by Amy Knight
7. Sawatsky Papers, interview with June Callwood, February 26, 1984.
8. The Toronto Star, April 11, 1982.
9. On the Sawatsky libel case, see the observations of Gouzenko's attorney: John D. Holding, Q.C., “Reflections on Igor Gouzenko,” The Advocates Society Journal, October 1985, p. 7.
10. The oral history, cited earlier, is Sawatsky's Gouzenko: The Untold Story. Sawatsky donated the complete set of interviews, used here, to the University of Regina Archives.
11. The Toronto Daily Star, June 25, 1954.
12. The New York Times, July 18, 1954.
13. George Broadway, “My Interview With Igor Gouzenko,” LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 33, Gouzenko I, 1953–54, part 1, D1-35A.
14. The New York Times, July 18, 1954.
15. Igor Gouzenko, “The Writers in My Life and Work,” The New York Times, December 12, 1954.
16. Broadway, “My Interview with Igor Gouzenko.”
17. The New York Times, July 18, 1954.
18. Ibid.
19. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 4, interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 17, 1984.
20. Ibid., interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 16, 1984.
21. Ibid., interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 17, 1984.
22. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 6, interview with Don Fast, November 4, 1983.
23. Ibid.
24. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 5, interview with Peggy Blackstock, February 22, 1984.
25. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Osler, February 11, 1984.
26. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 186-187.
27. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Del Maulsby.
28. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with George Burnett, January 11, 1984.
29. Author's interview with Evelyn Wilson, Toronto, December 12, 2002.
30. The Globe and Mail, September 14, 2002, p. F3.
31. John D. Holding, Q.C., “Reflections on Igor Gouzenko,” The Advocates Society Journal, October 1985, p. 7.
32. The Globe and Mail, September 14, 2002; author's interview with Evelyn Wilson, Toronto, December 12, 2002. The city of Ottawa erected a plaque honoring Gouzenko in June 2003 and the government of Canada in April 2004.
33. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, interview with John Picton, January 9, 1984.
34. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 124-137.
35. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 6, interview with Robert Glasgow, February 16, 1984.
36. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Gary Marcuse, December 5, 1983.
37. “Recent Interview of J.K. Thomas, Editor of the New World Illustrated, with Igor Gouzenko,” April 1947, nara, RG 59, 861.20242/4- 1447.
38. Sawatsky Papers, 85-26, box 2, interview with Igor Gouzenko by James Dubro, April 4, 1981.
39. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 8, interview with Bill McMurty, October 20, 1983.
40. Author's telephone interview with Dan Mulvenna, February 4, 2005.
41. The New York Times, October 7, 1957.
42. Sawatsky Papers, box 2, interview with Peter Worthington, October 19, 1983.
43. Similar to Gouzenko was Anatolii Golitsyn, who defected to the United States in 1961. According to one source: “His paranoia that the KGB had penetrated every nook and cranny of the Western intelligence edifice was so intense that he suspected any CIA or MI6 official who spoke his own language to be working for his own service.” Brooks- Shepard, The Stormbirds, p. 204.
44. The Toronto Daily Star, June 7, 1968.
45. Sawatsky Papers, box 2, interview with Val Sears, February 22, 1984.
46. Ibid.
47. The Toronto Star, April 11, 1982.
48. Interview with Daniel Stoffman, March 6, 1984, Sawatsky Papers, 84- 38, box 2.
49. Sawatsky Papers, interview with Frank Rasky, October 15, 1983.
50. Sawatsky Papers, interview with Bill McMurty.
51. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 254-266.
52. Anna affirmed this, noting that the news of his defection was in all the newspapers and was the talk of the Soviet Embassy: “his example was one of the decisive points for us, that it's possible to do.” Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 4, interview with Anna Gouzenko, March 12, 1984.
53. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 474.
54. Gary Kern, “First Son of Kravchenko,” Johnson's Russia List (www.cdi.org/Russia.Johnson), August 13, 2001.
55. Evelyn Gouzenko, speaking at the National Library of Canada, April 16, 2004.
56. For detailed accounts of the history of both the GRU and the KGB, see the Russian websitewww.agentura.ru:. Also see Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1988).
