44. Hurst, MS, binder 1, pp. 68-75. Hurst wrote a letter on 11 Dec 50 from Seoul to his "Aunt Nettie," in Pasadena, California, in which he said, "We got into Pyongyang on the 12th of November. Left there about the 4th or 5th of this month." He was correct in that letter in that he did leave Pyongyang on the fourth.
45. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt. G-2 PIR No. 146, citing Air Observer Rpts., 5 Dec 50, Box 1135; FEC DIS No. 3011, 6-7 Dec 50, covering 4 Dec, Box 99; 1 Corps Comd. Rpt., 5 Dec 50, Box 1502; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 5 Dec 50, Box 1134.
46. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-2 PIR No. 146, 6 Dec 50, Box 1135.
47. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Jnl. file, 5 Dec, Box 1136.
Chapter 17
1. JANIS, Study of Korea; Brief, Apr 1945.
2. Based on my study of maps of Korea.
3. Lt. Gen. William J. McCaffrey, USA, Ret., letter to author, n.d., but received Jan 1977.
4. FEC, "RR and Hwy Transport in NK and Their Impact on Enemy Logistics," Intelligence Digest, Vol. 1, no. 13, 16-30 June 1953, pp. 25-45.
5. Ibid.
6. New York Herald Tribune, 6 Dec 50 (Homer Bigart dispatch filed at Seoul, 5 Dec 50), p. 1, col. 7.
7. Dean Acheson, letter to the Hon. Harry S Truman, 25 July 55, in Acheson, Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson, ed. David S. McLallan and David C. Acheson (New York: Dodd Mead, 1980), pp. 99-107. For the decision of 29 Sept 50, see p. 102.
8. Ibid., p. 103.
9. "JCS to CINCUNC, Tokyo, NR JCS 97772," Pertinent Papers on the Korean Situation, II, 356.
10. Schnabel, Policy and Dimtion, pp. 279-82, gives the substance of the messages exchanged between Tokyo and Washington on holding at the waist of Korea.
11. Eighth Army WD, Summ., Sec. 1, 22-24 Nov 50, Box 1122; FEC DIS No. 2999, 25 Nov (covering 23 Nov 50), and No. 3000 (covering 24 Nov 50), Box 99.
12. Eighth Army WD, Summ., Sec. 1, 25 Nov 50, Box 1122.
13. Eighth Army WD, Sec. 2, G-3 Sec., 26 Nov 50, Box 1131; FEC DIS No. 3001, 27 Nov 50 (covering 26 Nov), Box 99. This latter source included a map entitled, "Guerrilla Activities, Chongpong-ni-Kapyong-Chonchon-Chorwon-Yonchon Quadrangle."
14. Eighth Army WD, Sec. 2,.G-3 Staff Section, 29 Nov 50, and G-2 PIR No. 140, with attached memo, "Current Guerrilla Activities," 29 Nov 50, Boxes 1131 and 1132.
15. 187th Airborne RCT WD, 1-30 Nov 50, Summ. for 30 Nov 50; IX Corps WD, PIR No. 65, 30 Nov 50, Box 1767; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-2 Sec., Dec 1950, Box 1135.
16. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 1 Dec 50, p. 19, and Plate 9 following, Box 1134; IX Corps WD, 1 Dec 50, PIRNo. 66, and Annex 1 on Chorwon guerrillas, Box 1767.
17. FEC DIS No. 3015, 11 Dec 50, Box 99; 5th RCT WD, Unit Rpt., 10 Dec. 50, Box 4691. On 7 Dec the FEC estimated there were 23,000 guerrillas in the UN rear area, on 11 Dec it estimated the number at 40,000.
18. 5th RCT Comd. Rpt., and Unit Rpt., 13-14 Dec 50, Box 4691; Eighth Army HQ Gen. Orders No. 132, 11 Mar 51, awarding the Distinguished Service Cross, Posthumously, to Sgt. 1st Class Neal M. Moms, A Btry., 26th AAA Bn., 24th Inf. Div.
