 291
Clarkia, Idaho, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 41
clay, 2, 26, 96, 135, 150, 175, 215, 216, 218
clay minerals, 96, 215
climatic turbulence, 108
Clostridium, 277
coal, 38, 40
coastal communities, 108
codons, 202
Coles, John, 6, 292
collagen, 16, 41, 69, 87, 89, 202, 205, 206, 224, 225, 227, 229, 255, 289
Collins, Matthew, 41, 74, 202, 231, 289, 291
Collinson, Margaret, 20
7
colonization, 161, 169, 180, 188, 192, 247
Columbus, Christopher, 139, 168, 174, 175, 204, 272
Conde-sur-Ifs, 248, 249
conquistadors, 149, 204
Cook Islands, 182
Coon, Carlton, 54, 55, 65
Cooper, Alan, 43, 71
copal, 34
cows see cattle
coyotes, 138
Craig, Oliver, 95, 230, 291
Cretaceous period, 39, 40, 41
Crichton, Michael: Jurassic Park, 27, 37
Crick, Francis, 15, 16, 44
Croatia: Neanderthal samples, 72
cultural identity, 183
curd, 222, 226, 231
Current Biology journal, 30
cutans, 207
cutins, 207, 219
Cuzco woman, Peru, 277
cystine, 228
cytochrome b gene, 39, 40, 62, 142
cytosine (C), 16, 25, 237, 250
D-loop (displacement loop), 63, 64, 69, 154
Dagmar (mother of Tsar Nicholas II), 240
dairying, 226, 227, 289, 291
Danebury hillfort, 117, 125
Darwin, Charles, 19, 52
Darwinian evolution, 20, 52–54, 73, 104, 144
Origin of Species, 104
Darwinism, 53
de Salle, Rob, 28, 34
De Vore, 107
Delefosse, Thomas, 248
deletion, 124, 142, 171, 173, 180, 181
dental groups, 169
depurination, 29
Dereivka, Russia, 145, 147
Dholavira, 151
Diamond, Jared, 114
diet
a dietary diary, 227–229
dissecting the diet, 226–227
evidence from isotopic signature, 223–226
marine, 255
varied prehistoric, 219–223
diffusionism, 116, 162, 164, 177, 187
Dima (a baby mammoth), 204, 205
dinosaurs, 38, 39, 40, 41, 205–206, 290
disease
bacterial spores, 277–279
life and death in mediaeval York, 268–270
micro-organisms, 276–277
plague, 265–270
tuberculosis, 268, 270–271
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
altered, 58
of amber-entombed insects, 278
amplification, 34, 39, 69, 235, 247, 253
bacterial, 20, 30, 278, 279, 280
beginning of intervention (1970s), 17
of camelids, 148–149
chloroplast, 26, 27, 117–118, 122, 123, 264
coded information, 87
dinosaur, 39, 40, 62, 206
Easter Islanders, 177, 179, 180
extinct animals, 20, 141–144
extraction from commonplace materials, 35–37
first isolation of ancient, 9, 17–19
fragmented, 13, 43, 96, 97, 287
genetic blueprints of plants and animals, 110
genetic fingerprinting, 235, 236
at the heart of each cell, 8