by Miles Taylor
77. The Times, 22 April 1878, 3; Ian F. W. Beckett, ‘The Indian Expeditionary Force on Malta and Cyprus, 1878’, Soldiers of the Queen 76 (1994), 6–11.
78. ‘They’d stop our Eastern pathway, very plain, / And no longer we be the Rulers of the sea, / Nor certain of our Indian domain’ sang out the third verse of Fred Albert’s, ‘We Mean to Keep our Empire in the East’ (1878); cf. ‘Our “Imperial” Guard’, Punch, 25 May 1878, 235.
79. Brian Robson, The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878–1881 (London: Spellmount, 1980); Alexander Morrison, ‘Beyond the “Great Game”: The Russian Origins of the Second Anglo-Afghan War’, Modern Asian Studies 51 (2017), 686–735.
80. QVJl., 26 November 1878. Later, Lytton prepared a selection of photographs from the battlefield for the queen: Lytton to Queen Victoria, 30 June 1879, IOR Mss Eur. E218/21, 505–5.
81. Lytton to Queen Victoria, 7 September 1879, Mss Eur. E218/21, 712, Lytton to Queen Victoria, 13 October 1879, ibid., 895–900; Lytton to Queen Victoria, 19 December 1879, ibid., 1115–17. Rodney Atwood, The Life of Field Marshal Lord Roberts (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), ch. 5.
82. Gladstone, speech at Chester, The Times, 20 August 1879, 11; cf. HC Debs, 243 (10 December 1878), 544; Christopher Wallace, ‘The Liberals and Afghanistan, 1878–80’, Historical Research, 85 (2012), 306–28.
83. QVJl., 26 April 1880; Ponsonby to Hartington, 29 April 1880, Devonshire Collection, Chatsworth House, 340.954.
84. Queen Victoria to Hartington, 17 November 1880, Devonshire Collection, 340.1026C; cf. Ponsonby to Hartington, 3 September 1880, ibid., 340.1002; Ponsonby to Hartington, 12 March 1881, ibid., 340.1095; QVJl., 6 September 1880.
85. Hartington to Queen Victoria, 6 February 1881, Devonshire Collection, 340.1070.
86. QVJl., 17 December 1880, 31 January 1881.
87. Donald M. Reid, ‘The ‘Urabi Revolution and the British Conquest, 1879–1882’ in M. W. Daly (ed.), Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 217–38. For some of the domestic reaction, see: R. A. Atkins, ‘The Conservatives and Egypt, 1875–80’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2 (1974), 190–205; Shauna Huffaker, ‘Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism and the British Press, 1881–2’, Victorian Periodicals Review 45 (2012), 375–405.
88. ‘Composition of Force Proceeding from India to Egypt’, IOR L/MIL/5/695; QVJl., 12 September 1882, 17 September 1882, 28 September 1882. The oil painting, by Richard Caton Woodville, is at RCIN 407434. For the background, see: Noble Frankland, ‘Prince Arthur and the Battle of Tel-el-Kebir’, Historian 40 (1993), 18–20.
89. QVJl., 18 November 1882; ILN, 25 November 1882, 538. Harry Payne’s watercolour painting of the review is at RCIN 916750.
90. QVJl., 24 November 1882; Major-General Allen Johnson to the under-secretary of State for India, 15 November 1882, IOR L/MIL/7/9980.
91. Hartington to Ripon, 28 September 1881, Devonshire collection, Chatsworth House. 1881; Kimberley to Ponsonby, 7 August 1883, Kimberley papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Eng. 4025, fols 36–7.
92. Salisbury to the queen, 3 August 1885, RA, VIC/ADDA15/4519; Salisbury to the queen, 8 August 1885 RA VIC/ADDA15/4523; Queen Victoria to Dufferin, 31 July 1885, Dufferin papers, PRONI, D1071/H/M/1, no. 12.
