by Miles Taylor
35. Both Winterhalter’s portrait and Marochetti’s bust are now on display at Osborne House: RCIN 403841 and RCIN 41535.
36. A water carrier.
37. QVJl., 1 April 1846; Hardinge to Sarah James, 19 February 1846, in The Letters of the First Viscount Hardinge of Lahore to Lady Hardinge and Sir Walter and Lady James, 1844–1847, ed. Bawa Satinder Singh, Camden 4th ser., 42 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1986), 150–1; Dalhousie to Hobhouse, 22 December 1848, BL, Add. Ms., 36, 476, fols 140–9. £0.5m of jewels was sold off separately by the Government of India: A Reprint of Two Sale Catalogues of Jewels and other Confiscated Property Belonging to his Highness the Maharaja Duleep Singh which were . . . Sold in the Years 1850 and 1851 (London: privately printed, 1885), vii. On Duleep Singh, see: Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand, Queen Victoria’s Maharaja: Duleep Singh, 1838–93 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1980); Prithipal Singh Kapur (ed.), Maharaja Duleep Singh: The Last Sovereign Ruler of the Punjab (Amritsar: Dharam Parchar Committee, 1995); Nazir Ahmad Chaudry (ed.), The Maharaja Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, 1999); Peter Bance, Duleep Singh: Sovereign, Squire and Rebel (London: Coronet House, 2009). For a compelling new account of Queen Victoria’s infatuation with Duleep Singh, see: Priya Atwal, ‘Between the Courts of Lahore and Windsor: Anglo-Indian Relations and the Re-making of Royalty in the Nineteenth Century’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 2017), esp. ch. 4.
38. QVJl., 6 July 1854, 26 August 1856; RCIN 403843 (Winterhalter); RCIN 41542 (Marochetti, the uncoloured version).
39. QVJl., 24 August 1854, cf. 22 August 1854, 14 November 1854.
40. ILN, 29 March 1856, 319; QVJl., 31 May 1856; The Times, 8 December 1856, 9; Leeds Mercury, 16 June 1860, 10.
41. The best narrative of Duleep Singh’s life in England is Bance, Sovereign, Squire and Rebel. For details about his children, see: Anita Anand, Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).
42. Kapur (ed.), Maharaja Duleep Singh, chs 7, 14.
43. QVJl., 21 March 1871, 5 April 1884; Martin A. Wainwright, ‘Royal Relationships as a Form of Resistance: The Cases of Duleep Singh and Abdul Karim’ in Rehana Ahmed and Sumita Mukerjee (eds), South Asian Resistances in Britain, 1858–1947 (London: Continuum, 2012), 96–9.
44. Queen Victoria to the Earl of Clarendon, 23 September 1857, in Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., iii, 315.
45. QVJl., 18 March 1868.
46. QVJl., 3 July 1886, 20 August 1886, 31 March 1891.
47. Ibid., 28 April 1854, 17 May 1854, 9 July 1855; Extracts from Captain Colin Mackenzie’s Work, Regarding the Dominions of the Late Tipoo Sultaun; and Correspondence and Memorials of Prince Ghulam Mohammad and his Family, Addressed to the Government of India and the Hon’ble Court of Directors (Calcutta: Sandars, Cones, 1854); The History of Hyder Shah . . . and of His Son, Tipoo Sultaun . . . Revised and Corrected by Prince Gholam Mohammed (London: W. Thacker, 1855); Memorial of Prince Ghulam Mohammad to the Right Honourable Secretary of State for India in Council (London: John Edward Taylor, 1859), 33–4, 37, 39–40.
48. Catherine E. Anderson, ‘Tipu’s Sons and Images of Paternalism in Late Eighteenth-century Romantic British Art’ in Carolyn A. Weber (ed.), Romanticism And Parenting: Image, Instruction and Ideology (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2007), 7–28; Sean Willcock, ‘A Neutered Beast? Representations of the Sons of Tipu – the Tiger of Mysore – as Hostages in the 1790s’, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 36 (2013), 121–47.
