44. Henderson, pp. 133–4.
45. Churchill, Book Two, p. 189.
Chapter 8
1. Langallerie, p. 299.
2. Petrie, The Marshal, Duke of Berwick, p. 189.
3. Kamen, Philip V, p. 48.
4. Ibid, p. 49.
5. Langallerie, p. 299.
6. Dickinson, ‘The Recall of Lord Peterborough,’ p. 176.
7. Miller, p. 85.
8. Francis, p. 225.
9. The grandees who declared for Archduke Charles were the Duke of Nejara, the Count of Oropesa, the Marquis de Mondejor, the Count of Santa Cruz, and the Count of Cordova. See Kamen, Philip V, p. 54. The Count of Lenos attempted to ride to join the archduke, but was detained on the road by troops loyal to Philip V.
10. Dickinson, ‘The Recall of Lord Peterborough’, p. 175.
11. Atkinson, p. 21: ‘Full twenty miles we marched that day, without one drop of water, Till we poor souls were almost spent, before the bloody slaughter.’ See also Williams, p. 58.
12. Churchill, Book Two, pp. 233–4.
13. The Duke of Marlborough was moved to protest to Berwick at the hard treatment of the garrison of Xativa, and the roundabout way in which they were forced to return to Catalonia, with many casualties suffered from sickness and starvation on the road. His nephew’s robust response was that he had offered good terms, but not that the soldiers would be permitted to return to their army quickly or by the most direct path. In any case, he added, many of them had made off to join the irregulars who constantly harassed the French army in the area, so that he regretted offering the terms at all.
14. Parnell, pp. 230–1.
Chapter 9
1. Henderson, p. 145.
2. Murray, Volume III, p. 231.
3. Churchill, Book Two, p. 222.
4. Ibid, p. 226.
5. Murray, Volume III, p. 347.
6. Godley, p. 126.
7. Churchill, Book Two, p. 227.
8. Ibid, p. 224.
9. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume II, p. 63.
10. Ibid, p. 66.
11. Ibid.
12. Brown, p. 221.
13. Wolf, p. 548.
14. Murray, Volume III, p. 391. See also Taylor, Volume II, p. 17.
15. Murray, Volume III, p. 391.
16. The huge sums of money raised by Marshal Villars during his audacious raid into southern Germany were divided into three parts. The first was used to pay for the expenses of the army during the summer, so that the cost to Louis XIV’s already strained treasury was negligible. The second part was used to redeem those promissory notes issued to French officers in lieu of proper pay, so raising their morale considerably and again at no cost to the treasury. The third part Villars comfortably pocketed for himself, and when complaints were made to the king about his making a fortune in this way, the regal reply was that ‘He is making mine too’. See Taylor, Volume II, p. 20.
17. Churchill, Book Two, p. 251.
18. Shoberl, p. 104.
19. Henderson, p. 145.
20. Ibid.
21. The defences of Toulon comprised 236 heavy guns, mostly 24-pounders but including thirty-six massive 36-pounders. See Francis, p. 253.
22. Shoberl, pp. 105–6. The French ships beached, sunk or burned in Toulon harbour in the autumn of 1707 were Le Triumphant (82 guns), Le Sceptre (90), La Vainquer (86), Le Neptune (76), Le Invincible (70), Le Serieux (60), Le Laurier (60) and Le Sage (54). See Langallerie, pp. 241–2 for further details.
23. Churchill, Book Two, p. 265.
24. Goslinga, p. 34.
25. Churchill, Book Two, p. 264.
26. Ibid, p. 269.
27. Murray, Volume III, p. 548.
28. Brown, pp. 242–3.
29. Churchill, Book Two, p. 319.
30. Taylor, Volume II, p. 100.
Chapter 10
1. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume II, p. 311.
2. Wolf, p. 550.
3. Williams, p. 72.
4. Ibid.
5. The Marquis de la Jonquière had reputedly been sent to command the garrison in Minorca as a punishment for some unspecified misdeed. See Thorburn, p. 70.