57. The dramatic defection in 1954 of Soviet Foreign Intelligence officers Vladimir and Evgenia Petrov in Australia contributed further to the crisis atmosphere.
58. Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 96-97. Also see A.I. Kolpakidi and D.L. Prokhorov, Imperiia GRU: Ocherki istorii Rossiiskoi voennoi razvedki (Moscow, “OLMA,” 1999).
59. As cited in Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union, p. 283.
60. Nigel West, “Treason Still Shadows J.R. Oppenheimer,” Insight Magazine, October 9, 2002, www.insightmag.com/news.
CONCLUSION: THE NAMING OF NAMES
1. Bower, A Perfect English Spy, p. 370.
2. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 218. As cited in Kerns, A Death in Washington, p. 267.
3. Philby, My Silent War, p. 174.
4. Reg Whitaker, “Return to the Crucible,” p. 16.
5. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 7, interview with Jim Littleton, April 4, 1984.
6. “McCarthyism at Harvard,” The New York Review of Books, February 10, 2005, pp. 42-43, letter to the editor from Robert N. Bellah.
7. Venona No. 1822, March 30, 1945. Another supposedly major source of new evidence against Alger Hiss that appeared in the 1990s was The Haunted Wood by Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev. The authors reproduce parts of messages that were sent back and forth between the United States and Moscow by the Russian Foreign Intelligence agency in the prewar and war period. In certain messages Hiss is supposedly discussed in a way that incriminates him. But Hiss's name appears in brackets. According to a Russian press officer who was involved with the book deal: “if you want to be correct, don't rely much on The Haunted Wood. . . . When they put this or that name in Venona documents in square brackets, it's the mere guess of the co-authors. Whether they are right or not, we do not comment. And it concerns all the cases of square brackets in this book. . . . Mr. Vassiliev worked in our press service just here in Moscow, but, if he's honest, he will surely tell you that he never met the name of Alger Hiss in the context of some cooperation with some special services of the Soviet Union.” As cited in John Lowenthal, “Venona and Alger Hiss,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 15, no. 3, autumn 2000, p. 116.
8. FBI memorandum from Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, as cited in Lowenthal, “Venona and Alger Hiss,” p. 112. Also see a memorandum from Ladd to Belmont, May 15, 1950, FBI Venona file, which discusses the difficulties of identifying the persons behind the code names. John Lowenthal in “Venona and Alger Hiss” does a good job of casting doubt on the theory that “Ales” was Alger Hiss. For an opposing view, and there are many, see Eduard Mark, “Who Was ‘Venona's Ales’?” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 18, no. 3, autumn 2003, pp. 45-72.
9. In fact, the Venona messages that have been released include one cable with an open reference to Hiss, a cable sent by the head of GRU operations in North America, Pavel Mikhailov (“Molière”): Venona no. 1579, September 28, 1943. Mikhailov, it will be recalled, was dispatched hastily back to Moscow after the Gouzenko defection. In this cable Mikhailov refers in passing to someone “from the State Department by the name of Hiss.” It appears from the reference that Hiss was unknown to
Mikhailov and was not a GRU spy because otherwise he would have had a cover name. This message has been conveniently ignored, or explained as a fluke, by the historians who have decided that Hiss is guilty.
10. The name Ferris, for example, was transliterated from Russian as Ferns, resulting in the mistaken identity of an unfortunate Canadian civil servant named Henry Ferns as a possible spy, while the reference was to a scientist named Ferris. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 107-109.
11. See, for example, Thomas Powers, “The Plot Thickens,” The New York Review of Books, May 11, 2000. Powers opines that the Venona documents and those from the Russian archives have “illuminated and sometimes even definitively settled many old controversies about the guilt or innocence of people accused during the 1950s of having spied for the Soviet Union.”
