75. Betty Friedan, The Second Stage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 308.
76. Rosenberg, Jane Crow, 333, 375; Patricia Bell-Scott, The Firebrand and the First Lady: Portrait of a Friendship: Pauli Murray, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the Struggle for Social Justice (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), 346.
77. Murray, Song in a Weary Throat, 419; Cooper, Beyond Respectability, 106, 110.
78. Suzanne Braun Levine and Mary Thom, eds., Bella Abzug: How One Tough Broad from the Bronx Fought Jim Crow and Joe McCarthy, Pissed Off Jimmy Carter, Battled for the Rights of Women and Workers, Rallied Against War and for the Planet, and Shook Up Politics Along the Way (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008), 212.
79. Bell-Scott, The Firebrand and the First Lady, 338; Cooper, Beyond Respectability, 128, 129.
80. Saxby, Pauli Murray, 254–255, 278; Rosenberg, Jane Crow, 354, 357, 373.
81. “Besser Interview for Ms. Magazine, January 29, 1977,” Papers of Pauli Murray, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/archival_objects/1406463.
82. Saxby, Pauli Murray, 279.
CHAPTER SIX: TERF GATEKEEPING AND TRANS FEMINIST HORIZONS
1. Barbara McLean, “Diary of a Mad Organizer,” Lesbian Tide, June 30, 1973, 36.
2. Finn Enke, “Collective Memory and the Transfeminist 1970s: Toward a Less Plausible History,” Transgender Studies Quarterly 5, no. 1 (2018): 14; Beth Elliott, “Ballad of the Oklahoma Women’s Liberation Front,” Buried Treasure [album], 2005, www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnDr-VVGjQQ.
3. Emma Heaney, “Women-Identified Women: Trans Women in 1970s Lesbian Feminist Organizing,” Transgender Studies Quarterly 3, no. 1–2 (2016): 139; McLean, “Diary,” 36.
4. Ibid.; Cristan Williams, “Sex Essentialist Violence and Radical Inclusion: An Interview with Robin Tyler, Jan Osborn, and Michele Kammerer,” TCP Blog, The Conversations Project, February 1, 2016, http://radfem.transadvocate.com/sex-essentialist-violence-and-radical-inclusion-an-interview-with-robin-tyler-jan-osborn-and-michele-kammerer/.
5. Enke, “Collective Memory,” 18–19.
6. McLean, “Diary,” 36.
7. Robin Morgan, Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist (New York: Random House, 1977), 171; Robin Morgan, “Keynote Address: Lesbianism and Feminism: Synonyms or Contradictions?,” Lesbian Tide 2, no. 10–11 (May–June 1973): 30.
8. Morgan, “Keynote Address,” 31, 30.
9. Ibid., 32.
10. Ibid.; McLean, “Diary,” 37.
11. Susan Stryker and Talia Bettcher, “Introduction: Trans/Feminisms,” Transgender Studies Quarterly 3, no. 1–2 (2016): 10; Cristan Williams, “Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism,” Transgender Studies Quarterly 3, no. 1–2 (2016): 254; Heaney, “Women-Identified Women,” 138.
12. Zackary Drucker, “Sandy Stone on Living Among Lesbian Separatists as a Trans Woman in the 70s,” Vice, December 19, 2018, www.vice.com/en/article/zmd5k5/sandy-stone-biography-transgender-history.
13. Ibid.
14. Susan Stryker, “Another Dream of Common Language: An Interview with Sandy Stone,” Transgender Studies Quarterly 3, no. 1–2 (2016): 296.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 297; Davine Anne Gabriel, “Interview with the Transsexual Vampire: Sandy Stone’s Dark Gift,” TransSisters: Journal of Transsexual Feminism 8 (Spring 1995): 16.
17. Gabriel, “Interview,” 17; Drucker, “Sandy Stone.”
18. “Cris Williamson,” Goldenrod Music, www.goldenrod.com/product-category/womensmusic/cris-williamson/.
