by Pausanias
[4] οἱ δὲ καὶ Δαίδαλον ἀποδρᾶναι τηνικαῦτα †καὶ οἴκου διὰ τὴν ἐπιστρατείαν τὴν Κρητῶν καὶ ἀποικίας ἐς τὴν Σαρδὼ μετασχεῖν τῷ Ἀρισταίῳ νομίζουσιν: ἔχοι δ᾽ ἂν λόγον οὐδένα Αὐτονόῃ τῇ Κάδμου συνοικήσαντι τῷ Ἀρισταίῳ Δαίδαλον ἢ ἀποικίας ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς μετεσχηκέναι, ὃς ἡλικίαν κατὰ Οἰδίποδα ἦν βασιλεύοντα ἐν Θήβαις. πόλιν δ᾽ οὖν οἰκίζουσιν οὐδεμίαν οὐδ᾽ οὗτοι, ὅτι ἀριθμῷ τε καὶ ἰσχύι ἐλάσσονες ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἢ κατὰ πόλεως ἦσαν οἰκισμόν.
[17.4] Others think that Daedalus too ran away from Camicus on this occasion, because of the invasion of the Cretans, and took a part in the colony that Aristaeus led to Sardinia. But it is nonsense to think that Daedalus, a contemporary of Oedipus, king of Thebes, had a part in a colony or anything else along with Aristaeus, who married Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus. At any rate, these colonists too founded no city, the reason being, I think, that neither in numbers nor in strength were they capable of the task.
[5] μετὰ δὲ Ἀρισταῖον Ἴβηρες ἐς τὴν Σαρδὼ διαβαίνουσιν ὑπὸ ἡγεμόνι τοῦ στόλου Νώρακι, καὶ ᾠκίσθη Νώρα πόλις ὑπὸ αὐτῶν: ταύτην πρώτην γενέσθαι πόλιν μνημονεύουσιν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ, παῖδα δὲ Ἐρυθείας τε τῆς Γηρυόνου καὶ Ἑρμοῦ λέγουσιν εἶναι τὸν Νώρακα. τετάρτη δὲ μοῖρα Ἰολάου Θεσπιέων τε καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς στρατιὰ κατῆρεν ἐς Σαρδώ, καὶ Ὀλβίαν μὲν πόλιν οἰκίζουσιν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ Ὀγρύλην οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι διασώζοντες τῶν δήμων τῶν οἴκοι τινὸς τὸ ὄνομα: ἢ καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦ στόλου μετεῖχεν Ὀγρύλος. ἔστι δ᾽ οὖν καὶ κατ᾽ ἐμὲ ἔτι χωρία τε Ἰολάια ἐν τῇ Σαρδοῖ καὶ Ἰόλαος παρὰ τῶν οἰκητόρων ἔχει τιμάς.
[17.5] After Aristaeus the Iberians crossed to Sardinia, under Norax as leader of the expedition, and they founded the city of Nora. The tradition is that this was the first city in the island, and they say that Norax was a son of Erytheia, the daughter of Geryones, with Hermes for his father. A fourth component part of the population was the army of Iolaus, consisting of Thespians and men from Attica, which put in at Sardinia and founded Olbia; by themselves the Athenians founded Ogryle, either in commemoration of one of their parishes in the home-land, or else because one Ogrylus himself took part in the expedition. Be this as it may, there are still today places in Sardinia called Iolaia, and Iolaus is worshipped by the inhabitants.
[6] Ἰλίου δὲ ἁλισκομένης ἄλλοι τε ἐκφεύγουσι τῶν Τρώων καὶ οἱ ἀποσωθέντες μετὰ Αἰνείου: τούτων μοῖρα ἀπενεχθεῖσα ὑπὸ ἀνέμων ἐς Σαρδὼ ἀνεμίχθησαν τοῖς προενοικοῦσιν Ἕλλησι. καταστῆναι δὲ ἐς μάχην τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ καὶ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἐκώλυσε τοὺς βαρβάρους: παρασκευῇ τε γὰρ ἴσοι τῇ ἁπάσῃ τὰ ἐς πόλεμον ἦσαν καὶ ὁ Θόρσος ποταμὸς διὰ μέσου σφίσι ῥέων τῆς χώρας ἐπ᾽ ἴσης καὶ ἀμφοτέροις διαβαίνειν παρεῖχε δέος.
