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Power, for All

Page 31

by Julie Battilana


  hierarchies of power legitimacy narratives and, 100–04, 232n33

  legitimization of, 92–94

  obedience to authority, 94–97, 229n8

  perpetuation of, 27

  power infernal trio, 97–98

  powerlessness and, 98–100

  stability of, 90, 91–92, 197

  stereotypes and, 104–8, 169

  stickiness of, xvii, 91–92, 108

  Hitler, Adolf, 9

  Hobbit, The (Tolkien), ix

  Ho Chi Minh, 15, 16

  Hollande, François, 24, 68

  Holocaust, 20–21

  Homer, 101

  Homestead Strike, 111

  Hominem te memento, 34, 214n49

  L’Homme Providentiel, 16

  Hossain, Mashroof, 34–35

  hubris awareness of impermanence, 38

  cultivating humility and, 30, 34–36, 36

  Greek myths of, 23

  power sharing and accountability reinforced, 39, 166, 172–73

  Hughes, Debbie, 93

  human needs See safety, self-esteem, valued resources

  human rights, xiv, 133–34, 136, 156, 157

  humility, 30, 34–36, 36, 38, 195, 215n55

  Huxley, Aldous, 164

  imbalance of power, 111–15, 153–54, 182, 189–90, 194

  impermanence, 34, 38, 115

  impermanence awareness, 38, 115

  Implicit Association Test, 104

  Indignados, 118

  infernal trio, 97–98, 102

  informal power of networks, 72–74, 72, 84

  innovation, 119–20, 125–30, 147–49, 154, 195, 196

  In Praise of Scribes (Trithemius), 142, 143

  Institutions, 104, 233n47 institutional change, 109, 235n64, 235n65, 235–36n66

  interdependence awareness, xv, 32, 38, 97, 115, 195

  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 120

  interpersonal liking familiarity, 63

  similarity, 63, 88–90

  intoxication of power, 20–22, 173

  Johnson, Boris, 52

  Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 14, 15, 16, 76

  Johnson Space Center (JSC), 167, 168

  Johnson treatment, 14

  jointly developed power, 8, 162–63, 178–79

  Jost, John, 231n19, 231n20, 231n22

  Kant, Immanuel, 55

  Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 168–69

  Karman, Tawakkol, 186

  Kegan, Robert, 214n40, 258n84

  Keltner, Dacher, 211n7, 212n16, 230n12, 230n17, 237n71

  Kennedy, John F., 14

  Keohane, Robert O., 261n14

  Khan, Lina M., 159

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 33, 92, 119, 124

  Kirchner, Nestór, 131, 132

  Krackhardt, David, 71, 225n7, 226n8, 226n16

  Lady Gaga, 85

  Lasn, Kalle, 118, 119

  Legion of Honor, 47, 219–20n30

  legitimizing stories, 91–92, 101–04, 123

  levers of persuasion, 10, 210n15

  LGBTQ+, 88, 109, 117, 131–33, 136–37

  LinkedIn, 153

  Livingston, Robert W., 172

  Lopez, Sandra, 177, 179–80

  Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), ix–x

  Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 165

  Lukes, Steven, 261n5

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, xvi, 19, 227n21

  machine-learning algorithms, 148–49, 150

  Magee, Joe C., 212n7, 230n14, 230n18, 231n24, 237n72, 262n22

  Mandela, Nelson, 56, 119

  Manuel’s story, 70–73

  marriage equality, 131–37, 242n34

  Marx, Karl, 110, 236n68

  Maslow, Abraham, 217–18n15

  Mayo, Tony, 171

  McEvily, Bill, 86, 226n9

  mechanical movable-type printing press, 142

  Mencius (Mengzi), 55

  meritocracy, 103, 169–70

  #MeToo movement, 117, 137, 141, 147–48, 156

  Meyer, John W., 233n46

  Microsoft, 157

  Milgram, Stanley, 95–96, 229n8