19. Stryker, “Another Dream,” 299.
20. Drucker, “Sandy Stone”; Stryker, “Another Dream,” 300; Cristan Williams, “TERF Hate and Sandy Stone,” TransAdvocate, August 16, 2014, www.transadvocate.com/terf-violence-and-sandy-stone_n_14360.htm; Gabriel, “Interview,” 18.
21. Comment by Henry Ohana on “Teresa Trull—Woman-Loving Women (1977),” YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAP5T5GDMTs&list=PLiD_igaPoeqcI51WW2WbbYm0WXH8wnHdD&index=9.
22. Chloé Lula, “12 Essential Songs from the Lesbian Label Olivia Records,” New York Times, June 23, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/arts/music/olivia-records-lesbian-playlist.html.
23. Williams, “TERF Hate.”
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Drucker, “Sandy Stone.”
28. Ibid.
29. Williams, “TERF Hate”; Janice Raymond, The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (New York: Teachers College Press, 1994), 103; “Responses to ‘Open Letter to Olivia Records,’” Lesbian Connection 3, no. 7 (February 1978): 17.
30. Williams, “TERF Hate.”
31. Comment by Beth Elliott on Marti Abernathey, “Transphobic Radical Hate Didn’t Start with Brennan: The Sandy Stone–Olivia Records Controversy,” TransAdvocate, August 24, 2011, www.transadvocate.com/transphobic-radical-hate-didnt-start-with-brennan-the-sandy-stone-olivia-records-controversy_n_4112.htm.
32. Susanna J. Sturgis and Jan Raymond, “Interview: An Interview with Jan Raymond,” Off Our Backs 9, no. 9 (1979): 15; Thomas S. Szasz, “Male and Female Created He Them,” New York Times, June 10, 1979. Steinem’s article in Ms. was reprinted in Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983), 208–209.
33. Raymond, Transsexual Empire, 183 (italics in original), xvi, xxi, 119, 91, 104; Sturgis and Raymond, “Interview,” 15.
34. Raymond, Transsexual Empire, 101–102, 108.
35. Ibid., 112.
36. Ibid., 119, 117.
37. Combahee River Collective, “The Combahee River Collective Statement,” in How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective, ed. Keeanga-Yamahatta Taylor (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017), 15, 21.
38. Raymond, Transsexual Empire, 118.
39. Audre Lorde, “An Open Letter to Mary Daly,” in This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe L. Moraga and Gloria E. Anzaldúa (Berkeley, CA: Third Woman Press, 2002), 104.
40. Raymond, Transsexual Empire, dedication page.
41. Thomas Buckley, “Johns Hopkins Doing Sex-Changing Surgery,” New York Times, November 21, 1966.
42. Raymond, Transsexual Empire, 178.
43. “TERFs and Trans Healthcare,” TheTerfs.com, http://theterfs.com/terfs-trans-healthcare/; Cristan Williams, “Fact Checking the NCHCT Report,” TransAdvocate, September 18, 2014, www.transadvocate.com/fact-checking-janice-raymond-the-nchct-report_n_14554.htm; Janice G. Raymond, “Technology on the Social and Ethical Aspects of Transsexual Surgery,” National Center for Health Care Technology, June 1980, www.susans.org/wiki/Technology_on_the_Social_and_Ethical_Aspects_of_Transsexual_Surgery. See also Raymond’s rebuttal, “Fictions and Facts About the Transsexual Empire,” JaniceRaymond.com, https://janiceraymond.com/fictions-and-facts-about-the-transsexual-empire.
44. The policy change didn’t go into effect until 1989. For a critical dissection of Raymond’s report and its influence see Williams, “Fact Checking”; Abigail Coursolle, “California Pride: Medi-Cal Coverage of Gender-Affirming Care Has Come a Long Way,” National Health Law Program, June 22, 2018, https://healthlaw.org/california-pride-medi-cal-coverage-of-gender-affirming-care-has-come-a-long-way/.