93. Lord Salisbury to the queen, 9 October 1885, RA/VIC/MAIN/W/73/14; Queen Victoria to Salisbury, 12 October 1885, RA/VIC/MAIN/W/73/17; Churchill to Dufferin, 18 August 1885, IOR, Mss Eur. F130/3, no. 65; QVJl., 17 August 1885, 11 October 1885, 18 October 1885; IOR/L/MIL/16287 (25 November 1886); Queen Victoria to Dufferin, 27 August 1885, 29 October 1885, 11 December 1885, Dufferin papers, PRONI, D1071/H/M/1, nos. 16, 20, 22.
94. ‘Proceedings of the Legislative Council of Bombay’, xxvi (7 March 1888, 10 March 1888, 14 March 1888, 17 March 1888), IOR/V/9/2802.
95. Queen Victoria to Dufferin, 1 January 1886, 10 June 1886, Dufferin papers, PRONI, D1071/H/M/1, nos 26, 32. For the background, see: Thant Myint-U, The Making of Modern Burma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 186–93.
9 Mother of India
1. Connaught to Kimberley, 15 June 1884, Bodleian Library, Ms Eng c 4208, ff. 137–44.
2. Geraldine Forbes, Women in Modern India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); idem., Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine and Historiography (New Delhi: Chronicle Books, 2005); Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Philippa Levine, ‘Venereal Disease, Prostitution, and the Politics of Empire: The Case of British India’, Journal of the History of Sexuality (1994), 579–602; Barbara Ramusack, ‘Cultural Missionaries, Maternal Imperialists, Feminist Allies: British Women Activists in India, 1865–1945’ in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Stroebel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 119–36.
3. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995); Heather Streets, Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), ch. 5.
4. For the queen’s widowhood, see: Helen Rappaport, Magnificent Obsession: Victoria, Albert and the Death that Changed the Monarchy (London: Hutchinson, 2011). For widowhood in Victorian culture, see: Patricia Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), ch. 12. For widowhood in colonial India, see: Rajul Sogani, The Hindu Widow in Indian Literature (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002); Mytheli Sreenivas, Wives, Widows, and Concubines: The Conjugal Family Ideal in Colonial India (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).
5. NAI Public Proceedings, Home Dept 40–41 (A) (27 January 1862), 34–5 (A) (14 March 1862), 18 (A) (20 May 1862); Bombay Gazette, 25 January 1862, 87; Madras Times, 31 January 1862, 107; Englishman, 11 February 1862, 2; Allen’s Indian Mail and Register, 8 March 1862, 167; Simin Patel, ‘Commemorating the Consort in Colonial Bombay’ in Charles Beem and Miles Taylor (eds), The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 157–62.
6. [Muncherjee Cawasjee], Prince Albert: Selections from a Prize Translation of a Gujarati Poem Written in the Year 1863 by a Parsee Poet (Bombay: Bombay Education Society, 1870); cf. Bishambhar Nath, Tuzuk-i Jarmani (Lucknow: Nawal Kishore Press, 1876).
7. Queen Victoria to Sir John Lawrence, 26 July 1864, Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd ser., i, 242.
8. Grey began work on the memoir early in 1864: Charles Grey to Caroline Grey, 4 May 1864, Charles Grey papers, Durham University Library, GRE/D7/2. Helps had also prepared an edition of Prince Albert’s speeches for publication in 1862. For Martin’s commission, see: Martin, Queen Victoria as I Knew Her (London: William Blackwood, 1901), ch. 1.
9. The Early Life of the Prince Consort was advertised in Allen’s Indian Mail, 20 July 1867, 563. The Indian editions of the Leaves were: Maharan.i Viktoriya hyanca Hailanda prantantala rahivasa: va Skatalanda, Iaglanda va Airlanda hya desantila saphari an.i galabatanta basana kelelia paryat.ane hyanca vrttanta (Bombay: Education Society’s Press, 1871); The Queen’s Travels in Scotland and Ireland, trans. Isvari Prasaad Narayan Sinha Bahadur, Maharaja of Banares (Benares: n.p. 1875); Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, trans. Mancherjee Bhownaggree (Bombay: privately printed, 1877); The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort: Father of the Future Emperors of India, Trans. J. Rudd Rainey (Calcutta: Sanskrit Press, 1892).