  misunderstanding power fallacies of, xii–xiv

  Mjumbe, Nezuma, 144–46, 161

  mobile health technology, 149

  monopoly, 11

  Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat), 182–83

  moral principles, 55, 56, 164, 192

  moral purity, 25, 30, 212n21, 213n30

  Morrison, Toni, 8

  motivation See safety, self-esteem, valued resources

  movement fatigue, 137

  mutual dependence, 3, 7, 114, 181, 200

  Na’Allah, Bala Ibn, 184

  Naím, Moisés, 141

  NASA Innovation and Inclusion Council, 170

  Johnson Space Center (JSC), 167–68

  Transparency and Opportunity Program (TOP), 171–73

  National Domestic Workers Alliance, 177–79

  National Health Service, 67

  Nazi concentration camps, 21

  negativity bias, 19

  neoliberal capitalist system, 46, 189

  Netflix, 153

  networks betweenness, 79, 80, 153

  informal power, 70–74, 71, 77–81, 84–89

  network diversity, 84–89

  organizational networks, 73–90

  popularity and prominence, 73, 79, 227n25

  power mapping, 74–84, 88, 128, 143–46, 191, 194

  similarity and social relationships, 82–83, 89–90

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 57

  Ning’s story, 61, 63–64

  nonviolent civil disobedience, 123–24

  Nosek, Brian A., 231n19, 231n20

  #NoToSocialMediaBill, 184

  Nye, Joseph S., 261n14

  Obama Administration, 85

  Occupy Wall Street, 118, 119

  Ochoa, Ellen, 167–72

  Odyssey (Homer), 101

  Ogundipe, Tope, 184–85

  O’Neil, Cathy, 150

  online agitation, 137

  Oppenheimer, Harry, 9, 10

  orchestration, 119–20, 130–37, 154, 195, 196

  organizational networks, 73

  Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 161

  O’Toole, Fintan, 52

  oversight and accountability, 173–77

  panopticon, 151, 245n30

  Pansardi, Pamela, 262n21

  Paradigm, 184

  Parsons, Talcott, 261n17

  participative democracy initiatives, 191

  People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 57

  perceptions of power, 25–27

  personal development, 29–40, 97, 135, 163, 170–71, 195

  Pettit, Philip, 43

  Pfeffer, Jeffrey, 222n49, 260n7, 261n6, 261n13

  Phillips, Nelson, 262n22

  Pichai, Sundar, 155, 158

  Piketty, Thomas, 219n28, 238n84

  Pinker, Steven A., 146

  Pitkin, Hanna F., 202, 262n20

  Plato, ix, 198

  Poo, Ai-jen, 178

  positional power fallacy, xii–xiii

  possession of power fallacy, xii, 16, 211n25

  Powell, Walter W., 233n46

  power, definition of, 1–2, 199–202

  power imbalance, 3, 7, 111–15, 201

  power’s psychological effects, 20–40 cultivating empathy, 30–33, 36, 38, 195

  cultivating humility, 30, 34–36, 36, 38, 195, 215n55

  developmental process and, 29–30

  experience of power, 22–25

  intoxication of power, 20–22, 173

  morality and, 27–29, 164, 192, 194

  perceptions of power, 25–27

  selection, 36–38

  structural safeguards, 38–40

  power is dirty fallacy, xiii, 19–40

  power mapping accuracy levels, 75–77, 194, 227n18

  challenging environments, 81–84

  community, 191

  diversity and accuracy of, 88
>
  endorsers, fence-sitters, and resisters, 77–78

  fundamentals of power and, 195

  keys to, 40

  reputational power, 74–75, 226n16

  technological change and, 143, 146

  power from rank and role, 69–70

  power sharing and accountability organizational, 166, 167–73, 191–92

  societal, 182–84, 192, 256n63

  power vs. authority, xii–xiii, 58–61, 66–68, 73