45. Carol Riddell, “Divided Sisterhood: A Critical Review of Janice Raymond’s The Transsexual Empire,” in The Transgender Studies Reader, ed. Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle (New York: Routledge, 2006), 151.
46. “Trans and Non-Binary History,” Queer Santa Cruz, https://virtual.santacruzmah.org/queersc/sections/Trans.html; Gabriel, “Interview,” 47.
47. Dawn Levy, “Two Transsexuals Reflect on University’s Pioneering Gender Dysphoria Program,” Stanford Report, May 3, 2000.
48. Gabriel, “Interview,” 16.
49. Levy, “Two Transsexuals.”
50. Donna J. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Rein
vention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 180, 155.
51. Sandy Stone, “The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto,” Camera Obscura 10, no. 2 (1992): 157.
52. Ibid., 159. I thank Cat Fitzpatrick for pointing out to me the effects of Stone’s conciliatory position.
53. Ibid., 164.
54. Ibid.; Gabriel, “Interview,” 24.
55. Stone, “The Empire Strikes Back,” 164, 167–168. “Imagine if Raymond had written ‘all blacks rape women’s bodies,’” Stone remarked (p. 167), guilty of a Black/trans analogy of her own.
56. Sylvia Rivera, “Y’all Better Calm Down,” in Loud and Proud: LGBTQ+ Speeches That Empower and Inspire, ed. Tea Uglow (London: White Lion, 2020), 31; Susan Stryker, Transgender History (New York: Seal Press, 2009), 86–87; Leslie Feinberg, “Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries: Lavender and Red, Part 73,” Worker’s World, September 24, 2006; STAR, “Transvestite-Transsexual Action Organization and Fems Against Sexism” (1970), in The Verso Book of Feminism: Revolutionary Words from Four Millennia of Rebellion, ed. Jessie Kindig (New York: Verso Books, 2020), 212.
57. Elizabeth Bernstein, “Carceral Politics as Gender Justice? The ‘Traffic in Women’ and Neoliberal Circuits of Crime, Sex, and Rights,” Theory and Society 41, no. 3 (2012): 252; Elizabeth Bernstein, “Militarized Humanitarianism Meets Carceral Feminism: The Politics of Sex, Rights, and Freedom in Contemporary Antitrafficking Campaigns,” Signs 36, no. 1 (2010): 50.
58. Bernstein, “Militarized Humanitarianism,” 57.
59. Julia O’Connell Davidson, “‘Sleeping with the Enemy’? Some Problems with Feminist Abolitionist Calls to Penalise Those Who Buy Commercial Sex,” Social Policy and Society 2, no. 1 (2003): 55; Janice Raymond, “Radical Feminist Activism in the 21st Century,” Labrys, June 2015, www.labrys.net.br/labrys27/radical/janice.htm; Bernstein, “Militarized Humanitarianism,” 57.
60. Elizabeth Bernstein, “The Sexual Politics of the ‘New Abolitionism,’” differences 18, no. 5 (2007): 143; Victoria Law, “Against Carceral Feminism,” Jacobin, October 17, 2014, www.jacobinmag.com/2014/10/against-carceral-feminism/.
61. Bernstein, “Carceral Politics as Gender Justice?,” 253; Anne E. Fehrenbacher, Ju Nyeong Park, Katherine H. A. Footer, Bradley E. Silberzahn, Sean T. Allen, and Susan G. Sherman, “Exposure to Police and Client Violence Among Incarcerated Female Sex Workers in Baltimore City, Maryland,” American Journal of Public Health 110 (2020): S152–S153; “Women in Prison: An Overview,” Words from Prison, American Civil Liberties Union; Monica N. Modi, Sheallah Palmer, and Alicia Armstrong, “The Role of Violence Against Women Act in Addressing Intimate Partner Violence: A Public Health Issue,” Journal of Women’s Health 23, no. 3 (2014): 253.
