by Pamela Horn
6. Winterton Diary No. 22, entry for 19 February 1919, at the Bodleian Library. For Sir Philip Sassoon’s military appointment see Peter Stansky, Sassoon. The Worlds of Philip and Sybil (New Haven and London, 2003), p. 56.
7. The Bystander, 2 March 1921.
8. Patrick Balfour, Society Racket. A Critical Survey of Modern Social Life (London, 1933), pp. 73 and 77.
9. Winterton Diary No. 22, entry for 1 April 1919.
10. Winterton Diary No. 22, entry for 29 May 1919.
11. The Field, 15 March 1919.
12. Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, Grace and Favour (London, 1961), p. 84.
13. The Bystander, 14 April 1920.
14. The Tatler, 9 April 1919.
15. Janet Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten. A Life of Her Own (London, 1992 edn), p. 87.
16. Stanley Jackson, The Savoy. The Romance of a Great Hotel (London, 1964), p. 64.
17. Frances Donaldson, Child of the Twenties (London, 1986 edn), pp. 68–71.
18. Rupert Godfrey, ed., Letters from a Prince. March 1918–January 1921 (London, 1999 edn), p. ix. Stella Margetson, The Long Party. High Society in the Twenties and Thirties (London, 1976 edn), pp. 36–37.
19. John Julius Norwich, ed., The Duff Cooper Diaries (London, 2006 edn), p. 137, entry for 12 December 1920.
20. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Weekend. A Social History of Great Britain (London, 1991 edn), 119–120. Balfour, Society Racket, p. 118.
21. Mrs Kate Meyrick, Secrets of the 43 Club (London, 1994 edn), pp. 12–22.
22. Meyrick, Secrets of the 43 Club, p. 104.
23. Meyrick, Secrets of the 43 Club, p. 33.
24. Meyrick, Secrets of the 43 Club, p. 52.
25. Barbara Cartland, We Danced All Night (London, 1994 edn), p. 113.
26. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol. 176 (14 July – 7 August 1924), pp. 1541–1542, 24 July 1924.
27. Quoted in Margetson, The Long Party, p. 105.
28. Winterton Diary No. 23.
29. Winterton Diary No. 23, entry for 19 November 1919.
30. Philip Ziegler, Diana Cooper (Harmondsworth, 1983 edn), p. 149.
31. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 110. On the previous 29 October, he had taken a taxi with Diana Capel in Piccadilly and had driven with her to her home. ‘I made love to her and kissed her and promised to meet her next day. I felt rather guilty when I got home.’
32. Ziegler, Diana Cooper, p. 132.
33. Ziegler, Diana Cooper, p. 151.
34. Cartland, We Danced All Night, p. 43.
35. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 125, entry for 16 June 1920.
36. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 95, entry for 11 March 1919.
37. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 90, entry for 20 December 1918.
38. The Tatler, 15 June 1921. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 140, entry for 15 March 1921. It was a tribute to Lady Diana’s celebrity that when the Coopers went to the theatre on 9 September 1920, she was recognised and asked for ‘her autograph’ by some ‘working girls … She had to sign about a dozen. She is wonderfully popular. When we walked into the theatre … there was loud applause from the pit.’
39. Lady Marjorie Dalrymple to Lady Airlie, 23 October 1920, in Airlie MSS, at the British Library, Add.MSS 82762, ff.44–45 and Lady Mary Trefusis to Lady Airlie, 29 October 1920, writing from Sandringham on behalf of Queen Mary, 29 October 1920, f.46.
40. D. J.Taylor, Bright Young People. The Lost Generation of London’s Jazz Age (New York, 2007), pp. 226–227.
41. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 104, entry for 10 June 1919.
42. The Bystander, 12 March 1919.
43. Richard Davenport-Hines, Ettie. The Intimate Life and Dauntless Spirit of Lady Desborough (London, 2008), p. 232.
44. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 232.
45. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 239–240.
46. Cartland, We Danced All Night, p. 68.
47. Marion Fowler, Blenheim. Biography of a Palace (London, 1989), p. 218.
48. Leslie Field, Bendor. The Golden Duke of Westminster (London, 1986 edn), pp. 149–150.
49. Graves and Hodge, The Long Weekend, p. 109.
50. Field, Bendor, pp. 151 and 160–161.
51. Graves and Hodge, The Long Weekend, p. 47.
52. Martin Pugh, Lloyd George (London, 1988) pp. 149–150.
53. Hansard (House of Lords), Vol. 51 (June 27 – August 4 1922), p. 509, 17 July 1922. Pugh, Lloyd George, p. 150.
54. Hansard (House of Lords), Vol. 51, 495. Andrew Cook, Cash for Honours. The Story of Maundy Gregory (Stroud, 2008), p. 99.
55. Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures. England 1918–1951 (Oxford, 2000), p. 16
56. Douglas Goldring, The Nineteen Twenties. A General Survey and some Personal Memories (London, 1945), pp. 3–4.
57. Pugh, Lloyd George, p. 150. Goldring, The Nineteen Twenties, p. 4.
58. Pugh, Lloyd George, p. 151. Cook, Cash for Honours, pp. 108–109.
59. Winterton Diary No. 23, entry for 10 July 1919.
60. Winterton Diary No. 22, entry for 3 March 1919. Graves and Hodge, The Long Weekend, p. 152, note that anyone in the upper classes who visited Russia, ‘such as Claire Sheridan the sculptor’ was ‘socially ruined’, even if no pro-Bolshevist view was expressed, so great was the alarm at Bolshevism.
61. Charles Loch Mowat, Britain Between the Wars 1918–1940 (London, 1983 edn), pp. 39–40.
62. Norwich, The Duff Cooper Diaries, p. 109, entry for 27 September 1919.
63. Beaulieu Abbey, Palace House, National Motor Museum (Beaulieu, n.d. c. 2010), entry for John, 2nd Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. After going up to Oxford, his passion for engineering led him to sign up as an apprentice at the London & South Western Railway’s Nine Elms locomotive depot, where he learned about the working of steam locomotives.
64. Winterton Diary No. 23, entry for 29 September 1919.
65. Mowat, Britain Between the Wars, p. 40.
66. Mowat, Britain Between the Wars, pp. 120–123.
67. Anne de Courcy, Circe. The Life of Edith, Marchioness of Londonderry (London, 1992), p. 162.
68. de Courcy, Circe, p. 162
69. de Courcy, Circe, p. 163
70. de Courcy, Circe, pp. 165–167.
71. David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Haven and London, 1990), p. 105.
72. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 93.
73. A Century of Agricultural Statistics. Great Britain 1866–1966 (London, HMSO, 1966), p. 82.
74. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 97.
75. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 97.
76. Field, Bendor, p. 146.
77. Field, Bendor, pp. 152–155. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 115.
78. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, pp. 97–98.
79. Peter Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (New Haven and London, 1997), p. 243.
80. Leader in Country Life, 30 July 1921.
81. Country Life, 30 July 1921.
82. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 98.
83. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, pp. 98–99.
84. Country Life, 13 August 1921. Lord and Lady Breadalbane had sold 40,000 acres of their Perthshire estate as well as Taymouth Castle itself, which had been their ancestral home.
85. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home, p. 246.
86. F. M. L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1963), p. 335.
87. Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 329.
88. Madeleine Beard, English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century (London, 1989), p. 41.
89. Beard, English Landed Society, pp. 41–42.
90. Country Life, 15 March 1919.
91. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of th
e British Aristocracy, p. 108.
92. Country Life, 22 March 1919.
93. Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 332.
94. Beard, English Landed Society, p. 42
95. The Tatler, 16 April 1919.
96. Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 333.
97. A Century of Agricultural Statistics, p. 25.
98. Quoted in Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 331.
99. Country Life, 7 June 1919.
100. Quoted in Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 332.
101. Country Life, 1 January 1921.
102. Beard, English Landed Society, pp. 51–52. Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 336.
103. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 116.
104. The Tatler, 21 April 1920. The Bystander, 7 April 1920. In 1925 The Bystander called the house-breakers who were demolishing Devonshire House ‘vandals’.
105. The Tatler, 23 June 1920.
106. The Tatler, 6 April 1921.
107. Field, Bendor, pp. 148–149, 155 and 191. Bendor apparently often anchored his yacht at Bosskop in Norway on his fishing trips.
3 Community Responsibilities and Sporting Pursuits
1. Richard Greville Verney, Lord Willoughby de Broke, The Passing Years (London, 1924), p. 56. He also added, perhaps thinking of himself and his friends: ‘there are plenty of people left who are still proud of the traditions and associations of their own shire’.