  power-with, 8

  Pratto, Felicia, 231n26

  Prince, The (Machiavelli), xvi, 19, 227n21

  principal-agent problem, 173

  Protestant Reformation, 143

  pseudoscience, 94, 101–3

  psychological resources, 2, 47–51

  psychological safety, 35, 39

  public narrative, 122–23, 239–40n14 transportation, 135

  Purpose of Power, The: How We Come Together When We Fall Apart (Garza), 139

  #QuellaVoltaChe, 137

  Rabelais, François, 164

  Rachid, María, 131–37

  racism, 82–84, 89–90, 91–92, 104–08, 117 See also stereotypes

  Ramarajan, Lakshmi, 169

  Ranganathan, Aruna, 47

  Rawls, John, 193

  Reading the Mind in the Eyes, 22

  rebalancing power, 8–13 attraction, 8–11, 9, 12, 194

  consolidation, 8, 11–12, 111, 112, 142, 194

  digital era and, 158–62

  expansion and withdrawal, 8, 12–13, 194

  redistribution of power, 170, 197

  Renaissance, 143

  representative democracy, 183

  Republic (Plato), ix, 198

  resistance, 123–24, 161, 199 to change, 74, 77–78, 127, 131

  violent and nonviolent, 124

  Ridgeway, Cecilia L., 233n46, 251n5

  Ring des Nibelungen, Der (Wagner), x

  Ring of Gyges, ix, x, xiii, 198

  Roberts, Laura Morgan, 171

  Robinson, James A., 257n79

  Rogers, Jean, 126–30, 176

  Rohingya, 34

  Ross, Lee, 16

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 189

  Rowan, Brian, 233n46

  Roy, Bunker, 144, 161

  Rubin, Andy, 156

  Russell, Bertrand A. W., 20

  Rykles, Miriam, 20, 21–22, 24, 172–73

  safety basic human motivations, 42–43

  digital technology and, 148, 162

  power hierarchies and, 43, 197

  valued resources and, 57, 58, 194

  World Wide Web and, 148

  Salancik, Gerald, R., 261n6, 261n13

  Salesforce, 157

  Sandel, Michael J., 103

  Schor, Juliet, 181

  Schrems, Max, 159

  Scott, MacKenzie B., 114

  Scott, Richard W., 233n46

  self-esteem basic human motivations, 42

  digital technology and, 148, 162

  existential meaning, 44, 217n14

  fragile and secure, 44, 218nn17–18

  self-concept and, 44, 217n13

  subjective assessment and, 44–45, 217–19nn15,19

  technology resistance, 161

  valued resources and, 57, 58, 194

  World Wide Web and, 148

  self-focus empathy as antidote, 30, 36, 38

  empathy of powerful, 75, 97, 230n13

  experience of power, 22–23

  infernal trio, 97

  interdependence awareness, 32, 38

  meditation and, 33

  power sharing and accountability, 39, 172–73

  sense of agency, 97

  sense of entitlement, 98

  separation of powers, 182–83

  September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 43, 216–17n11

  Sevedan, Bagewat Nanda, 144

  Shah, Palak, 177

  Shakespeare, William, 25, 41

  Shamash, 101

  shareholder value maximization, 163, 175, 253n33

  Sidanius, Jim, 231n26

  Snyder, Timothy, 183

  social foci, 89, 90

  social movements, 108–15, 117–39 Arab Spring, 117–18

  Black Lives Matter, 117, 139, 141, 147–48

  framing, 133–34, 239n14

  Fridays for Future, 56, 121–22, 124

  French Yellow Vests, 117

  Hong Kong Protests, 117

  MeToo, 117, 137, 141, 147–48, 156

  Occupy Wall Street, 118–19, 122, 128

  political opportunity, 80–81, 132, 241n31

  social relationships See networks

  sociétés à mission, 176

  solidarity, 85, 86, 88, 124, 134, 183–88

  Solon, 182

  sources of power, xvi–xviii, 65–90 betweenness and network bridges, 79–81, 79, 153