62. Gabriel, “Interview,” 26.
63. Sheila Jeffries, Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism (New York: Routledge, 2014), 61.
64. Wyatt Ronan, “Breaking: 2021 Becomes Record Year for Anti-Transgender Legislation,” Human Rights Campaign, March 13, 2021, www.hrc.org/press-releases/breaking-2021-becomes-record-year-for-anti-transgender-legislation/.
65. Sandy Stone, “Sandy’s FAQ—Transgender,” SandyStone.com, https://sandystone.com/faq.shtml; Sandy Stone, “Bloomington: Post-Posttranssexual: Transgender Studies and Feminism,” SandyStone.com, https://sandystone.com/.
CHAPTER SEVEN: LEANING IN OR SQUADDING UP
1. Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead (New York: Knopf, 2013), 4.
2. Ibid., 26.
3. Ken Auletta, “A Woman’s Place,” New Yorker, July 4, 2011, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/07/11/a-womans-place-ken-auletta; Sandberg, Lean In, 9; bell hooks, “Dig Deep: Beyond Lean In,” Feminist Wire, October 28, 2013, https://thefeministwire.com/2013/10/17973/.
4. Jia Tolentino, Trick Mirror: Reflections on Self-Delusion (New York: Random House, 2019), 84.
5. Charlotte Alter, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Facebook Videos of Her Trip to Standing Rock Reveal Her Political Awakening,” Time, February 19, 2020, https://time.com/5786180/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-standing-rock/.
6. Gabriella Paiella, “The 28-Year-Old at the Center of One of This Year’s Most Exciting Primaries,” The Cut, June 25, 2018, www.thecut.com/2018/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-interview.html; Brenda Jones and Krishan Trotman, Queens of the Resistance: Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (New York: Plume, 2020), 56; Alter, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Facebook Videos.”
7. Julia Conley, “If Democrats Want to Honor Legacy of Dr. King, Says Ocasio-Cortez, ‘We Have to Be Dangerous Too,’” Portside, February 1, 2020, https://portside.org/2020-02-01/if-democrats-want-honor-legacy-dr-king-says-ocasio-cortez-we-have-be-dangerous-too; Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez [@AOC], Twitter, July 3, 2018, https://twitter.com/aoc/status/1014172302777507847?lang=en; Paiella, “The 28-Year-Old at the Center.”
8. John Wagner, “‘No Person in America Should Be Too Poor to Live’: Ocasio-Cortez Explains Democratic Socialism to Colbert,” Washington Post, June 29, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/no-person-in-america-should-be-too-poor-to-live-ocasio-cortez-explains-democratic-socialism-to-colbert/2018/06/29/d6752050-7b8d-11e8-aeee-4d04c8ac6158_story.html.
9. Zoe Ruffner, “Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez on Self-Love, Fighting the Power, and Her Signature Red Lip,” Vogue, August 21, 2020, www.vogue.com/article/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-beauty-secrets.
10. Oprah Winfrey, “Sheryl Sandberg Tells Oprah About Her ‘Date’ with Mark Zuckerberg, Her Marriage and Feeling Like a Fraud,” HuffPost, June 6, 2013, www.huffpost.com/entry/sheryl-sandberg-interview_n_3367204.
11. Katherine Losse, The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network (New York: Free Press, 2012), 168.
12. Sandberg, Lean In, 40, 39, 47.
13. Ibid., 5–7; data about the gender pay gap for Black women are highlighted on the Lean In website, https://leanin.org/data-about-the-gender-pay-gap-for-black-women; Amanda Mull, “The Girl Boss Has Left the Building,” The Atlantic, June 25, 2020, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/06/girlbosses-what-comes-next/613519; Susan Faludi, “Facebook Feminism, Like It or Not,” The Baffler 23 (2013), https://thebaffler.com/salvos/facebook-feminism-like-it-or-not.