19. 2nd Div Comd. Rpt., G-2 Sec. and Annex 1 to G-2 PIR No. 155, and POR No. 369, 11 Dec 50, Box 2439.
20. FEC, History of the North Korean Army, pp. 58-59, 31 June 52, Box 707.
21. Eighth Army, G-4 Sec., Vol. 4, Comd. Rpt., June 1951, Lt. Col. Charles I. Davies, exec. off., G-4 Sec., "Notes on Anniversary of the Korean Conflict," looks back at the events of Nov and Dec 1950 in the light of a calmer period (Box 1210).
22. Eighth Army WD, 14 Nov 50, G-2 Sec., PW Inter's ADVATIS, FWD Rpt. No. 0213, 14 Nov 50 (Liu Piao Wu, captured 9 Nov near Kaechon).
23. FEC, Weekly Intelligence Rpt., No. 96, 22 Dec 50, p. 22.
Chapter 18
1. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-2 PIR No. 159, and G-2 Sec., Narr. Rpt., 9-13, 18 Dec 50, Box 1135; FEC DIS No. 3012, 7-8 Dec 50, Box 99.
2. I Corps Comd. Rpt., 6-7 Dec 50, Box 1505; ibid., Narr., 6 Dec 50, Box 1502; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-2 PIRs No. 146, 147, 5-6 Dec 50, Box 1135.
3. I Corps Comd. Rpt., 9 Dec 50; FEC DIS No. 3013, 9 Dec 50, Box 99; New York Herald Tribune, 7 Dec 50, p. 13, col. 1, AP dispatch filed northwest front, Korea, 6 Dec. 50.
4. New York Times, 6 Dec 50, p. 4, col. 3.
5. I Corps Comd. Rpt., 9-19 Dec 50; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-4 Sec. and Jnl. file, 8-10 Dec 50, Box 1138.
6. 1st Cav. Div. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 11-16 Dec 50, Box 4419; 5th Cav. Refit., Narr. Rpt., 11-14 Dec 50, Box 4430; 24th Div. Comd. Rpt., 8-13 Dec 50, Box 3522; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 13 Dec 50, Box 1134.
7. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 3-11 Dec 50, pp. 8-11, Box 1134.
8. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 11 Dec 50, Box 1134; New York Herald Tribune, 12 Dec 50, p. 1, col. 8, and p. 2, col. 5, gives the text of MacArthur's statement.
9. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec., G-3 JnI. file, 15 Dec 50, Box 1136.
10. 25th Div. Comd. Rpt., G-3 Jnl. file, and CG and Chief of Staff Sec. Rpt., 13, 16, and 19 Dec 50, Box 3766; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec., Jnl. file, 13 Dec 50, Box 1136.
11. 25th Div. Comd. Rpt., 13-14 Dec 50, Box 3766; 19th Inf., 25th Div., Comd. Rpt., 13 Dec 50, Box 3523; I Corps Comd. Rpt., Narr., 18 Dec 50, Box 1502; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec., Jnl. file, 15, 17 Dec 50, Box 1136.
12. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 20-22 Dec 50, pp. 74-75, Box 1134; 24th Div. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 15-21 Dec 50, Box 3522; 21st Inf. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 20 Dec 50, Box 3523; 1 Corps Comd. Rpt., Narr., 18-19 Dec 50, Box 1502.
13. Field, Naval Operations, pp. 307-309.
14. Gen. Leven C Allen, interview with author, 15 Dec 53.
15. Col. Pascal Strong, Eighth Army Engineer, interview with author, 17 Sept 51. Lt. Col. Wilder, assistant chief engineer, Eighth Army, participated in this interview at Taegu, Korea. When I asked Gen. Ridgway later if he knew of the prevailing army demolition policy at the time he took command, he replied that he did not.