6. Ibid, p. 76.
7. Ibid, p. 79.
8. Ibid, p. 71.
9. Ibid.
10. Williams, p. 80.
11. Churchill, Book Two, p. 334.
12. Shoberl, p. 111.
13. Ibid, p. 114.
14. Ibid, p. 15.
15. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume II, p. 267.
16. Wolf, p. 551.
17. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume II, p. 301.
18. Ibid, pp. 315–16.
19. Wolf, p. 552.
20. Churchill, Book Two, p. 435.
21. Wolf, p. 553.
22. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume II, pp. 311–12.
23. Petrie, The Marshal, Duke of Berwick, p. 232.
24. Wolf, p. 554.
25. St John, Volume II, pp. 59–60.
26. Ibid, pp. 68–70.
27. Wolf, pp. 556–7.
Chapter 11
1. Hamilton, p. 232.
2. St John, Volume II, p. 60.
3. Taylor, Volume II, p. 323.
4. The instructions sent by Queen Anne on 2 May 1709 to the Duke of Marlborough and Viscount Charles Townsend, acting as her plenipotentiaries at the negotiations in Holland to bring the war to a successful conclusion, were explicit in pursuit of a negotiated peace, but on the best possible terms, both concerning an enlarged barrier for the Dutch (at the expense of Austria’s interests in the southern Netherlands), and beneficial trading terms for Great Britain, but not extending the same advantage to the Dutch:
In Our name represent to the Pensionary [Heinsius] and other Members of the States as might be proper how desirous We were that such further preliminaries should be adjusted, as far as possible of the rest of the Allies; and particularly you were to propose that without loss of time a sufficient Barrier for Holland should be settled, for the maintaining of which We were willing to become guarantee, not doubting in like manner but that the States would be guarantees to the succession to the Crown of Great Britain in the Protestant line … You are further to endeavour by all possible means that an advantageous Treaty of Commerce between Us and France be set on foot and concluded, as soon as the nature of such an affair will admit, and pursuant to such particular Instructions as you shall receive from Us from time to time for that purpose … You are to give the Pensionary, and such others of the States as shall be thought proper, to understand that We think Our right to Newfoundland and Hudson’s Bay to be of so great and necessary importance to Us and Our Realms that We cannot give Our consent to a Peace unless the aforesaid countries and places be agreed to be restored to Us.
See Brown, pp. 273–6 for a fuller text of these instructions.
5. Kamen, Philip V, p. 70.
6. Taylor, Volume II, pp. 328–9.
7. Wolf, p. 559.
8. Kamen, Philip V, p. 72.
9. T’Hopf, p. 435.
10. Churchill, Book Two, pp. 542–4. Article IV read in part: ‘If it should happen that the said Duke of Anjou does not consent and agree to the execution of the present convention, before the expiration of the said term aforesaid, the Most Christian King, and the Princes and States concerned in the present treaty shall in concert take convenient measures to secure the full execution thereof.’ Article XXXVI in part read: ‘In case the King of France executes all that is above mentioned, and that the whole monarchy of Spain is delivered up and yielded to King Charles III as is stipulated by these articles, within the limited time, it is agreed that the cessation of arms between the parties in war shall continue.’
11. Ibid, p. 547.
12. Ibid, p. 550.
13. Wolf, p. 563.
14. Churchill, Book Two, p. 547.
15. Petrie, The Marshal, Duke of Berwick, pp. 236–7.
/> 16. Churchill, Book Two, p. 553.
17. Ibid, pp. 575–6.
18. Ibid, p. 577.
19. The battle at Rummersheim was fought on 27 August 1709, and resulted in a smart defeat for the imperial army commanded by General Mercy. George, Elector of Hanover, was not in command of the imperial troops that day, although he is often reported as such. See Hatton, George I, p. 334, and also Chandler, Marlborough as Military Commander, p. 250, for interesting comments on this.
20. Wolf, p. 566.
21. Murray, Volume IV, p. 572.
22. Ibid, p. 577.
23. Churchill, Book Two, p. 581.
24. St John, Volume II, p. 111.
25. Kamen, Philip V, p. 71.
26. Ibid, p. 73.
27. Francis, p. 280.
28. St John, Volume II, p. 149.
29. Atkinson, ‘A Royal Dragoon in the Spanish Succession War’, pp. 5 and 37.
30. St John, Volume II, p. 149.
31. Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, p. 83.