[17.6] When Troy was taken, among those Trojans who fled were those who escaped with Aeneas. A part of them, carried from their course by winds, reached Sardinia and intermarried with the Greeks already settled there. But the non-Greek element were prevented from coming to blows with the Greeks and Trojans, for the two enemies were evenly matched in all warlike equipment, while the river Thorsus, flowing between their territories, made both equally afraid to cross it.
[7] ὕστερον μέντοι πολλοῖς ἔτεσιν οἱ Λίβυες ἐπεραιώθησάν τε αὖθις ἐς τὴν νῆσον στόλῳ μείζονι καὶ ἦρξαν ἐς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν πολέμου. τὸ μὲν δὴ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐς ἅπαν ἐπέλαβε φθαρῆναι, ἢ ὀλίγον ἐγένετο ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὸ ὑπολειφθέν: οἱ δὲ Τρῶες ἐς τῆς νήσου τὰ ὑψηλὰ ἀναφεύγουσι, καταλαβόντες δὲ ὄρη δύσβατα ὑπὸ σκολόπων τε καὶ κρημνῶν Ἰλιεῖς μὲν ὄνομα καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἔτι ἔχουσι, Λίβυσι μέντοι τὰς μορφὰς καὶ τῶν ὅπλων τὴν σκευὴν καὶ ἐς τὴν πᾶσαν δίαιταν ἐοίκασιν.
[17.7] However, many years afterwards the Libyans crossed again to the island with a stronger army, and began a war against the Greeks. The Greeks were utterly destroyed, or only a few of them survived. The Trojans made their escape to the high parts of the island, and occupied mountains difficult to climb, being precipitous and protected by stakes. Even at the present day they are called Ilians, but in figure, in the fashion of their arms, and in their mode of living generally, they are like the Libyans.
SARDINIA, HISTORY
[8] ἔστι δὲ νῆσος οὐ πολὺ ἀπέχουσα τῆς Σαρδοῦς, Κύρνος ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων, ὑπὸ δὲ Λιβύων τῶν ἐνοικούντων καλουμένη Κορσική. ἐκ ταύτης μοῖρα οὐκ ἐλαχίστη στάσει πιεσθεῖσα ἀφίκετο ἐς τὴν Σαρδώ, καὶ ᾤκησαν τῆς χώρας ἀποτεμόμενοι τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν: ὑπὸ μέντοι τῶν ἐν τῇ Σαρδοῖ τῷ ὀνόματι ὀνομάζονται τῷ οἴκοθεν Κορσοί.
[17.8] Not far distant from Sardinia is an island, called Cyrnus by the Greeks, but Corsica by the Libyans who inhabit it. A large part of the population, oppressed by civil strife, left it and came to Sardinia; there they took up their abode, confining themselves to the highlands. The Sardinians, however, call them by the name of Corsicans, which they brought with them from home.
[9] Καρχηδόνιοι δὲ ὅτε ναυτικῷ μάλιστα ἴσχυσαν, κατεστρέψαντο μὲν καὶ ἅπαντας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Σαρδοῖ πλὴν Ἰλιέων τε καὶ Κορσῶν — τούτοις δὲ μὴ ἐς δουλείαν ὑπαχθῆναι τὸ ἐχυρὸν ἤρκεσε τῶν ὀρῶν — , ᾤκισαν δὲ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ καὶ αὐτοὶ πόλιν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι Κάραλίν τε καὶ Σύλκους. τοῦ δὲ ἐπικουρικοῦ τῶν Καρχηδονίων Λίβυες ἢ Ἴβηρες ἐς ἀμφισβήτησιν λαφύρων ἀφικόμενοι καὶ ὡς εἶχον ὀργῆς ἀποστάντες ἐσῳκίσαντο ἐς τὰ ὑψηλὰ καὶ οὗτοι τῆς νήσου. Βαλαροὶ τὸ ὄνομά ἐστιν αὐτοῖς κατὰ γλῶσσαν τὴν Κυρνίων: Βαλαροὺς γὰρ τοὺς φυγάδας καλοῦσιν οἱ Κύρνιοι.