10. Nassau Lees to Grey, 23 October [1867], Grey papers, Durham University Library, GRE/D/XIV/4/1.
11. The Royal Library at Windsor has three of the original presentation copies (Marathi, Gujarati and Hindi), with accompanying correspondence: Royal Library, III.60.E. The Maharaja of Benares illustrated his edition with a depiction of him presenting the book to the queen in pe
rson: RCIN 1053105.
12. ToI, 27 January 1877, 3.
13. Harleen Singh, The Rani of Jhansi: Gender, History, and Fable in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), ch. 3. Cf. E. J. Humphrey, Gems of India: or, Sketches of Distinguished Hindoo and Mahomedan Women (New York: Nelson & Phillips, 1875); John J. Pool, Woman’s Influence in the East: As Shown in the Noble Lives of Past Queens and Princesses of India (London: Elliot Stock, 1892).
14. T. Babu, The Queen (Vepery: Fister Press, 1873), this Tamil edition was followed by a Telugu one three years later (Madras: Free Church Mission, 1876); G. H. Rouse, Maharani Sakshya/The Testimony of the Queen (Calcutta: Christian Tract Society, 1895); A. W. Young, Maha Rani O Baibel/The Queen and her Bible (Calcutta: Christian Tract Society, 1901).
15. For example: V. Krishnama Chariar, A Jubilee Sketch of the Queen-Empress and the Empire on which the Sun Never Sets (Madras: SPCK Press, 1887), published simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu, then republished in a Tamil diamond jubilee edition as A Glorious Reign of Sixty Years (Madras: the author, 1897); S. Muttu Aiyar and C. V. Swaminada Aiyar, Life of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Empress of India (Madras: the authors, 1898); Munisami Mudali, Life of Empress Victoria in Kummi Song (Madras: the author, 1901), 136.
16. Kiran Chandra Banerji, Bharat Mata (Calcutta: the author, 1873), QLB (Bengal); Cf. Mahtava Jyotih, or, the Glory of the Maharaja Mahatva of Bardwan (1876), QLB (Bengal). For this dualism, see: Indira Chowdhury-Sengupta, ‘Mother India and Mother Victoria: Motherhood and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Bengal’, South Asia Research 12 (1992), 20–37; idem., The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).
17. Bharatendu Harischandra, Victoria’s Flag of Victory: A Poem in Hindi (Benares: n.p., 1882). For Harischandra, see: Vasudha Dalmia, The Nationalisation of Hindu Traditions: Bharatendu Harischandra and Nineteenth-century Banares (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997); Ichharam Surayam Desai, Life of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen-Empress (Bombay: the author, 1887), cf. his earlier Hind ane Britannia (Bombay: Gujarati Printing Press, 1886). On Desai, see: Beatriz Martinez Saavedra, ‘A History for Gujarat: The Imagining of a Region in Edalji Dosabhai’d and Ichharam Desai’s Narratives’ in Sharmina Marwani and Anjoom A. Mukadam (eds), Perspectives of Female Researchers: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Gujarati Identities (Berlin: Logos Verlag, 2016), 51–62; Bipin Chandra Pal, Rajnimata Viktoriya/Life of H.M. Empress Victoria (Calcutta: Kartik Chandra Datta, 1891; repr. 1904). For the attribution of the 1904 edition of this work, see: Bipin Chandra Pal. Selected Bibliography, ed. Bijoy Dev (New Delhi: Samskriti, 2001), 18.
18. On royal women in colonial India, see: Angma Dey Jhala, Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Indian Princes and their States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 179–82.
19. For the full list, which ran into hundreds, see: ‘Returns of the Names and Designations of All Native Princes of India, or their Families, in Receipt of Pensions and Allowances, etc. 1850–64’, Parl. Papers (1864), Cd. 82.
20. S. A. A. Risvi (ed.), Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh, 6 vols (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011), ii, 528–31.