49. Queen Victoria to Dalhousie, 24 November 1854 in Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., ii, 54; QVJl., 21 November 1854.
4 ‘This Bloody Civil War’
1. The Times, 22 August 1856, 12, 28 August 1856, 12; Daily News, 22 August 1856, 4; Safi Ahmad (ed.), British Aggression in Avadh: Being the Treatise of M. Mohammed Masih Uddin Khan Bahadur, Entitled Oude: Its Princes and its Government Vindicated (Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan, 1969), 3–9. There are descriptions of the delegation in Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, Engaging Scoundrels: True Tales of Old Lucknow (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 112–21, and Michael H. Fisher, Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600–1857 (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004), 412–22.
2. The Times, 17 January 1857, 12; Morning Chronicle, 2 April 1857, 7, 6 April 1857, 5.
3. Victoria to Charles Canning, 21 August 1856, RA VIC/MAIN/N/15/17; Robert Vernon Smith to Canning, 25 August 1856, IOR Mss Eur. F231/3, fols 162–5.
4. QVJl., 4 July 1857; ‘Illuminated Letter from the King of Oudh, 7 January 1857’, IOR Mss Eur. C849.
5. Amongst a large literature on the Indian revolt and its background I have drawn chiefly from the following: Charles Ball, The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving a Detailed Account of the Sepoy Insurrection in India, etc., 2 vols (London: London Printing and Publishing Co., 1858–9); J. W. Kaye, A History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857–8, 3 vols (London, W. H. Allen, 1864–76); S. N. Sen, 1857 (Delhi: Government of India, 1957; 1995 edn); Pratul Chandra Gupta, Nana Saheb and the Rising at Cawnpore (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963); Khushhalilal Srivastava, The Revolt of 1857 in Central India-Malwa (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1966); Eric Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Peasant Rebellion and Agrarian Society in Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984); Joyce Lebra-Chapman, The Rani of Jhansi: A Study of Female Heroism in India (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986); Michael H. Fisher, A Clash of Cultures: Awadh, the British and the Mughals (New Delhi: Manohar, 1987); William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi, 1857 (London: Bloomsbury, 2006); Rudrangshu Mukherjee and Parmood Kapoor, Dateline 1857: Revolt Against the Raj (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2008); Mahmood Farooqui (comp.), Besieged: Voices from Delhi, 1857 (London: Penguin, 2010).
6. S. A. A. Risvi (ed.), Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh, 6 vols (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011), ii, 150–60, iv, 604–5; Ball, History of the Indian Mutiny, 183–4; Kaye, History of the Sepoy War, 471; ‘Proclamations of Nana Sahib’ [2], www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/Texts-Part2.html (accessed 4 April 2018).
7. ‘Correspondence on the Subject of the Despatch of Troops to India from the Colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and Mauritius’, Parl. Papers (1857–8), Cd. 2298, 28–9, 32. For the wider colonial ramifications of the rebellion, see: Jill Bender, The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), esp. chs 3–4.
8. Canning’s refusal to muster European volunteers led to a petition to Queen Victoria requesting his recall: ‘Petition to Queen Victoria signed by Christian inhabitants of Calcutta’ (1857), IOR/A/1/94A. For Nepal, see: Kanchanmoy Mojumdar, ‘Nepal and the Indian Mutiny, 1857–8’, Bengal Past and Present 85 (1966), 13–39. For Gwalior and Indore see: Amar Farooqui, Sindias and the Raj: Princely Gwalior, c. 1800–1850 (Delhi: Primus Books, 2011), 137–9; Srivastava, Revolt of 1857 in Central India-Malwa, chs 10–12. For the Punjab, see: Andrew Major, Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century (New Delhi: Sterling, 1996), ch. 6. For Sikh loyalty, see: J. S. Grewal and Harish Sharma, ‘Political Change and Social Readjustment: The Case of Sikh Aristocracy Under Colonial Rule in the Punjab’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 48 (1988), 377–82.