16.' There is little in the records about opposition within Eighth Army to Gen. Walker's demolition policy in the withdrawal from North Korea in late 1950 and its continuation for a period in early 1951. One has to learn from interviews with responsible officers present at the time that the policy was in force. The comments in the narrative are specific to officers named below, in addition to the interview, cited above, with Col. Strong and Lt. Col. Wilder. The officers interviewed by me were: Col. Harold K. Johnson, 4 Jan 52; Brig. Gen. James Brittingham, 29 July 51; Capt. Bodkin, Aug 1951. Many other officers whom I talked with in Korea in 1951, and later in the United States, voiced similar opinions. Most felt that the wholesale destruction was being carried out because the Army was on its way out of Korea.
17. Futrell, US Air Force in Korea, pp. 230-35; New York Times, 18 Dec 50, p. 1, col. 6.
18. Futrell, US Air Force in Korea, pp. 235-36.
19. New York Times, 8 May 51, sec C, p. 16, col. 5; 9 May 51, p. 21, col. 3; and 12 May 51, p. 6, col. 5. In the MacArthur Hearings, Gen. Marshall testified that the State Department on 13 Dec 50 presented the matter to the UN Allies who had troops in Korea. It is clear, therefore, that UN allies effectively vetoed the hot pursuit desired by the United States.
20. Futrell, US Air Force in Korea, p. 244.
21. Gen. Marshall, testimony in MacArthur Hearings before the Senate Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations, 7 May 51, as reported in the New York Times, 8 May 51, p. 18, cols. 6-7; Futrell, US Air Forre in Korea, p. 245.
22. Futrell, US Air Force in Korea, pp. 149-50.
23. Ibid., p. 243. In his book Futrell frequently refers to Lin Piao, commander of the CCF Fourth Field Army, as if he were in command of the CCF forces in front of Eighth Army in Korea. His book was published in 1961, yet he and its editors, like Eighth Army and American and UN intelligence during the war, seem not to have known that Lin Piao was not in Korea in charge of any troops during the Korean War.
24. FEC DIS No. 3191, 7 June 51, OB-4, Box 469.
25. ATIS Research Supplement, Interrogation R
pts. No. 99, 49.
26. FEC DIS No. 3012, 7-8 Dec 50, 1-f, Box 99; HQ FEC, Hutary of the North Korean Army, July 1952, p. 84.
27. ATIS Interrogation Rpts. (Enemy Forces), Issue 23, No. 2768, p. 95, interrogation of 2nd Lt. Lee Son Kuk, NK 4th Div. HQ; FEC DIS No. 3014, 9 Dec 50, 1-c, Box 99; Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 9-10 Dec 50, pp. 56-58, Box 1134.
28. EEC DIS No. 3024, 20 Dec 50, 3-3a, Box 99.
29. New York Herald Tribune, 13 Dec 50, p. 3, col. 3.
30. FEC DIS No. 3016, 12 Dec 50, 1-g, Box 99; ATIS Interrogation Rpts. (Enemy Forces), Issue 22, No. 2744, p. 140, interrogation of Jr. Lt. Cho Yang Su, and Issue 2775, p. 124, interrogation of Cpl. Kang Cho Hyun, both captured 13 Dec 50.
31. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 13-14 Dec 50, pp. 63-64, Box 1134.
32. 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., Narr. Summ., 14-15 Dec 50, p. 7.
33. 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., G-2 Sec., Jnl. Summ., 16 Dec for 14-19 Dec 50.
34. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 17 Dec 50, Box 1134; FEC DIS No. 3022, 18 Dec 50, Box 99.
35. FEC DIS Nos. 3025 and 3026, 21, 23 Dec 50, Box 99.
36. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 21 Dec 50, Box 1134, and Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec., 21-23 Dec 50, Box 1136; FEC DIS No. 3026 and No. 3027, 22-23 Dec 50, Box 99.