32. An indication of ruthless realpolitik, or perhaps simple realism, can be seen in Stanhope’s comment that Charles would not survive twelve months in Madrid without allied bayonets to support his throne, but that did not matter as treaty obligations would have been discharged and a peace concluded in the meantime. See Francis, p. 311.
33. Kamen, Philip V, p. 74.
34. Chartrand, p. 262.
35. Francis, p. 313.
36. Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, p. 84.
37. Ibid, pp. 87–8.
38. Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, p. 39.
39. Ibid, p. 32.
40. Wolf, p. 572.
41. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume III, p. 51.
42. Wolf, p. 574.
43. Kamen, Philip V, p. 76.
44. Atkinson, ‘A Royal Dragoon in the Spanish Succession War’, p. 47.
45. Ibid, p. 49.
46. Ibid, p. 50.
47. Williams, p. 112.
48. Wolf, p. 576.
49. Ibid, p. 577.
50. Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, p. 88. See also Wolf, p. 576.
51. Tumath, p. 187.
52. Churchill, Book Two, p. 804.
53. Brown, p. 321.
54. Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, pp. 143–4.
Chapter 12
1. Norton, St Simon at Versailles, p. 209.
2. Wolf, p. 580.
3. Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, Volume III, p. 199.
4. Churchill, Book Two, p. 871. It has been well argued that the operation to deceive the French commander and break across the French lines of defence at Arleux was not a deliberate ploy by the Duke of Marlborough, but that he was reacting to French aggressive moves to demolish the allied post there and prevent its future use. In this way, it could be said, he made a virtue of necessity rather than anything more cunning. See Hussey for interesting comments on this point.
5. Lediard, Volume III, p. 147.
6. Wolf, p. 581.
7. Kenyon, p. 329.
8. Churchill, Book Two, p. 912. Foreseeing his impending dismissal, Marlborough had written on 31 October 1711: ‘What hopes can I have of any countenance at home if I am not thought fit to be trusted abroad.’ See Alison, p. 343.
9. Churchill, Book Two, p. 913.
10. Ibid, p. 947. See also Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, p. 216, and Brown, p. 366.
11. Churchill, Book Two, p. 948.
12. Ibid, p. 950.
13. Ibid.
14. Tumath, p. 205.
15. Horsley, p. 357.
16. Brown, pp. 372–3.
17. Horsley, p. 358.
18. Ibid, p. 362.
19. Ibid, p. 371.
20. Wolf, p. 590.
21. Shoberl, p. 153.
22. The new Barrier Towns that the Dutch secured in 1713 were Furnes, Fort Knocke, Ypres, Mons, Tournai, Ghent, Namur and Charleroi. In addition they had possession of a number of minor forts. See also Appendix 2 for the details on the treaties.
23. Chivalric Orders website, The French Succession, the renunciations of 1712, the Treaties of Utrecht and their aftermath, 2000, p. 7.
24. Trevelyan, The Peace and the Protestant Succession, p. 221.
25. Horsley, p. 378.
26. Shoberl, p. 156.
27. Horsley, p. 379.
28. Ibid, pp. 381–2.
29. Shoberl, p. 160
30. Churchill, Book Two, pp. 874–5.
31. Petrie, The Marshal, Duke of Berwick, p. 249.
32. Ibid, pp. 250–1.
33. Francis, p. 373.
34. Petrie, p. 249.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid, p. 171.
37. Ibid, pp. 174–5.
38. Ibid, pp. 175–7.
39. Kamen, Philip V, p. 88.
40. Ibid, p. 85.
Chapter 13
1. Chandler, The Journal of Sergeant John Wilson, p. 90.
2. Mahan, pp. 61–2.
3. Churchill, Book One, p. 715.
4. Elliott, pp. 377–8.
5. Kamen, The War of Succession in Spain, p. 162.
Appendix 3
1. Hattendorf, ‘Sir John Leake’, p. 978.
2. Hattendorf,, ‘Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough’, p. 14.
3. Murray, Volume V, p. 651.
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