  formal and informal, 70–74, 71, 72, 84

  gender differential, 102, 104–8, 167–73

  network diversity, 84–89

  network mapping, 77–78

  power vs. authority, 66–68, 73

  racial differential, 104–8, 167–73

  rank and role, 69–70

  shared experience and relationships, 89–90

  See also power mapping

  Spirit of the Laws, The (Montesquieu), 182

  status quo, 97–104, 108–19, 121–29, 133–37, 197 power-advantaged reproducing, 97–98

  power-disadvantaged reproducing, 98–100

  status quo bias, 74

  steelworker’s story, 110–11, 236n71

  Stephan, Maria J., 124

  stereotypes, 104–8, 169

  stereotype threat, 107

  Stiglitz, Joseph E., 237n73, 238n79, 255n50

  structural design, 20, 29, 38–39, 165, 192

  surveillance, 43, 139, 151–52, 163, 190 drones, 154–55

  nyob, 159

  Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 128–30, 176

  Sweeney, Tim, 113

  System Justification Theory (SJT), 98–100

  systemic racism See racism

  Taylor, Breonna, 92

  technology markets, 163

  Teresa, Mother, 56

  territorial behavior, 53

  Thomson, John Arthur, 102

  Thoreau, Henry David, 124

  Thunberg, Greta, 56, 120

  Tiananmen Square (Beijing), 57

  TikTok, 153

  Tilly, Charles, 238n1, 241n32

  Timms, Henry, 141

  tokenism, 169

  Tolkien, J.R.R., ix–x

  triple bottom line, 176

  Trithemius, Johannes, 142, 143

  trust competence, 62–63, 195, 224n76

  familiarity, 63

  similarity, 63

  warmth, 62–63, 224n76

  Tufekci, Zeynep, 138

  Twitter, 153, 184

  Uber, 179

  unions, 11–12, 111–15, 134, 157–58, 178, 236n71 See also Alphabet Workers Union

  unique control, 3

  Up & Go, 179

  Up With Women, 5–8

  U.S. Constitution, 183

  U.S. Department of Defense, 70, 154

  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 80

  U.S. House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, 160

  U.S. House of Representatives, 80

  U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 157

  Vaillant, George, 49

  valued resources, 41–64 achievement, 50–51, 58, 194

  affiliation, 48–50, 58, 194, 220–21n36

  as fulfilling basic human needs, 57

  autonomy, 52–54, 58, 73, 161, 194

  material possessions, 45–47, 58

  morality, 54–57, 58, 164, 192, 194

  needs assessment, 61–63

  observation of, 58–61, 194

  social status, 46–48, 58, 194, 220n32

  See also safety, self-esteem

  veil of ignorance, 193

  Versace, Donatella, 65–66, 68, 84, 85, 86, 88, 8
9

  Versace, Gianni, 65, 66, 85

  Vietnam War, 14, 15, 16

  virtue, 54–57

  Voting Rights Act, 14

  vTaiwan, 191

  Wagner, Richard, x

  Weber, Max, 261n1

  Weinstein, Harvey, 137

  West, Cornel, 185

  White, Micah, 118–19

  Whittaker, Meredith, 154–55, 157

  William, Prince (Duke of Cambridge), 30

  Wilson, Edward O., 55, 56

  withdrawal strategy, 8, 9, 12–13

  Women & Power (Beard), 101

  women’s rights, 86, 125

  worker-owner cooperatives, 180–81

  workers’ rights, 11–12, 110–12, 157–58, 160, 177–82, 187–88

  World Economic Forum, 29

  World War II, 20, 56–57, 109, 114

  World Wide Web, 147–48

  Wrong, Dennis H., 201, 261n7, 261n15

  Wyche, Vanessa E., 172

  #YoTambien, 137

  Yourcenar, Marguerite, 41

  Yousafzai, Malala, 56

  YouTube, 152, 153

  Zhang, Evelyn, 86

  Zuboff, Shoshana, 152

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  Copyright © 2021 by Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro

  Charts on pages 71 & 72 republished with permission of John Wiley & Sons, from “Social Networks and the Liability of Newness for Managers” in Trends in Organizational Behavior, David Krackhardt, 1996; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

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