37. Maj. Eldon B. Anderson, KMAG, 10 Nov 50-14 Dec 51, Arty. Advisor to ROK 9th Div., Artillery School, Debriefing Rpt. No. 76, Fort Sill, Okla., 6 Mar 52, p. 3.
38. Gen. Collins's Memorandum for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 8 Dec 50, in Ridgway Papers (USMHRC); Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., Dec 1950, pp. 12-13, 60-61, Box 1134.
39. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 18-19 Dec 50, Box 1134; ibid., 14-20 Dec 50, Box 1136; X Corps Comd. Rpt., 11 Dec 50, Opn. Order No. 10, Task Organization, Annex A.
40. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Dec 1950.
41. 2nd Logistical Comd. Rpt., Dec 1950, p. 9, 18 Dec 50, US Department of State, 11th Rpt. to the Security Council, 31 Jan 51, p. 3; "Tropiques: Revue des Troupes Colonials," No. 345 (Paris: Les Ministercs de la Defense Nationale et des Colonies, Aug-Sept 1952); Bartlett, With the Australians in Kona, p. 69; Lt. Col. Herbert Fairlee Wood, Stmngr Battleground: Official Nismry of the Canadian Army in Knrra (Ottawa: Ministry of National Defense, Roger Duhamel [Queen's Printer], 1966), p. 49. The 16th Field Regt., New Zealand Artillery, arrived at Pusan on the last day of Dec 1950 but is not included in the narrative discussion.
42. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., Dec 1950, p. 58; 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., Narr. Summ., Dec 1950, p. 6 and Appendix D-2, and POR 112400, Dec 1950; 23rd Inf. Comd. Rpt., 15 Dec 50, Box 2473; 38th Inf. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 13 Dec 50, Box 2474.
43. 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., Narr. Summ., 7-8 Dec 50, and Chief of Staff Jnl., 7 Dec 50, Box 2436; ibid., PORNo. 360, Appendix D-2, 8 Dec 50, p. 5 ofNarr. Summ., Capt. Fred Myers, 2nd Inf. Div. historian, interview with author, 14 Aug. 51.
44. Maj. James A. Huston, "Time and Space" (MS, Office Chief of Military History, Washington, D.C.), pt. 4, pp. 162-65; Schnabcl, h1kyand Direction, p. 297. List of items is selective and only partial. The two authorities cited differ on some details; Huston is more detailed, and I have followed him where there are discrepancies.
45. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec. Jnl., 12 Dec 50, including report of Liaison Visit to 2nd Div., Box 1136; 2nd Div., 9th Inf. Comd. Rpt., 3-14 Dec 50, Box 2471; 2nd Div., 23rd Inf. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 7 Dec 50, Box 2473; 25th Div. Comd. Rpt., 9 Dec 50, Box 3766.
46. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr. Summ., 6-9 Dec, and 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 13-23 Dec 50, Box 2436; ibid., 38th Inf. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 22-23 Dec 50, Box 2474; ibid., 9th Inf. Comd. Rpt. Narr., 22-24 Dec 50, Box 2471; 23rd Inf. Comd. Rpt., Narr., 22-23 Dec 50, Box 2473.
47. 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec., Dec 1950, Box 2436; ibid., G-4 Staff Sec. Rpt., Dec 1950.
48. Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, interview with author, 28 Apr 77.
49. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 16-20 Dec 50, Box 1134; Schnabel, Policy and Dirntion, pp. 300-301; Maj. Gen. David G. Barr, CG, 7th Inf. Div., interview with author, 1 Feb 54.
50. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 18 Dec 50, Box 1134; ibid., Eighth Army Logistics Narr., 5-20 Dec 50, pp. 98-99, Box 1134; Field, Naval Operations, p. 298; I Corps, Comd. Rpt., G-4 Sec., June 1951, map showing Korean War zone, AnjuYongdong-po area of I Corps, ports and railroad net supporting I Corps to 22 June 51, giving dates of opening and closing ASPs, Box 1542.