14. Sandberg, Lean In, 89.
15. Gina Heeb, “US Income Inequality Jumps to Highest Level Ever Recorded,” Business Insider, September 27, 2019, https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/income-inequality-reached-highest-level-ever-recorded-in-2018-2019-9-1028559996.
16. Catherine Thorbecke, “Nearly Half of the World’s Entire Wealth Is in the Hands of Millionaires,” ABC News, October 22, 2019, https://abcnews.go.com/Business/half-worlds-entire-wealth-hands-millionaires/story?id=66440320; Nina Strochlic, “One in Six Americans Could Go Hungry in 2020 as Pandemic Persists,” National Geographic, November 24, 2020, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/one-in-six-could-go-hungry-2020-as-covid-19-persists; Matt Egan, “America’s Billionaires Have Grown $1.1 Trillion Richer During the Pandemic,” CNN, January 26, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/01/26/business/billionaire-wealth-inequality-poverty/index.html.
17. Faludi, “Facebook Feminism.” Tolentino’s account of Barre class as a key site of optimizing culture is indispensable. Tolentino, Trick Mirror, 75–77.
18. Sandberg, Lean In, 85.
19. Ibid., 37; Erin Carlyle, “Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg Sells Atherton Home for $9.25 Million,” Forbes, October 14, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2014/10/14/facebook-coo-sheryl-sandberg-sells-atherton-home-for-9-25-million/#5574a78d3968.
20. Cinzia Arruzza, Tithi Bhattacharya, and Nancy Fraser, Feminism for the 99%: A Manifesto (New York: Verso, 2019), 5, 12.
21. Jones and Trotman, Queens of the Resistance, 42.
22. Cornel West and Tricia Rose, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Is Not Understood for Who She Really Is,” The Tight Rope, July 23, 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=24MSsYWa8j4&ab_channel=TheTightRope.
23. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Remarks at 2011
Boston University Martin Luther King Jr., Celebration” [video], Boston University, 2011, www.bu.edu/buniverse/view/?v=osDd30.
24. Jones and Trotman, Queens of the Resistance, 49; West and Rose, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Is Not Understood”; Michelle Ruiz, “AOC’s Next Four Years,” Vanity Fair, October 28, 2020, www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/10/becoming-aoc-cover-story-2020.
25. West and Rose, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Is Not Understood.”
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ryan Grim and Briahna Gray, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Joins Environmental Activists in Protest at Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi’s Office,” The Intercept, November 13, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/11/13/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-sunrise-activists-nancy-pelosi/.
29. Ijeoma Oluo, Mediocre: The Dangerous Legacy of White Male America (New York: Seal Press, 2020).
30. West and Rose, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Is Not Understood”; Bianca Betancourt, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Shares Her Harrowing Experience Surviving the Capitol Riots,” Harper’s Bazaar, January 13, 2021, www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a35201831/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-capitol-riots-recap/; Stuart Emmrich, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez on the Capitol Mob Attack: ‘I Thought I Was Going to Die,’” Vogue, January 13, 2021, www.vogue.com/article/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-video-on-the-capitol-mob-attack.
31. Sheera Frankel, Nicholas Confessore, Cecilia Kang, Matthew Rosenberg, and Jack Nicas, “Delay, Deny and Deflect: How Facebook’s Leaders Fought Through Crisis,” New York Times, November 14, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/technology/facebook-data-russia-election-racism.html; Nicholas Confessore and Matthew Rosenberg, “Damage Control at Facebook: 6 Takeaways from the Times’s Investigation,” New York Times, November 14, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/technology/facebook-crisis-mark-zuckerberg-sheryl-sandberg.html; Anne Helen Petersen, “The Rise, Lean, and Fall of Facebook’s Sheryl Sandberg,” BuzzFeed News, December 14, 2018, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/annehelenpetersen/sheryl-sandberg-facebook-lean-in-superwoman-supervillain.
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