21. Native Petition to the Imperial Parliament for the Restitution of the Raj of Tanjore, Sewajee, etc. (Madras: Hindu Press, 1860), 9, 15; Case of the Ranee of Tanjore (London: Richardson, 1861). For some of the background, see: William Hickey, The Tanjore Mahratta Principality in Southern India: The Land of the Chola: The Eden of the South (Madras: Caleb Foster, 1873).
22. Princess of Tanjore to the Duke of Buckingham, 1 January 1881, Stowe Mss, Huntington Library, San Marino, California, STG correspondence, box 109/54.
23. Officiating chief secretary to H. S. Thomas, 8 September 1875, Political Proceedings, Tamil Nadu State Archives, 561, fols 17–18; Bartle Frere to W. Hudleston, 5 January 1876, ibid., 38, fols 17a–17b; Proceedings Connected with the New Hospital Buildings and the Laying of The Foundation Stone of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales Medical School at Tanjore . . . 9th November 1880 (Trichinopoly: South India Times Press, 1881).
24. HC Debs, 308 (2 September 1886), 1070–1.
25. Memorial to Her Majesty the Queen from the (late) H. H. Suguna Bai Saheb, Rani of Sattara, etc. (Bombay: Union Press, 1874), 7.
26. Nina Napier to Queen Victoria, 16 February 1867, RA VIC/MAIN/N/27/68–9; QVJl., 8 September 1867. For the background, see: Robin Jeffrey, The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847–1908, 2nd edn (New Delhi: Manohar, 1994), ch. 3; Dick Kooiman, ‘The Invention of Tradition in Travancore: a Maharaja’s Quest for Political Security’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15 (2005), 151–64; Mary Beth Heston, ‘Mixed Messages in a New “Public” Travancore: Building the Capital 1860–1880’, Art History 31 (2008), 211–47.
27. Harry Prendergast (resident of Travancore) to Henry Stokes (chief secretary to the Government of Madras), 4 June 1887, Tamil Nadu State Archives, Political Proceedings, fol. 179. The portrait is at: RCIN 404097.
28. Much has now been written about the Begums of Bhopal: Shaharyar M. Khan, The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in India (London: IB Tauris, 2000); Claudia Preckel, Begums of Bhopal (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2000); Siobhan Lambert-Hurley, ‘Princes, Paramountcy and the Politics of Muslim Identity: The Begam of Bhopal on the Indian National Stage, 1901–1926’, South Asia 26 (2003), 165–91 (about Kaikhusrau Jahan); idem., ‘Historicising Debates over Women’s Status in Islam: The Case of Nawab Sultan Jahan Begam of Bhopal’ in Waltraud Ernst and Biswamoy Pati (eds), India’s Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism (London: Routledge, 2007), 139–56; Barbara Metcalf, ‘Islam and Power in Colonial India: The Making and Unmaking of a Muslim Princess’, American Historical Review 116 (2011), 1–30 (about Shah Jahan); Hannah Archambault, ‘Becoming Mughal in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the Bhopal Princely State’, South Asia 36 (2013), 479–95.
29. For example, see: G. B. Malleson, A Native State and its Rulers: A Lecture Delivered in the Dalhousie Institute, the 20th February, 1865 (Calcutta: R. C. Lepage & Co., 1865).
30. A Princess’s Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begum’s A Pilgrimage to Mecca, ed. Siobhan Lambert-Hurley (New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2007). For the later pilgrimage of her daughter, see: Siobhan Lambert-Hurley, ‘Out of India: The Journeys of the Begam of Bhopal, 1901–1930’ in Tony Ballantyne and Antoinette Burton (eds), Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), 293–309.
31. Shaharyar M. Khan, ‘Bhopal a Brief History’ in John Falconer (ed.), The Waterhouse Albums. Central Indian Provinces (Ahmedabad: Mapin, 2009), esp. 138–41.