2. Pamela Horn, Women in the 1920s (Stroud, 2010 edn), p. 57.
3. Anne de Courcy, Circe. The Life of Edith, Marchioness of Londonderry (London, 1992), pp. 134–135.
4. John Grigg, Nancy Astor. Portrait of a Pioneer (London, 1980), p. 85.
5. Diary of Earl Winterton No. 24 in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, entry for 14 April 1920.
6. Horn, Women in the 1920s, pp. 147–149. Nicholas Mosley, Rules of The Game. Sir Oswald and Lady Cynthia Mosley 1896–1933 (London, 1982), p. 118.
7. Nicholas Mansfield, ‘Foxhunting and the Yeomanry: County Identity and Military Culture’ in R. W. Hoyle ed., Our Hunting Fathers. Field Sports in England after 1850 (Lancaster, 2007), p. 253.
8. David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Haven and London, 1990), p. 162.
9. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall, p. 163.
10. John Vincent, ed., The Crawford Papers (Manchester, 1984), p. 472.
11. Vincent, ed., The Crawford Papers, p. 535, entry for 12 December 1930.
12. Vincent, ed., The Crawford Papers, p. 423, entry for 6 June 1922.
13. William Scarth Dixon, Fox-hunting in the Twentieth Century (London, 1925), pp. 223–224.
14. Merlin Waterson, The Country House Remembered. Recollections of Life Between the Wars (London, 1985), p. 34.
15. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, pp. 46–48.
16. Raymond Carr, English Fox Hunting. A History (London, 1976), p. 234.
17. Diary of Earl Winterton No. 28, entry for 14 January 1921.
18. Hugo Vickers, Gladys Duchess of Marlborough (London, 1987 edn), p. 185.
19. Vickers, Gladys, p. 219.
20. Quoted in F. M. L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1963), p. 330.
21. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, p. 22.
22. Kedrun Laurie, Cricketer Preferred. Estate Workers at Lyme Park 1898–1946 (Lyme Park Joint Committee, n.d. c.1979), p. 32.
23. Peter Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (New Haven & London, 1997), p. 243.
24. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home, p. 233.
25. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home, p. 248–249.
26. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home, p. 252.
27. Janet Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten. A Life of Her Own (London, 1992 edn), pp. 88–93.
28. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill (London, 1979), p. 247.
29. Randolph S. Churchill, Lord Derby. ‘King of Lancashire’ (London, Melbourne and Toronto, 1959), pp. 393–395.
30. Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, Grace and Favour (London, 1961), pp. 207–209.
31. The Bystander, 10 June 1925.
32. Rosina Harrison, Rose: My Life in Service (London, 1975), p. 140.
33. Harrison, Rose: My Life in Service, p. 141.
34. Earl Winterton Diary No. 25, entry for 14 June 1920.
35. Earl Winterton Diary No. 23.
36. Earl Winterton Diary No. 23, entries for 27 August and 4 September 1919, for example.
37. ‘Introduction’ to Hoyle ed., Our Hunting Fathers, p. 13.
38. Selina Hastings, Nancy Mitford (London, 2002 edn), p. 27.
39. Earl Winterton Diary No. 23, entries for 23 and 25 September 1919.
40. Rt Hon. Earl Winterton, Fifty Tumultuous Years (London, 1955), p. 142.
41. Country Life, 3 November 1928.
42. Willoughby de Broke, The Passing Years, p. 231 and ‘Introduction’ to Hoyle ed., Our Hunting Fathers, p. 5.
43. Willoughby de Broke, The Passing Years, pp. 75–76.
44. The Bystander, 5 October 1927.
45. See, for example, entry in Earl Winterton’s Diary No. 24 for 10 January 1920. The hunt had already killed one fox when they ‘found again in Chalkhurst Rough, and ran hard by Sidney Wood, Knightons,’ and so on, but eventually they had to leave off ‘at dark pointing for Minstead. Rare good day. Rode Monson and Chestnut, laming the former in a fall.’
46. The Bystander, 5 October 1927.
47. The Field, 7 December 1918.
48. Country Life, 3 November 1928.
49. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, p. 86.
50. The Bystander, 28 September 1927.
51. Jane Ridley, Fox Hunting (London, 1990), pp. 159–160.
52. The Bystander, 26 October 1927.
53. Rupert Godfrey ed., Letters from a Prince (London, 1999 edn), p. 459, entry for 12 August 1920. On 9 July 1920 (pp. 431–2) he had confided, ‘I’m more crazy about riding than ever I was & I just long to make somewhat of a name for myself as a horseman & own & ride the winner of a race … I’m lucky enough to have the dollars & light weight & certainly the keenness!!’
