2 Bodhi and Nanamoli, The Middle Length Discourses, 451.
Chapter 23: The Scientific Evidence
1 Linda Heuman, “Meditation Nation,” tricycle.com/blog/meditation-
nation (April 25, 2014).
2 Scott R. Bishop et al., “Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11, no. 3 (2004): 231.
3 Madhav Goyal et al., “Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” JAMA Internal
Medicine 174, no. 3 (March 2014): 357.
4 Sedlmeier et al., “The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-
Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (November 2012): 1139.
Chapter 24: The Story of Modern Mindfulness
1 Taigen Dan Leighton, Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent
Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi (Tokyo: Tuttle, 2000),
introduction, second paragraph.
2 Daniel J. Siegel, The Mindful Brain (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 19.
3 Loori, “Yaoshan’s Non-Thinking,” 138.
Chapter 25: The Modern Definition
1 Vago and Silbersweig, “Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, and Self-
Transcendence (S-ART),” introduction.
2 Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness
Meditation in Everyday Life (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 4.
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3 Jon Kabat-Zinn, “Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future,” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 10, no. 2
(2003): 145.
4 Kabat-Zinn, “Mindfulness-Based Interventions,” 145.
5 Bishop et al., “Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition,” 230.
6 Wallace, The Attention Revolution, 62.
7 Wallace, The Attention Revolution, 61.
8 Wallace, The Attention Revolution, 61.
9 Thanissaro, “Mindfulness Defined.”
10 Thanissaro, “Mindfulness Defined.”
11 Thanissaro, “Mindfulness Defined.”
12 Thanissaro, “Mindfulness Defined.”
13 Nyanaponika, The Heart of Buddhist Meditation, 35–42.
Chapter 26: Using the Language
1 Kabat-Zinn, Full Catastrophe Living, 22.
2 Siegel, The Mindful Brain, 10.
3 Ruth A. Baer, Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches: A Clinician’s Guide (San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2006), 21.
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R E F E R E N C E S
Analayo. Satipatthana: The Direct Path to Realization. Cambridge, MA: Windhorse, 2003.
Baer, Ruth A. Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches: A Clinician’s
Guide. San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2006.
Bishop, Scott R., et al. “Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition.”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11, no. 3 (2004): 230–41.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu, and Bhikkhu Nanamoli. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha. Boston: Wisdom, 1995.
Buddhaghosa. The Path of Purification. Translated by Nanamoli Bhikkhu.
Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1991.
Damasio, Antonio. Descartes’ Error. New York: Penguin, 1994.
Dogen. Shobogenzo Zuimonki: A Primer of Soto Zen. Translated by Reiho Masunaga. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1975.
Dogen. Moon in a Dewdrop. Edited by Kazuaki Tanahashi. New York:
North Point Press, 1985.
Dogen. “Fukanzazengi: Universal Recommendations for Zazen.”
Translated by Norman Waddell and Abe Masao. In The Art of Just
Sitting, edited by John Daido Loori. Boston: Wisdom, 2002.
Dogen. Shobogenzo. Edited by Kazuaki Tanahashi. Boston: Shambala
Publications, 2012.
Frances, Allen. Saving Normal. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.
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Fuster, Joaquin M. The Prefrontal Cortex. 5th ed. London: Academic Press, 2015.
Germer, Christopher K., Ronald D. Siegel, and Paul R. Fulton, eds.
Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 2013.
Goldstein, Joseph. Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Awakening.
Boulder, CO: Sounds True, 2013.
Goyal, Madhav, et al. “Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and
Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” JAMA Internal
Medicine 174, no. 3 (March 2014): 357–68.
Grossman, Paul, and Nicholas T. Van Dam. “Mindfulness, by Any Other
Name . . . Trials and Tribulations of Sati in Western Psychology and
Science.” Contemporary Buddhism 12, no. 1 (2011): 219–39.
Heuman, Linda. “Meditation Nation.” tricycle.com/blog/meditation-
nation, April 25, 2014.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness
Meditation in Everyday Life. New York: Hyperion, 1994.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. Coming to Our Senses. New York: Hyperion, 2003.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. “Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past,
Present, and Future.” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 10, no.
2 (2003): 144–56.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. Arriving at Your Own Door. New York: Hyperion, 2007.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. “Some Reflections on the Origins of MBSR, Skillful
Means, and the Trouble with Maps.” Contemporary Buddhism 12, no. 1
(2011): 281–306.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. Full Catastrophe Living. 2nd ed. London: Piatkus, 2013.
Leighton, Taigen Dan. Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent
Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi. Tokyo: Tuttle, 2000.
Loori, John Daido, ed. The Art of Just Sitting. Boston: Wisdom, 2002.