51. 24th Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., Nar., 13-22 Dec 50, Box 3522.
52. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 10 Dcc 50, Box 1134.
53. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., Narr., 10 Dec 50, and Eighth Army Opn. Plan 12, map of defensive lines, and order to 2nd Logistical Comd., 11 Dec 50, Box 1134; ibid., G-3 Sec. and G-3 Jnl. files, 11 Dec 50, with enclosures, including map of four defensive lines, Box 1136; Maj. Gen. Garrison H. Davidson, interview with author, 28 Jan 54. I saw work in progress on the Davidson Linc in July 1951.
54. 2nd Logistical Comd., Comd. Rpt., Dec 1950, p. 3.
55. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-3 Sec., Situation Maps, 20-31 Dec 50, Box 1134; ibid., G-3 Sec., 20 Dec 50, Box 1136; Opnations in Korea (25 June 1950 to 1 April 1951) (West Point, N.Y.: Dept. of Military Art and Engineering, US Military Academy, 1951), Maps 9 and 10; Map of Korea, 1950, scale 1:250,000.
56. 35th Inf. Refit. Comd. Rpt., 25th Div., Narr., 14-22 Dec 50, Box 3771; 1 Corps Comd. Rpt., Dec 1950, p. 36.
57. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-2 Sec., 17-22 Dec 50, Box 1135.
58. 2nd Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., G-2 Jnl., 14 Dec 50; FEC DIS No. 3019, 14 Dec 50, and No. 3024, 19 Dec 50, G-2 conclusions, Box 99.
59. Futrell, US Air Forte in Kona, p. 252.
60. FEC DIS No. 3028, 24 Dec 50, Box 99; 1 Corps Comd. Rpt., Narr., 19-23 Dec 50, Box 1502.
61. Eighth Army Comd. Rpt., G-2 Sec., PIRs No. 165, Enclosure No. 2, 24 Dec 50, and No. 170, Enclosure No. 2, 29 Dec 50, Box 1135.
62. Maj. Gen. Edwin K. Wright (FEC G-3 during Korean War), interview with author, 7 Jan 54.
63. 25th Inf. Div. Comd. Rpt., G-4 Sec., G-4 Daily Act. Rpt., 6 Dec 50, Box 3766. Lt. Gen. William J. McCaffrey, USA, Ret., told me that while he was deputy chief of staff, X Corps, and CO of the 31st Inf. Rcgt., 7th Inf. Div., on the central front of Korea in early 1951, "Wrong-way Ridgway" was a phrase often heard.
64. Lt. Gen. W. B. Palmer, "Commanders Must Know Logistics," Army Information Digrst, Apr 1953, p. 11.
65. I 'Corps Comd. Rpt., Engr. Sec., 15 Dec 50, Box 1503.
66. 1st Lt. Robert J. Teitelbaum, in Debriefing Rpt., No. 47, 14 Dec 51, and Capt. Paul R. Kaster, Debriefing Rpt., No. 33, 1 Nov 51, Dept. of Training Publications and Aids, Artillery School, Fort Sill, Okla.
67. Maj. Harry E. Apgar, Jr., Asst. G-1, 25th Inf. Div., interview with author, 4 Sept 51; Maj. Joe B. Lamb, CO 2nd Bn., 35th Inf., 25th Div., and Lts. Snell and Hoyt of 2nd Bn., 35th Inf., interviews with author, 4 Aug 51; Col. Robert G. Ferguson, Eighth Army G-2, Combat Intelligence, interview with author, 7 Oct 53; Mossman and Middleton, "Logistical Problems and Their Solutions," p. 91; Col. Robert Halleck, CO 24th Div. Arty., interview with author, 7 Aug 51.