32. Shah Jahan to Lord Mayo, 17 September 1870, Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms. 7490, 102/1. Henry Durand and Charles Aitchison, the Viceroy’s senior officials in Calcutta, advised against any such correspondence: Aitchison to O. T. Burne, 7 November 1870, ibid., 102/4; cf. Lord Mayo to Queen Victoria, 9 November 1870 (enclosing a letter from the Begum), RA VIC/MAIN/N/28/23–4.
33. Nawab Shahjahan, The taj-ul ikbal tarikh Bhopal, or, the History of Bhopal, trans. H. C. Barstow, (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1876); Viceroy to the Begum, 15 July 1875. Foreign Dept Proceedings, NAI, 158.
34. Queen Victoria to Mary Curzon, 19 January 1900, IOR Mss Eur. F306/35, fols 12–15.
35. Dufferin to Queen Victoria, 1 September 1885, Dufferin papers, PRONI, D1071/H/M/MI/I, no. 40; Queen Victoria to Dufferin, 7 May 1886, ibid., no. 31. For Siddiq Hasan, see: Metcalf, ‘Islam and Power in Colonial India’; Caroline Keen, ‘The Rise and Fall of Siddiq Hasan, Male Consort of Shah Jahan of Bhopal’ in Beem and Taylor (eds), The Man Behind the Queen, 185–204.
36. The queen agreed to the rules and insignia: Queen Victoria to Lord Salisbury, 9 October 1877, 6 January 1878, 3rd Marquess Salisbury papers, Hatfield House; cf. Sourindro Mohun Tagore, Orders of Knighthood (Ca
lcutta: the author, 1884), 185–7.
37. For these three Bengali maharanis, see: Roper Lethbridge, The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire; With an Appendix for Ceylon (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1900), 153, 171, 524. In 1876 Queen Victoria was conjoined with Sham Moini in a poem praising their ‘charitable and virtuous acts’: Rajinath Chatterji, Bangangana-kavya; or, Poems on the Women of Bengal (Barsial: Satyaprakash Press, 1876), QLB (Bengal).
38. The despatches describing the ceremonies are collected together at IOR L/P&S/15/16, a copy of which was sent on to Henry Ponsonby, the queen’s private secretary.
39. For the background, see: Anil Kumar Sarkar, British Paramountcy and the Cooch Behar State: A Study of the Anatomy of Indirect Rule in Cooch Behar (Delhi: Abhijeet Publications, 2011); Joydeep Pal, The Untold History of the Princely State of Cooch Behar (Kolkata: Sopan, 2015); Lucy Moore, Maharanis: The Life and Times of Three Generations of Indian Princesses (London: Viking, 2004), chs 3, 5.
40. Queen Victoria to Lady Dufferin, 19 May 1887, Dufferin papers, PRONI, D1231/G/11. In retrospect, the queen thought that the Maharaja was ‘too European’ and that would do him harm in his own country: Queen Victoria to Lord Dufferin, 22 September 1887, Dufferin papers, PRONI, D1071/H/M/1, no. 54; cf. Suniti Devi, The Autobiography of an Indian Princess (London: John Murray, 1921), ch. 8.
41. Suniti Devi, Nine Ideal Indian Women (Calcutta; Thacker, Spink & Co., 1919); idem., The Rajput Princesses (New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 1992); idem., The Life of Princess Yashodara: Wife and Disciple of the Lord Buddha (London: Elkin Mathews and Marrot, 1929).
42. The Times, 22 November 1892, 6; ibid., 2 July 1900, 11. For two recent nuanced readings of the Gaekwar’s ‘modernity’, see: Manu Belur Bhagavan, ‘Demystifying the “Ideal Progressive”: Resistance through Mimicked Modernity in Princely Baroda, 1900–1913’, Modern Asian Studies 35 (2001), 385–410; Toolika Gupta, ‘The Impact of British Rule on the Dressing Sensibilities of Indian Aristocrats: A Case Study of the Maharaja of Baroda’s Dress’ in Marie-Louise Nosch, Zhao Feng and Lotika Varadarajan (eds), Global Textile Encounters (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014), 199–204.