54. The Bystander, 28 September 1927.
55. Patrick Balfour, Society Racket. A Critical Survey of Modern Social Life (London, 1933), p. 264.
56. Ridley, Fox Hunting, pp. 153–54.
57. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, p. 16.
58. Ridley, Fox Hunting, p. 155.
59. Churchill, Lord Derby, pp. 578–79.
60. ‘The Fortunes of English Foxhunting in the Twentieth Century: The Case of the Oakley Hunt’ in Hoyle, ed., Our Hunting Fathers, p. 257.
61. ‘Introduction’ in Hoyle, ed., Our Hunting Fathers, pp. 11–12.
62. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, pp. 91–92.
63. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, p. 92. For a woman taking part in a shoot at Murthly Castle, Murthly, Scotland, see, for example, The Bystander, 21 September 1927, when Miss Colleen Byrne was shown among the ‘guns’.
64. Steve Humphries and Beverley Hopwood ed., Green and Pleasant Land (London, 1999), pp. 69–70.
65. Humphries and Hopwood ed., Green and Pleasant Land, p. 70. Leslie Field, Bendor. The Golden Duke of Westminster (London, 1986 edn), p. 172.
66. Humphries and Hopwood ed., Green and Pleasant Land, p. 73.
67. Country Life, 17 January 1920 and 21 April 1923.
68. Country Life, 15 July 1922.
69. Country Life, 3 September 1921.
70. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall, p. 369.
71. Kenneth Rose, King George V (London, 1983), p.293.
72. T. W. Turner, Memoirs of a Gamekeeper. Elveden 1868–1953 (London, 1954), p. 40.
73. Godfrey ed., Letters from a Prince, p. 305, letter dated 14 January 1920. In an earlier letter, dated 24 December 1920, he had expressed himself forcefully, declaring, ‘Christ it’s bloody here & I’m so depressed …
I’ve absolutely nothing in common with the rest of my family’.
74. Willoughby de Broke, The Passing Years, p. 231.
75. Country Life, 31 July 1926.
76. Rose, King George V, p. 288.
77. Helen Hardinge to her mother, Viscountess Milner, 29 September 1921, in Violet Milner MSS. VM.28. Helen was staying at Braemar at the time.
78. Rose, King George V, p. 288.
79. Rose, King George V, p. 288.
80. Letters to Lady Airlie from Lady Joan Verney, 23 August 1921, and from Bessie Dawson, 1 September 1921, in Airlie MSS.82762, ff. 63 and 70 at the British Library.
81. Balfour, Society Racket, pp. 66–67.
82. Brian P. Martin, The Glorious Grouse. A Natural and Unnatural History (Newton Abbot, 1990), p. 81.
83. Martin, The Glorious Grouse, p. 81.
84. Waterson, The Country House Remembered, p. 100.
85. Justine Picardie, Coco Chanel. The Legend and the Life (London, n.d.), pp. 165–69 and 186.
86. Field, Bendor, p. 191.
87. The Field, 20 September and 11 October 1928.
88. The Tatler, 7 January 1920. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Weekend. A Social History of Great Britain (London, 1991 edn), pp. 34–35, note that during the winter of 1919/20 the Riviera was packed, with sleeping berths on the trains to Cannes and Nice booked up months ahead of time.
89. The Tatler, 25 February 1920. See also a contribution by ‘Christopher’ in The Tatler, 21 January 1920, pointing out that a lot of ‘well-known people are wintering at Algiers, which threatens to be a serious rival to the Riviera as a fashionable resort.’
90. Field, Bendor, pp. 192–93.
91. The Tatler, 7 January 1920.
92. The Tatler, 5 January 1921. For the Prince of Wales see Sarah Bradford, George VI (London, 1991 edn), p. 147.
93. The Field, 20 December 1928.
94. The Bystander, 7 November 1928.
95. The Field, 27 December 1928.
96. C. S. Nicholls, Red Strangers. The White Tribe of Kenya (London, 2005), p. 153.
97. Gloria Vanderbilt and Thelma Lady Furness, Double Exposure (London, 1959 edn), pp. 216–21. Philip Ziegler, King Edward VIII (Stroud, 2001 edn), p. 196.
98. Nicholls, Red Strangers, p. 152.
99. The Field, 13 September 1928.
100. Nicholls, Red Strangers, p. 153. Karen Blixen, Out of Africa (London, 2001 edn), pp. 193, 195–96, 305 and 307. Edward L. Steinhart, Black Poachers, White Hunters (Oxford, Nairobi and Athens, USA, 2006), p. 127.