[17.9] When the Carthaginians were at the height of their sea power, they overcame all in Sardinia except the Ilians and Corsicans, who were kept from slavery by the strength of the mountains. These Carthaginians, like those who preceded them, founded cities in the island, namely, Caralis and Sulci. Some of the Carthaginian mercenaries, either Libyans or Iberians, quarrelled about the booty, mutinied in a passion, and added to the number of the highland settlers. Their name in the Cyrnian language is Balari, which is the Cyrnian word for fugitives.
SARDINIA, GEOGRAPHY
[10] γένη μὲν τοσαῦτα τὴν Σαρδὼ καὶ ἐσῳκισμένα οὕτω νέμεται, τῆς δὲ νήσου τὰ πρὸς τῆς ἄρκτου καὶ ἠπείρου τῆς κατὰ �
�ταλίαν ἐστὶν ὄρη δύσβατα τὰ πέρατα συνάπτοντα ἀλλήλοις: καὶ ἢν παραπλέῃς, ναυσὶν οὔτε ὅρμους παρέχεται κατὰ τοῦτο ἡ νῆσος πνεύματά τε ἄτακτα καὶ ἰσχυρὰ αἱ ἄκραι τῶν ὀρῶν καταπέμπουσιν ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν.
[17.10] These are the races that dwell in Sardinia, and such was the method of their settlement. The northern part of the island and that towards the mainland of Italy consist of an unbroken chain of impassable mountains. And if you sail along the coast you will find no anchorage on this side of the island, while violent but irregular gusts of wind sweep down to the sea from the tops of the mountains.
[11] ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλα διὰ μέσης αὐτῆς ὄρη χθαμαλώτερα. ὁ δὲ ἀὴρ ὁ ἐνταῦθα θολερός τε ὡς ἐπίπαν ἐστὶ καὶ νοσώδης: αἴτιοι δὲ οἵ τε ἅλες οἱ πηγνύμενοι καὶ ὁ νότος βαρὺς καὶ βίαιος ἐγκείμενος, οἱ ἄνεμοί τε οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς ἄρκτου διὰ τὸ ὑψηλὸν τῶν ὀρῶν τῶν πρὸς τῆς Ἰταλίας κωλύονται πνέοντες θέρους ὥρᾳ τόν τε ἀέρα τὸν ταύτῃ καὶ τὴν γῆν ἀναψύχειν. οἱ δὲ τὴν Κύρνον σταδίους φασὶν οὐ πλέονας ἀπὸ τῆς Σαρδοῦς ἢ ὀκτὼ τῇ θαλάσσῃ διείργεσθαι, ὀρεινήν τε οὖσαν καὶ ἐς ὕψος διὰ πάσης ἀνήκουσαν: τὸν Ζέφυρον οὖν καὶ Βορέαν ὑπὸ τῆς Κύρνου κωλύεσθαι νομίζουσι μὴ καὶ ἄχρι τῆς Σαρδοῦς ἐξικνεῖσθαι.
[17.11] Across the middle of the island runs another chain of mountains, but lower in height. The atmosphere here is on the whole heavy and unwholesome. The reason is partly the salt that crystallizes here, partly the oppressive, violent south wind, and partly the fact that, because of the height of the mountains on the side towards Italy, the north winds are prevented, when they blow in summer, from cooling the atmosphere and the ground here. Others say that the cause is Cyrnus, which is separated from Sardinia by no more than eight stades of sea, and is hilly and high all over. So they think that Cyrnus prevents the west wind and the north wind from reaching as far as Sardinia.