Nyanaponika Thera. The Heart of Buddhist Meditation: Satipatthana.
London: Century Hutchinson, 1962.
Rhys Davids, Thomas William, ed. and trans. Buddhist Suttas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1881.
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Sedlmeier, Eberth, et al. “The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (November 2012): 1139–71.
Sharf, Robert H. “Is Mindfulness Buddhist? (and Why It Matters).”
Transcultural Psychiatry 52, no. 4 (2015): 470–84. (This paper closely follows Sharf’s 2013 YouTube lecture: “Mindfulness or Mindlessness:
Traditional and Modern Buddhist Critiques of ‘Bare Awareness.’”
youtube.com/watch?v=c6Avs5iwACs.)
Sheng Yen. Attaining the Way: A Guide to the Practice of Chan Buddhism.
Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2006.
Shorter, Edward. How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of
the Nervous Breakdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Siegel, Daniel J. The Mindful Brain. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
Siegel, Ronald D. The Mindfulness Solution. New York: Guildford, 2010.
Soma Thera. The Way of Mindfulness. Colombo, Ceylon: Vajrarama, 1949.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu. “Mindfulness Defined.” accesstoinsight.org/lib/
authors/thanissaro/mindfulnessdefined.html, 2008.
Wallace, B. Alan. The Attention Revolution. Somerville, MA: Wisdom, 2006.
Whitaker, Robert. Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric
Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America. New York: Crown, 2010.
Williams, J. Mark, John Teasdale, Zindel Segal, and Jon Kabat-Zinn. The Mindful Way through Depre
ssion. New York: Guildford, 2007.
Williams, Mark, and Danny Penman. Mindfulness: An Eight-Week Plan
for Finding Peace in a Frantic World. New York: Rodale, 2011.
Williams, J. Mark G., and Jon Kabat-Zinn, eds. Mindfulness: Diverse
Perspectives on Its Meaning, Origins, and Applications. New York: Routledge, 2013.
U Pandita. In This Very Life. Boston: Wisdom, 1992.
Vago, David R., and David A. Silbersweig. “Self-Awareness, Self-
Regulation, and Self-Transcendence (S-ART): A Framework for
Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Mindfulness.”
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (October 2012): 1–30.
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I N D E X
A
B
absorption, 211
bliss, 83, 84–86, 210
acceptance, nonjudgmental,
Bodhi, Bhikkhu, 9, 139, 141,
26, 58–59, 71–72, 119–20,
143–44, 150, 156
296–97, 308–9
body
action, 101–4, 110–12
accepting the, 58–59
action tendencies, 181–86
importance of focusing on,
Analayo, 139–40, 141
77–78
anger, 197–99
mindfulness of the, 80–83,
anxiety, 27–33, 191
87–89, 133–35, 279–80
Aristotle, 213, 224–25
body-mind stillness, 16, 25–26,
arousal, 36–37, 45–46, 108–9
92–93, 211
atapi, 10, 160, 161
body scan
athletes, 105, 108–9
attention
about, 50–54
about, 246–48, 259–60
accepting the body, 58–59
bottom-up, 252
breath meditation versus,
mindfulness versus, 306–7
35–37
monitoring, 66, 67, 69–70
variations, 54–58
scientific evidence for,
Vipassana retreats, 79–80
280–81
body schema, 35, 50–51, 53,
selective, 66, 67, 69
80–83, 88–89
splitting, 256–57
breath meditation
as state of mind, 205
benefits of, 37–38
sustained, 151–54
body scan versus, 35–37
switching, 74, 255–56
distraction, naming, 40–41
top-down, 252–53
how to do, 38–40
See also sati; thought
results, being mindful of, 41
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breath meditation ( continued)
optimizing, 223–31
Buddha, 11–12, 165–66,
painful, 196–201
317n1 (chap. 17)
regulating, 197–201, 281–83
See also specific topics
stigmatizing, 216–20
Buddhaghosa, 152, 154, 187
valence of, 145, 179–92
Buddhism, 3–4, 12
values and, 229–31
C
emptiness, 17, 123–24
energy, 209–10
citta, 135–36, 145–46
enlightenment, seven factors
cognitive science, 194–96
of, 136, 206–7, 209–15
comparative evaluation,
equanimity, 17, 171, 186–87,
269–72
211–15, 305
contentment, 83, 85–86, 210
evaluation, 154–57, 269–72
culture, 227–29