9. Douglas M. Peers, Between Mars and Mammon: Colonial Armies and the Garrison State, 1810–35 (London: IB Tauris, 1995), ch. 8. For the dispersal of troops overseas, see the returns in ‘Return of the Actual Military Force that was in India at the Time of the Outbreak of the Mutiny at Meerut, etc.’, Parl. Papers (1857–8), Cd. 356, 10, 17.
10. Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury, Telegraphic Imperialism: Crisis and Panic in the Indian Empire, c. 1830–1920 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), ch. 2.
11. Merrill Tilghman Boyce, British Policy and the Evolution of the Vernacular Press in India 1835–1878 (Delhi: Chanakya, 1988)
, ch. 3.
12. As Lord Broughton tartly observed to the queen’s private secretary, ‘We have almost ruined Dacca by pouring our Manchester Goods into India’: Broughton to Col. Grey, 26 October 1851, IOR Mss Eur. F.213/13. See: Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj, chs 7–8; C. A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), ch. 6.
13. Suresh Chandra Ghosh, Dalhousie in India: A Study of his Social Policy as Governor General (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1975). David J. Howlett, ‘Ramsay, James Andrew Broun, First Marquess of Dalhousie (1812–1860)’, ODNB.
14. Memorial of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, on the extension of the Episcopate in India; with a statement of detailed information on the subject, an appendix of documents, and a coloured map of the present dioceses (London: Bell and Daldy, 1857); for Mitchell and Wheeler, see: Kim A. Wagner, The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010), 96.
15. [Henry Reeve and John Kaye], ‘India’, Edinburgh Review 106 (October 1857), 567; cf. Alexander Duff, The Indian Rebellion: Its Causes and Results. In a Series of Letters (London: James Nisbet, 1858), 121 and passim. Others saw the outbreak as a ‘long-cherished conspiracy on the part of the Mahometans’ which ‘inflamed’ the superstitious Hindu mind: Anon., The Indian Mutiny: Thoughts and Facts (London: Seeley, Jackson and Halliday, 1857), 20–1; The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar, ed. Pramod K. Nayar (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2007), esp. 138–75.
16. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (ed.), Rethinking 1857 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2007), xvii; William Dalrymple ‘Religious Rhetoric in the Delhi Uprising of 1857’ in ibid., 22–43; Tariq Rahman, ‘The Events of 1857 in Contemporary Writings in Urdu’, South Asia 32 (2009), 212–29; K. M. Ashraf, ‘Muslim Revivalists and the Revolt of 1857’ in Biswamoy Pati (ed.), The 1857 Rebellion (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007), 151–8; Irfan Habib, ‘The Coming of 1857’ in Shireen Mossvi (ed.), Facets of the Great Revolt, 1857 (New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2008), 5–6; Marina Carter and Crispin Bates, ‘Religion and Retribution in the Indian Rebellion of 1857’, Leidschrift 24 (2009), 51–8.
17. J. A. B. Palmer, The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), 133.
18. M. A. Rahim, Lord Dalhousie’s Administration of the Conquered and Annexed States (Delhi: S. Chand, 1963).
19. Diary entries, 16 February 1851, 24 March 1851, 27 March 1851, 3 November 1851, 14 December 1851, Dalhousie papers, National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh, GD 45/6/540.
20. [W. H. Sleeman], Iconoclastes on the Princes and Territorial Chiefs of India (Cheltenham, n.p., 1853), 4, 33; Dalhousie, ‘Minute’ (17 May 1853), Foreign Dept Proceedings, NAI, 75; cf. Dalhousie, ‘Memorandum on the Future Government of India’ (13 October 1852), IOR, IOR/L/PS/18/D175.
21. Bengal despatches (17 June 1856), IOR, IOR/E/4/836, p. 633.
22. Dalhousie to Queen Victoria, 19 February 1853, RA VIC/MAIN/N/15/2. For the final phase of the kingdom of Awadh, see: Fisher, Clash of Cultures, 227–44 and Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, The Last King in India: Wajid Ali Shah (London: Hurst, 2014), 109.