68. New cork Herald Tribune, 3 Dec 50, p. 10, col. 1, AP dispatch, 2 Dec 50, US Eighth Army HQ.
69. Coad, "Land Campaign in Korea," p. 9. Gen. Coad had led the 27th British Brigadc in Dec 1950 in Korea. His remark about the withdrawal is rather smug, since the brigade had not been engaged in any heavy combat in the CCF 2nd Phase Offensive; nevertheless, there is truth in the remark about Eighth Army being overly intimidated about the danger of being cut off by the G-2 red-marked maps showing enemy forces.
70. Barclay, The First Commonwealth Division in Kona, p. 48. Cyril Falls, the English military historian, discusses the Eighth Army retreat in "Theory and Practice in Korea," llustraud London News, 27 Jan 51.
71. Col. David M. Butler, DSO, letter to author, 5 Sept 72. Butler was an officer in the Australian Battalion in Korea in 1950.
72. Gen. Milburn, Col. Harold K. Johnson, Col. Charles B. Smith, and Col. Henry G. Fisher, intervie
ws with author. In Korea in 1951 I heard countless uses of the term "bugout" among all ranks in Eighth Army.
73. Col. Emerson C. Itschner, I Corps Engr. officer, "Engineers in Operation BugOut," Military Engine r 43, no. 294 (July-Aug 1951): 255.
74. Schnabel, Policy and Direction, p. 94; Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, letter to author and review comments on "Disaster in Korea" MS, 10 Mar 80.
75. Schnabel, Policy and Direction, pp. 295-96.
76. Adm. Sherman died on 22 July 51 and was replaced by Adm. William M. Fechtelcr as chief of naval operations and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
77. MacArthur Hearings, I, 341-42.
78. "NR: CX-50635, 7vDcc 1950," in Pcrtincnt Papers on Koran Situation, II, 376.
79. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 369-70. If I had known of this alleged incident at the time I interviewed Gen. Hickey in Tokyo on two occasions in 1951 in the Dai-Ichi Building, I would have sought to obtain his recollections of the event.
80. Andrew Boyle, The Fourth Man: The Affinitive Account of Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, and Donald MacLean and Who Recruited Them to Spy for Russia (New York: Dial Press, 1979), p. 359. This book was first published in England in 1979 under the title, The Climate of Tirason: Fitt Who Spurt for Russia. MacLean's Soviet control official to whom he reported while he was in the United States and to whom he delivered his espionage material was a member of the Soviet consular office in New York City. The "Fourth Man" was Sir Anthony Blunt, for many years Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures. Although Blunt confessed his part in the espionage ring to Britain's MIS counterespionage service in 1964, it was not generally known to the public until Queen Elizabeth stripped him of his knighthood on 15 Nov 79, after Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told the British Parliament that Blunt had been a Soviet spy. Blunt told M15 that he had been recruited at Cambridge University by Guy Burgess for the espionage work.
Burgess died in Moscow in 1963. His cremated remains were sent to England and buried near his father's grave in Hampshire. Donald MacLean died 11 Mar 83 in a Moscow hospital (or, as some reported, alone in his apartment), reportedly of cancer. (See Time magazine, 21 Mar 83, p. 69, and other periodicals and newspapers of the time for notices and comments on his death.) Anthony Blunt, age 75, died in London on 26 Mar 83. (See Newsweek, 7 Apr 80 and US press coverage on 26 Mar 83 for comments on Blunt in his last years.) Harold ("Kim") Philby died in Moscow on 12 May 88. A strange angle of the British espionage ring became known in 1983 when a prominent American, Michael Whitney Straight, published a book entitled, After a Long Silence, in which he confessed that he had been a member of the British espionage ring, telling how Blunt had recruited him in 1935 in Cambridge University in England. Blunt ordered Straight to return to the United States in 1937 and work as a Soviet "mole." Straight went to the FBI in 1963, the year Philby fled to Moscow from Beirut, and told his story. Richard Grenier's review of Straight's book for the Wall Street journal, 24 Mar 83, considers the British spies and Straight's espionage work in relation to the Korean War and MacArthur's charges. See also Time magazine, 21 Mar 83, pp. 79, 81.
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