existence, three characteristics
D
of, 175
Damasio, Antonio, 220, 221–22
F
decisions, 242–44, 267–69
fear, 29–30
depression, 191
five hindrances, 136, 196–97
desire, 136, 137, 200, 214
focus, 38–39, 61–62, 254–55,
dhamma, 137, 146
257–59
dhamma-vicaya, 161–62, 209,
focusing-monitoring duality,
264
65–69
Diagnostic and Statistical
four foundations of
Manual of Mental Disorders
mindfulness, 133–37
(DSM), 217–19
Four Noble Truths, 137, 175
distraction, naming, 40–41
Frances, Allen, 218–19
Dogen, 96, 97, 99–100, 163,
Fuster, Joaquin, 247
233–34, 293–94, 319n8
dopamine, 253
H
E
hindrances, five, 136, 196–97
homeostasis, 53–54
Ecclesiastes, 226
effort, purposeful, 160–62
I
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 302–3
insight, 272–74
emotion
investigation, 161–62, 209, 264
cognitive science and,
194–96
J
culture and, 227–29
jhana, 95–96, 98, 207–8
judgment and, 220–23
judgment
mindfulness of, 135
comparative evaluation
naming, 197–98
strategy, 269–72
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emotion and, 220–23
scientific evidence for,
good, 261–63, 274–75
277–87
improving, 187–90
sitting, 95, 96–100
insight, 272–74
thought and, 69–70
meditation and, 265,
walking, 93, 94, 95
266–67
See also mindfulness;
sati as term, 154–57
specific topics
See also sampajjana
memory, 158–60
K
mindful, as term, 8, 101, 299
mindful action, 101–4, 110–12
Kabat-Zinn, Jon
mindfulness
meditation and Buddhism, 4
attention versus, 306–7
mindfulness, 13, 163,
of body, 80–83, 87–89,
300–303
133–35, 279–80
Modern Mindfulness, 288,
continuous, 166–67
289, 290–92, 293, 294
definitions, 15, 299–307
nonjudgmental definition,
as domain-specific, 107–8
310
of emotion, 135
thought, 233
four foundations of, 133–37
See also mindfulness-based
meditation versus, 2, 4–5,
stress reduction
6–7
kaya, 133–35
performance, enhancing
L
with, 108–10
Loori, John Daido, 295–96
purposes of, 104–7
scientific evidence for,
M
277–87
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 227
of states of mind, 135–36,
Mahayana, the, 16
145–46
MBSR (mindfulness-based
as term, 308–14
stress reduction), 5, 17,
in therapy, 196–201, 294–98
98–99, 288, 291–92, 295,
of thought, 137
296–98
See also meditation; specific
meditation
topics
/>
breath, 35–41
mindfulness-based stress
decisions and, 267–69
reduction (MBSR), 5, 17,
defined, 22, 34
98–99, 288, 291–92, 295,
judgment and, 265, 266–67
296–98
length of, 42–43
Mindfulness of the Body, 83–86
mindfulness versus, 2, 4–5,
mindfulness practices, 22–24
6–7
Modern Mindfulness, 8, 15,
progress, assessing, 59–62
98–100, 288, 294–95, 308–9
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Modern Mindfulness ( continued)
performance, enhanced, 108–10
See also mindfulness-
piti, 83, 84–86, 210
based stress reduction;
postures, formal, 92–95
satipatthana
processing, 313–14
monitoring attention, 66, 67,
proprioception, 81
69–70
See also Open Monitoring
R
music, 228–29
relaxation, 44–45, 60–61, 278–79
retreats
N
author’s, 113–17, 118, 124–25,
naming
126, 242–44
about, 167–71
Vipassana, 5, 79–80, 290,
action, 111
291–92, 293
distraction, 40–41
Rhys Davids, T. W.
emotion, 197–98
sati, translation of, 9, 13, 149,
emotion, valence of, 184
150, 292, 299
states of mind, 203–4
Satipatthana Sutta,
thought, 71–75, 111–12
translation of, 9, 138–39, 140,
Newton, Isaac, 272, 273
141, 146
nirvana, 140, 174, 212
nonjudgmental, as term, 293–94,
S
302, 309–11, 312, 314
sadness, 226–27
nonjudgmental acceptance, 26,
samadhi, 22–24, 153, 211
58–59, 71–72, 119–20, 296–97,
sampajjana, 10, 16, 154–55, 156,
308–9
157, 261–63
Nyanaponika Thera, 139, 140,
sankharas, 181–86
145–46, 151, 156, 307
sati about, 263–65
O
defined, 15, 75, 123
observer mind, 26, 119–20
as enlightenment factor, 209
Old Curiosity Shop, The
as term, 9, 13, 148–64, 263,
(Dickens), 228
292, 299
Open Monitoring, 17, 117–23,
See also attention
124, 125
satipatthana, 16, 117, 123–24,
See also satipatthana
126
P
See also Modern Mindfulness;
Open Monitoring
Pali Canon, 12, 15–16, 128, 141,
Satipatthana Sutta
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