[12] ὄφεις δὲ οὔτε ἐπὶ συμφορᾷ τῇ ἀνθρώπων οὔτε ὅσον ἀνώλεθρον αὐτῶν, οὐδὲ οἱ λύκοι τρέφεσθαι πεφύκασιν. οἱ δὲ τράγοι ἄγριοι μέγεθος μὲν τοὺς ἑτέρωθι οὐχ ὑπερβάλλουσιν, εἶδος δέ ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ὁποῖον ἐν πλαστικῇ τις ἂν τῇ Αἰγιναίᾳ ποιήσειεν ἀγρίου κριοῦ: τὰ μέντοι ἀμφὶ τὸ στῆθος δασύτερά ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἢ ὡς πρὸς Αἰγιναίαν τέχνην εἰκάσαι: κέρατα δὲ οὐ διεστηκότα ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς, ἀλλὰ ἐς εὐθὺ παρὰ τὰ ὦτα ἔχουσιν ἐληλιγμένα: ὠκύτητι δὲ ἅπαντα τὰ θηρία ὑπερήρκασι.
[17.12] Neither poisonous nor harmless snakes can live in Sardinia, nor yet wolves. The he-goats are no bigger than those found elsewhere, but their shape is that of the wild ram which an artist would carve in Aeginetan style, except that their breasts are too shaggy to liken them to Aeginetan art. Their horns do not stand out away from the head, but curl straight beside the ears. In speed they are the swiftest of all beasts.
[13] πλὴν δὲ ἢ βοτάνης μιᾶς καθαρεύει καὶ ἀπὸ φαρμάκων ἡ νῆσος ὅσα ἐργάζεται θάνατον: ἡ πόα δὲ ἡ ὀλέθριος σελίνῳ μέν ἐστιν ἐμφερής, τοῖς φαγοῦσι δὲ γελῶσιν ἐπιγίνεσθαι τὴν τελευτὴν λέγουσιν. ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὲ Ὅμηρός τε καὶ οἱ ἔπειτα ἄνθρωποι τὸν ἐπὶ οὐδενὶ ὑγιεῖ Σαρδάνιον γέλωτα ὀνομάζουσι. φύεται δὲ μάλιστα ἡ πόα περὶ τὰς πηγάς, οὐ μέντοι μεταδίδωσί γε καὶ τῷ ὕδατι τοῦ ἰοῦ.
τὸν μὲν δὴ περὶ τῆς Σαρδοῦς λόγον ἐπεισηγαγόμεθα ἐς τὴν Φωκίδα συγγραφήν, ὅτι οὐχ ἥκιστα καὶ ἐς ταύτην οἱ Ἕλληνες τὴν νῆσον ἀνηκόως εἶχον:
[17.13] Except for one plant the island is free from poisons. This deadly herb is like celery, and they say that those who eat it die laughing. Wherefore Homer, and men after him, call unwholesome laughter sardonic. The herb grows mostly around springs, but does not impart any of its poison to the water.
I have introduced into my history of Phocis this account of Sardinia, because it is an island about which the Greeks are very ignorant.
VOTIVE OFFERINGS AT DELPHI CONT.
18. τὸν δὲ ἵππον, ὃς ἐφεξῆς τῇ εἰκόνι ἐστὶ τοῦ Σάρδου, Ἀθηναῖος Καλλίας Λυσιμαχίδου πατρὸς ἀναθεῖναί φησιν ἰδίᾳ περιποιησάμενος ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμου χρήματα. Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ ἀνέθεσαν Ἀθηνᾶς ἄγαλμα πόλιν τῶν ἐν Αἰτωλίᾳ παραστησάμενοι πολιορκίᾳ: τῇ πόλει δὲ ἣν εἷλον Φάνα τοὔνομα ἦν. γενέσθαι δὲ χρόνον φασὶν οὐκ ὀλίγον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ: καὶ ὡς ἀδυνάτως εἶχον ἑλεῖν τὴν πόλιν, θεωροὺς ἀποστέλλουσιν ἐς Δελφούς, καὶ αὐτοῖς ἀφίκετο μάντευμα:
[18.1] XVIII. The horse next to the statue of Sardus was dedicated, says the Athenian Callias son of Lysimachides, in the inscription, by Callias himself from spoils he had taken in the Persian war. The Achaeans dedicated an image of Athena after reducing by siege one of the cities of Aetolia, the name of which was Phana. They say that the siege was not a short one, and being unable to take the city, they sent envoys to Delphi, to whom was given the following response:–
[2] “γῆς Πέλοπος ναέται καὶ Ἀχαιίδος, οἳ ποτὶ Πυθώ
ἤλθετε πευσόμενοι ὥς κε πτολίεθρον ἕλητε,
ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε δὴ φράζεσθε λάχος πόσον ἦμαρ ἕκαστον
λαῶν πινόντων ῥύεται πόλιν, ἡ δὲ πέπωκεν:
οὕτω γάρ κεν ἕλοιτε Φάναν πυργήρεα κώμην.
