504 See also Mr. Bates’ paper in ‘Proc. Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia,’ 1865, p. 206. Also Mr. Wallace on the same subject, in regard to Diadema, in ‘Transact. Entomolog. Soc. of London,’ 1869, p. 278.
505 ‘The Naturalist on the Amazons,’ vol. i. 1863, p. 19.
506 See the interesting article in the ‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, p. 10. A woodcut of the Kallima is given by Mr. Wallace in Hardwicke’s 'Science Gossip,’ Sept. 1867, p. 196.
507 See the interesting observations by Mr. T. W. Wood, ‘The Student,’ Sept. 1868, p. 81.
508 Mr. Wallace in ‘Hardwicke’s Science Gossip,’ Sept. 1867, p. 193.
509 See also, on this subject, Mr. Weir’s paper in ‘Transact. Ent. Soc.’ 1869, p. 23.
510 ‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, p. 16.
511 For instance, Lithosia; but Prof. Westwood (‘Modern Class. of Insects,’ vol. ii. p. 390) seems surprised at this case. On the relative colours of diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera, see ibid. p. 333 and 392; also Harris, ‘Treatise on the Insects of New England,’ 1842, p. 315.
512 Such differences between the upper and lower surfaces of the wings of several species of Papilio, may be seen in the beautiful plates to Mr. Wallace’s Memoir on the Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region, in ‘Transact. Linn. Soc.’ vol. xxv. part i. 1865.
513 ‘Proc. Ent. Soc.’ March 2nd, 1868.
514 See also an account of the S. American genus Erateina (one of the Geometræ) in ‘Transact. Ent. Soc.’ new series, vol. v. pl. xv. and xvi.
515 ‘Proc. Ent. Soc. of London,’ July 6, 1868, p. xxvii.
516 Harris, ‘Treatise,’ &c., edited by Flint, 1862, p. 395.
517 For instance, I observe in my son’s cabinet that the males are darker than the females in the Lasiocampa quercus, Odonestis potatoria, Hypogymna dispar, Dasychira pudibunda, and Cycnia mendica. In this latter species the difference in colour between the two sexes is strongly marked; and Mr. Wallace informs me that we here have, as he believes, an instance of protective mimickry confined to one sex, as will hereafter be more fully explained. The white female of the Cycnia resembles the very common Spilosoma menthrasti, both sexes of which are white; and Mr. Stainton observed that this latter moth was rejected with utter disgust by a whole brood of young turkeys, which were fond of eating other moths; so that if the Cycnia was commonly mistaken by British birds for the Spilosoma, it would escape being devoured, and its white deceptive colour would thus be highly beneficial.
518 ‘Rambles of a Naturalist in the Chinese Seas,’ 1868, p. 182.
519 Wallace on the Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region, in ‘Transact. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. 1865, p. 8, 36. A striking case of a rare variety, strictly intermediate between two other well-marked female varieties, is given by Mr. Wallace. See also Mr. Bates, in ‘Proc. Entomolog. Soc.’ Nov. 19th, 1866, p. xl.
520 Mr. R. MacLachlan, ‘Transact. Ent. Soc.’ vol. ii. part 6th, 3rd series, 1866, p. 459.
521 H. W. Bates, ‘The Naturalist on the Amazons,’ vol. ii. 1863, p. 228. A. R. Wallace, in ‘Transact. Linn. Soc.’ vol. xxv. 1865, p. 10.
522 On this whole subject see ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. 1868, chap. xxiii.
523 A. R. Wallace, in ‘The Journal of Travel,’ vol. i. 1868, p. 88. 'Westminster Review,’ July, 1857, p. 37. See also Messrs. Wallace and Bates in ‘Proc. Ent. Soc.’ Nov. 19th, 1866, p. xxxix.
524 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. chap. xii. p. 17.
525 ‘Transact. Linn. Soc.’ vol. xxiii. 1862, p. 495.
526 ‘Proc. Ent. Soc.’ Dec. 3rd, 1866, p. xlv.
527 ‘Transact. Linn. Soc.’ vol. xxv. 1865, p. 1; also ‘Transact. Ent. Soc.’ vol. iv. (3rd series), 1867, p. 301.
528 See an ingenious article entitled, “Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection,” in the ‘Month,’ 1869. The writer strangely supposes that I attribute the variations in colour of the Lepidoptera, by which certain species belonging to distinct families have come to resemble others, to reversion to a common progenitor; but there is no more reason to attribute these variations to reversion than in the case of any ordinary variation.
529 Wallace, “Notes on Eastern Butterflies,” ‘Transact. Ent. Soc.’ 1869, p. 287.
530 Wallace, in ‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, p. 37; and in 'Journal of Travel and Nat. Hist.’ vol. i. 1868, p. 88.
531 See remarks by Messrs. Bates and Wallace, in ‘Proc. Ent. Soc.’ Nov. 19, 1866, p. xxxix.
532 See Mr. Wallace in ‘Westminster Review,’ July, 1867, p. 11 and 37. The male of no butterfly, as Mr. Wallace informs me, is known to differ in colour, as a protection, from the female; and he asks me how I can explain this fact on the principle that one sex alone has varied and has transmitted its variations exclusively to the same sex, without the aid of selection to check the variations being inherited by the other sex. No doubt if it could be shewn that the females of very many species had been rendered beautiful through protective mimickry, but that this has never occurred with the males, it would be a serious difficulty. But the number of cases as yet known hardly suffices for a fair judgment. We can see that the males, from having the power of flying more swiftly, and thus escaping danger, would not be so likely as the females to have had their colours modified for the sake of protection; but this would not in the least have interfered with their receiving protective colours through inheritance from the females. In the second place, it is probable that sexual selection would actually tend to prevent a beautiful male from becoming obscure, for the less brilliant individuals would be less attractive to the females. Supposing that the beauty of the male of any species had been mainly acquired through sexual selection, yet if this beauty likewise served as a protection, the acquisition would have been aided by natural selection. But it would be quite beyond our power to distinguish between the two processes of sexual and ordinary selection. Hence it is not likely that we should be able to adduce cases of the males having been rendered brilliant exclusively through protective mimickry, though this is comparatively easy with the females, which have rarely or never been rendered beautiful, as far as we can judge, for the sake of sexual attraction, although they have often received beauty through inheritance from their male parents.
533 ‘Proc. Entomolog. Soc.’ Dec. 3rd, 1866, p. xlv., and March 4th, 1867, p. lxxx.
534 See Mr. J. Jenner Weir’s paper on insects and insectivorous birds, in ‘Transact. Ent. Soc.’ 1869, p. 21; also Mr. Butler’s paper, ibid. p. 27.
END OF VOL. I.
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