23. [William Knighton], The Private Life of an Eastern King (London: Hope, 1855).
24. Queen Victoria to Charlotte Canning, 5 July 1857, Canning papers, West Yorkshire Archives Service, WYL 250/10/42.
25. Theodore Martin, The Life of the Prince Consort: Prince Albert and his Times, 5 vols (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1875–80), iv, 72–82.
26. QVJl., 16 July 1857, 18 July 1857, 20 July 1857, 25 July 1857; The Times, 27 July 1857, 8.
27. Queen Victoria to Lord Panmure, 29 June 1857, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., iii, 298–9, Queen Victoria to Palmerston, 22 August 1857, ibid., 308–12; Lord Palmerston to Queen Victoria, 15 September 1857, RA VIC/MAIN/N/15/75; Queen Victoria to Lord Palmerston, 18 September 1857, Broadlands papers, Hartley Library, University of Southampton, RC/F/845/1–2.
28. Palmerston to Queen Victoria, 15 September 1857, RA, VIC/MAIN/N/15/75; cf. QVJl., 24 September 1857. For the state day of prayer (7 October), see: Brian Stanley, ‘Christian Responses to the Indian Mutiny of 1857’, Studies in Church History 20 (1983), 277–89.
29. For example, see QVJl., 3 August 1857, 14 January 1858, 22 March 1858, 14 April 1858.
30. There is now an extensive body of work on this: Gautam Chakravarty, The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Christopher Herbert, War of No Pity: The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); Salahuddin Malik, 1857: War of Independence or Clash of Civilizations? British Public Reactions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Eugenia M. Palmegiano, ‘The Indian Mutiny in the Mid-Victorian Press’, Journal of Newspaper and Periodical History 7 (1991), 3–11; Alison Blunt, ‘Spatial Stories Under Siege: British Women Writing from Lucknow in 1857’, Gender, Place and Culture 7 (2000), 229–46; Claudia Klaver, ‘Domesticity Under Siege: British Women and Imperial Crisis at the Siege of Lucknow 1857’, Women’s Writing 8 (2001), 21–58; Catherine Hart, ‘“Oh what horrors will be disclosed when we know all”: British Women and the Private/Public Experience of the Siege of Lucknow’, Prose Studies 34 (2012), 185–96; Lydia Murdoch, ‘“Suppressed grief”: Mourning the Death of British Children and the Memory of the 1857 Indian Rebellion’, Journal of British Studies 51 (2012), 364–92; Andrea Kaston Tange, ‘Maternity Betrayed: Circulating Images of English Motherhood in India, 1857–1858’, Nineteenth-century Contexts 35 (2013), 187–215.
31. QVJl., 31 August 1857.
32. Adelaide Case, Day By Day at Lucknow: A Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (London: Richard Bentley, 1858). On Case’s narrative, see: Alison Blunt, ‘The Flight from Lucknow: British Women Travelling and Writing Home, 1857–8’ in James Duncan and Derek Gregory (eds), Rites of Passage: Reading Travel Writing (London: Routledge, 1999), 92–113.
33. Virginia Surtees, Charlotte Canning: Lady-in-waiting to Queen Victoria and Wife of the First Viceroy of India, 1817–1861 (London: John Murray, 1975); Charles Allen (ed.), A Glimpse of the Burning Plain: Leaves from the Indian Journals of Charlotte Canning (London: Michael Joseph, 1986).
34. Charlotte Canning to Queen Victoria, 11 December 1857, 9 January 1858, 24 January 1858, 19 May 1858, Canning papers, 250/10/4/3; QVJl., 22 March 1858.
35. Charlotte Canning to Queen Victoria, 25 November [1857], 30 August 1858, 18 December 1858, Canning papers, WYL 250/10/4/3. For Murray, see: John Fraser, ‘Murray, John (1809–1898)’, ODNB. For Beato, see: Claire Bowen, ‘Memorising the Mutiny: Felice Beato’s Lucknow Photographs’, Cahiers victoriens et édouardiens 66 (2007), 195–209; Narayani Gupta, ‘Pictorializing the “Mutiny” of 1857’ in Maria Pelizzari (ed.), Traces of India: Photography, Architecture and the Politics of Representation, 1850–1900 (London: Yale University Press, 2003), 216–39.