12. Interview with Dan Mulvenna, February 4, 2005.
13. This is convincingly demonstrated in Craig, Treasonable Doubt.
14. Sheila Kerr, “Investigating Soviet Espionage and Subversion: The Case of Donald Maclean,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 17, no. 1, spring 2002, p. 112.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Above all, I owe thanks to my husband, Malcolm, both for inspiring me to write this book and for reading and commenting on the draft manuscript. Without his wisdom, insight, and encouragement this book might not have been written. I am also grateful to Reg Whitaker and Bruce Craig for reviewing the manuscript and offering valuable criticism, and to my daughter Molly for her excellent suggestions and support.
My editor at McClelland & Stewart, Alex Schultz, has been wonderful to work with and deserves much of the credit for this book. He gave me indispensable advice and edited my manuscript with a thoroughness and precision that is an author's dream. Thanks also to Jenny Bradshaw for her superb copyediting.
I also am indebted to my research assistant, Andrew Cameron, who worked long hours in Library and Archives Canada on my behalf and was there for me when I needed to track down documents from across the ocean.
I appreciate the help and encouragement from colleagues in my field: Wesley Wark at the University of Toronto; Martin Rudner and Larry Black at Carleton University; Christopher Andrew at Cambridge University; Mark Kramer at Harvard University; and John Fox, historian at the FBI. I also want to thank Dan Mulvenna, Roger Bowen, Kurt Jensen, John Sawatsky, Svetlana Chervonnaya, Irina Aggeeva, Gordon Lunan, Arthur Menzies, Paul Broda, Evy Wilson, Tony Hiss, Jeff Kisseloff, and Dan Bjarnason for their help.
This book would not have been possible without the assistance and expertise of the staff at archives and libraries: Normand Sirois, Nicole Jalbert, and Roger Chartrand at the Canadian Security and Intelligence Service; Sophie Teller, Boniface Kadore, Dave Smith, Sarah Gawman, Jean Matheson, and many others at Library and Archives Canada; Edward Schamel and Jessica Kratz at the Center for Legislative Archives in Washington, D.C.; Michael Hussy and John Taylor at the National Archives and Records Administration in Maryland; Paul McIlroy at the Archives of Ontario; Mona Davis, Charlotte Bell, Carol Kelley, and Laura Corbman at the FBI; Megan Sheils at the Ralph J. Bunch Library, U.S. Department of State; Margaret Harman at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library; Dennis Bilger at the Harry S. Truman Library; Rob Cox and Charles Greifenstein at the American Philosophical Society; George Brandak at the University of British Columbia Library, Rare Books and Special Collections; Mark Vajcner and Elizabeth Seitz at the University of Regina Archives; and Howard Davies and Hugh Alexander at the National Archives in Britain.
INDEX
Note: The italic letter followed by an italic number indicates an endnote (e.g.n means note on page ).
Acheson, Dean
Adams, Arthur
Adams, Eric
Ahearn, T.F.
Alien Registration Act, United States
Ames, Aldrich
Andrews, Dana
Andropov, Iurii
Angelov, Pavel
Anthony, M.E.
Atherton, Ray
atomic bomb: described by Adams to GRU; efforts to establish international control of; priority for Soviet Union used against Japan
Atomic Energy Commission
Attlee, Clement: and Nunn May's arrest; discusses atomic energy with Canada and United States; discusses Gouzenko allegations with Canada and United States; hears King's praise of Churchill's speech wants Britain to participate in atomic research
Aylen (lawyer for Smith)
Bayfield, Cecil
Belfrage, Cedric
Bellah, Robert
Belokhvostikov, Nikolai
Benesh, Eduard
Benning, Scott
Bentley, Elizabeth: FBI's initial investigation information not corroborated; names names testifies before HUCK; testifies before SISS; unreliability
Beria, Lavrentii: execution; imprisons or executes Soviet operatives; investigates Gouzenko's defection; limited influence on Stalin; plans to steal Western atomic secrets; receives uranium- from Motinov; resigns from NKVD
Bethel, Glen
Bevin, Ernest
Black, Mervyn: translates Gouzenko's memoirs; works on Gouzenko case; would pose as "father" of Anna's baby
Blewett, Hilda
Blewett, John
Bourke (neighbour of Gouzenkos)
Boyer, Raymond: friendship with Steinberg; in CASCW; passes information to Rose reasons for giving information to Soviets testifies at Rose pre-trial; testifies before Commission; trial