“
[18.2]
Dwellers in the land of Pelops and in Achaia, who to Pytho
Have come to inquire how ye shall take a city,
Come, consider what daily ration,
Drunk by the folk, saves the city which has so drunk.
For so ye may take the towered village of Phana.
[3] οὐ συνιέντες οὖν ὁποῖόν τι ἤθελεν ὁ χρησμὸς λέγειν, οἱ μὲν οἴκαδε ἀποπλεῖν ἐβουλεύοντο διαλύσαντες τὴν πολιορκίαν, οἱ δὲ ἐντὸς τοῦ τείχους οἵ τε ἄλλοι οὐδενὶ λόγῳ σφᾶς ἐνεποιοῦντο καὶ γυνὴ πρόεισιν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους ὕδωρ ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τῷ τείχει λαβεῖν πίδακος. ἐπιδραμόντες δὲ ἐκ τοῦ στρατεύματος αἰχμάλωτόν τε τὴν γυναῖκα αἱροῦσι καὶ διδάσκονται παρ᾽ αὐτῆς οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ ὅτι τὸ ὀλίγον τὸ ἐκ τῆς πίδακος ὕδωρ, ὁπότε ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστης λάβοιεν τῆς νυκτός, διεμετροῦντο αὐτό, καὶ ἄλλο ἦν τοῖς ἔνδον ἀλέξημα οὐδὲν ἐς δίψαν. οὕτω δὴ συγχέαντες οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ τὴν πηγὴν τὸ πόλισμα
αἱροῦσιν.
[18.3] So not understanding what was the meaning of the oracle, they were minded to raise the siege and sail away, while the defenders paid no attention to them, one of their women coming from behind the walls to fetch water from the spring just under them. Some of the besiegers ran up and took the woman prisoner, who informed the Achaeans that the scanty water from the spring, that was fetched each night, was rationed among the besieged, who had nothing else to quench their thirst. So the Achaeans, by filling up the spring, captured the town.
[4] Ῥόδιοι δὲ οἱ ἐν Λίνδῳ παρὰ ταύτην τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν τὸ ἄγαλμα ἔστησαν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος. ἀνέθεσαν δὲ καὶ Ἀβρακιῶται χαλκοῦν ὄνον, νυκτομαχίᾳ Μολοσσοὺς νικήσαντες. λόχον μέν σφισιν ἐν νυκτὶ οἱ Μολοσσοὶ παρεσκεύασαν: ὄνου δέ, ὃς ἐλαυνόμενος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ τότε ἔτυχεν, ὄνον θήλειαν διώκοντος σὺν ὕβρει τε τῇ ἄλλῃ καὶ τραχύτητι τοῦ φθέγματος, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ὃς τὸν ὄνον ἤλαυνε βοῶντος ἀσαφῆ τε καὶ ἄκοσμα, οὕτως οἵ τε ἐκ τῆς ἐνέδρας τῶν Μολοσσῶν ἐξανίστανται ταραχθέντες καὶ οἱ Ἀμβρακιῶται φωράσαντες τὰ ἐπὶ σφίσι βεβουλευμένα ἐπιχειροῦσιν ἐν τῇ νυκτί, καὶ ἐκράτησαν μάχῃ τῶν Μολοσσῶν.
[18.4] By the side of this Athena the Rhodians of Lindus set up their image of Apollo. The Ambraciots dedicated also a bronze ass, having conquered the Molossians in a night battle. The Molossians had prepared an ambush for them by night. It chanced that an ass, being driven back from the fields, was chasing a she-ass with harsh braying and wanton gait, while the driver of the ass increased the din by his horrible, inarticulate yells. So the men in the Molossian ambush rushed out affrighted, and the Ambraciots, detecting the trap prepared for them, attacked in the night and overcame the Molossians in battle.