36. Barker’s ‘Siege of Lucknow’ is now in the National Portrait Gallery (NPG 5851). On Lundgren, see: Sten Nilsson and Narayani Gupta, The Painter’s Eye: Egron Lundgren and India (Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 1992), 26, 29; Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, Great Uprising, 203–4.
37. Lady Canning drawings, Harewood House, Leeds, 1859–60 vol., fols 36–56, 59, 64–5. She also photographed the ruins of Metcalfe House, the residence of the Delhi Commissioner: ‘Lord and Lady Canning Family Album’, fol. 60, Gilman collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. More of her sketches of the topography of the rebellion can be found in two albums held by the Victoria & Albert Museum, starting with the depictions of Allahabad in November 1858: Dept Prints and Drawings, V&A, PD.80E.
38. Lord Palmerston to Queen Victoria, 18 October 1857, RA VIC/MAIN/N/16/9.
39. For the political background, see: Robin J. Moore, Sir Charles Wood’s Indian Policy, 1853–1866 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966), ch. 2; Angus Hawkins, ‘British Parliamentary Party Alignment and the Indian Issue, 1857–1858’, Journal of British Studies 23 (1984), 79–105.<
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40. [John Henry Tremenheere], ‘How is India to be Governed?’, Bentley’s Miscellany 43 (February, 1858), 115–16; James Silk Buckingham, Plan for A Future Government of India (London: Partridge and Oakley, 1858), 9; cf. Anon., A Voice From India to the Men of Manchester (Manchester: Joseph Pratt, 1858).
41. Lord Palmerston to Queen Victoria, 17 December 1857, RA VIC/MAIN/N/16/43; George Clerk, ‘Memorandum on the Government of India’ (11 November 1857), IOR, IOR/L/PS/18/D55; QVJl., 12 January 1858.
42. Vernon Smith to Queen Victoria, 31 January 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/17/26–7; Queen Victoria to Lord Palmerston (draft), 9 February 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/17/32; cf. Queen Victoria to Lord Palmerston, 24 December 1857, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., iii, 327–8.
43. Lord Derby to Prince Albert 25 March 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/17/67; Queen Victoria to Lord Ellenborough, 26 March 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/17/72. For the first draft of the Conservative bill, see: ‘India Bill’, 21–48, Derby papers, Liverpool Record Office, 920 DER (15) 27/1.
44. Michael Maclagan, ‘Clemency Canning’, Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 (London: Macmillan, 1962), 196–204.
45. Punch, 7 November 1857, 191; Queen Victoria to Derby, 9 May 1858 (draft), RA VIC/MAIN/N/18/37; Prince Albert, ‘Memorandum’ (11 May 1858), RA VIC/MAIN/N/18/48; Queen Victoria to Lord Derby, 31 May 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/18/94.
46. Benjamin Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 24 June 1858, in Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., iii, 372–3; HC Debs, 151 (24 June 1858), cols 350–1 (Bright). For Disraeli and India in 1857, see: Ann Pottinger Saab, ‘Disraeli, India, and the Indians, 1852–58’ in Wolfgang Elz and Sönke Neitzel (eds), Internationale Beziehungen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: festschrift für Winfried Baumgart zum 65. Geburtstag (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2003), 37–52.
47. QVJl., 7 July 1858; Queen Victoria to Lord Derby, 8 July 1858 (draft), RA VIC/MAIN/N/19/5; Lord Derby to Queen Victoria, 10 July 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/19/10; Queen Victoria to Lord Derby, 29 July 1858 (draft), RA VIC/MAIN/N/19/25; Lord Derby to Queen Victoria, 29 July 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/19/26; Prince Albert to Sir James Graham, 29 July 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/19/27; Sir James Graham to Prince Albert, 30 July 1858, RA VIC/MAIN/N/19/28.