Bracken, John
Brais (Crown prosecutor)
Britain, see also MI5 and MI6 : anti-communist measures; atomic research; communist groups and sympathizers in lets Volkov slip between fingers; movements for international civilian control of the bomb; potential arrests; public opinion today on civil liberties vs. national security; public reaction to Commission report; relations with Soviet Union; response to Gouzenko case; security services post-war; skeptical of Kravchenko; Soviet spies in
British High Commission, Ottawa see under embassies
British Secret Intelligence Service see MI6
British Security Coordination, New York: Camp X training; established; reports on Gouzenko case; spy in threat of dismantlement
British Security Service see MI5
Brockway, George
Broda, Hilda
BSC see British Security Coordination
Buck, Tim
Bundy, McGeorge
Burgess, Guy
Butler, Neville
Byrnes, James: asked by HUCK to request interview with Gouzenko; follows Royal Commission hearings; informed about Gouzenko; moderate in politics; on Soviet espionage; seen by Hoover as soft on communism; seen by King as unwilling to link Gouzenko case to United States
Cadogan, Alexander
Callwood, June
Camp X, Ontario
Canada: anti-communist measures; as entrance point for Soviet spies going to United States; communist groups and sympathizers in; contributions to war effort; informs United States of spy network; lack of strong patriotism; movements for international civilian control of the bomb; potential arrests; public opinion about United States; public opinion on detentions and hearings; public opinion on U.S. anti-communist agenda; public opinion today on civil liberties vs. national security; relations with Soviet Union; role in atomic research; security services post-war; Soviet spies in,
Canada Evidence Act
Canadian Association of Scientific Workers ( CASCW )
Canadian Bill of Rights
Canadian Friends of the Chinese
People Canadian Institute of International Affairs
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society
Carr, Julia
Carr, Sam: arrest, trial and sentence; association with Communist Party of Canada; background; espionage activities flees Canada; intent
CASCW see Canadian Association of Scientific Workers
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Chalk River, On
tario
Chamberlain, Neville
Chambers, Whittaker: implicates Hiss implicates White; interviewed by State Department names names; testifies before HUCK; unreliability
Chapman, Agatha
China
Churchill, Clementine
Churchill, Winston: has King to lunch; "Iron Curtain" speech; on Lord Halifax; praises Stalin at Yalta; recruits Stephenson; tells miand mito relax pressure on communists
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
Civil Liberties Union
Clark, Tom
Cockcroft, John
code names: "Alek" see Nunn May, Alan; "Bacon" see Halperin, Israel; "Badeau" see Smith, Durnford; "Bagley" see Mazerall, Edward; "Berger" see Steinberg, Arthur; "C" see Menzies, Stewart; "Corby" see Gouzenko, Igor; "Debouz" see Rose, Fred; "Elli" "Ernst" see Adams, Eric; "Grant" see Zabotin, Nikolai; "Lady Corby" see Bentley Elizabeth; "Moliere" see Mikhailov, Pavel; "Nora" see Woikin, Emma; "Primrose" see Nunn May, Alan; "Prometheus" see Shugar, David; "Stanley" see Philby, Kim
Cohen, Joseph L.
Cold War: comes as shock; germination; historical assessment of spy cases; lack of policies at the start; ongoing defections; prompts vast intelligence networks; Soviet successes
Coldwell, M.J.
Comintern
communism: loses its appeal in Cold War; pro-communist press; regains strength post-war; seen as threat to democracy; sympathy does not equal willingness to spy
Communist Party of America
Communist Party of Britain
Communist Party of Canada: assistance to Soviets; Carr's association with; discredited by Rose's and Carr's actions; linked to Norman; Marxist study groups; not outlawed again despite spy trials; outlawed; regains legitimacy in World War ii; Rose's association with; seen as agents of Moscow; Willsher's association with
Connelly, Matthew
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Coulson, Fernande csis see Canadian Security Intelligence Service Czechoslovakia
Department of External Affairs Canada: anxious to avoid deep rift with Soviets; asked about Gouzenko; King retains portfolio; Norman's work for; notified of Pavlov's promotion; Soviet informant in