by Miles Taylor
52. ‘Queen Victoria Memorial’ (6 February 1901) in Speeches of Lord Curzon . . . 1898–1901, 423–4, 426–7; Syed Ali Khan, Lord Curzon’s Administration: What He Promised, What He Performed (Bombay: The Times Press, 1905), 115–16; Curzon to Hamilton, 31 January 1901, IOR Mss Eur. D510/7, fols 91–4.
53. ‘Contents of the Victoria Memorial Hall’ (26 February 1901) in Speeches of Lord Curzon . . . 1898–1901, 431–55.
54. Maharatta, 3 March 1903, 3.
55. Dewan of Mysore to P. H. Singh, 11 March 1901, Chief Secretariat records, Karnataka State Archives, (1901), 101; Bombay Gazette, 2 March 1901, 5; ToI, 23 March 1901, 7 (Karachi).
56. The Victoria Technical Institute and Memorial Hall: An Account of its History and Work, etc. (Madras: Methodist Publishing House, 1909); ToI, 27 February 1901, 5 (Technical Institute, Madras); ibid., 27 March 1902, 4 (Dufferin Fund); ibid., 15 February 1902, 8 (School for the Blind, Bombay).
57. Curzon to Hamilton, 14 March 1901, IOR Mss Eur. D510/7, fols 199–206; Hamilton to Curzon, 15 March 1901, IOR Mss Eur. F111/159, no. 19; Francis Knollys to Curzon, 25 April 1901, IOR Mss Eur. F111/135, no. 6.
58. H. Caldwell Lipsett, Lord Curzon in India, 1898–1903 (London: R. A. Everett, 1903), 120. For satires of the viceregal couple, see: Harischandra A. Talcherkar, Lord Curzon in Indian Caricature: Being a Collection of Cartoons Reproduced in Miniature, etc. (Bombay: Babajee Sakharam & Co., 1903).
59. The principal contemporary account is Stephen Wheeler, History of the Delhi Coronation Durbar: Held on the First of January 1903 to Celebrate the Coronation of His Majesty King Edward VII, Emperor of India (London: John Murray, 1904). Also useful is Lovat Fraser’s At Delhi (Bombay: Times of India, 1903). For more recent analyses, see: Stephen Bottomore, ‘“An Amazing Quarter Mile of Moving Gold, Gems and Genealogy”: Filming India’s 1902/03 Delhi Durbar’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 15 (1995), 495–515; Julie F. Codell, ‘Photography and the Delhi Coronation Durbars’ in Codell (ed.), Power and Resistance: The Delhi Coronation Durbars, 1877, 1903, 1911 (New Delhi: Mapin, 2012), esp. 37–40.
60. ‘Speech on the Presentation of the Freedom of the City of London, at the Guildhall’ (20 July 1904) in Speeches on India delivered by Lord Curzon . . . whilst in England, July–August 1904 (London: John Murray, 1904), 13.
61. [C. J. O’Donnell], The Failure of Lord Curzon: A Study In ‘Imperialism’: An Open Letter to the Earl of Rosebery (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1903), 82–5.
62. For the tour, see: Stanley Reed, The Royal Tour in India: A Record of the Tour of T.R.H. the Prince and Princess of Wales in India and Burma, from November 1905 to March 1906 (Bombay: Bennett, Coleman & Co., 1906); G. F. Abbott, Through India with the Prince (London: Edward Arnold, 1906); Madho Prasad, A Brief Account of the Tour Made by their Royal Highnesses the Prince and the Princess of Wales in India, 1905–06 (Mirzapur: Khichri Samachar Press, 1907); Theodore Morison, ‘The Indian Tour of the Prince of Wales’, North American Review 181 (December, 1905), 912–20; Sidney Low, A Vision of India: As Seen During the Tour of the Prince and Princess of Wales (London: Smith, Elder, 1906).
63. For the Prince’s friendship with the Maharaja of Bikaner, see the correspondence beginning on 27 November 1905, Papers of the Office of the Private Secretary, Maharaja Ganga Singhi Trust, Lallgarh Palace, Bikaner. For some of the background, see: L. S. Rathore, The Regal Patriot: Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2007), 33–4; Hugh Purcell, Maharajah of Bikaner India (London: Haus, 2010), ch. 1.
64. The galvanising effect of the Prince of Wales’s tour is described in Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada (ed.), Foundations of Pakistan. All-India Muslim League Documents: 1906–1947, 2 vols (New Delhi: Metropolitan Book Co., 1982), ii, 603–7.
65. A. F. Bruce to the Secretary of the Political & Foreign Dept, Bikaner, 1 September 1895, Proceedings of the Mahkama Khas (266 of 1905), Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner.
66. ToI, 5 January 1906, 5.
67. ‘Copies of the Proclamation of the King, Emperor of India, to the Princes and Peoples of India, of the 2nd day of November 1908, etc.’, Parl. Papers, (1908), Cd. 324. For its gestation, see: Minto to Morley, 27 May 1908, IOR Mss Eur. D573/315, fol. 194, Morley to Minto, 7 October 1908, IOR Mss Eur. D573/3, fol. 298; Patrick Jackson, Morley of Blackburn: A Literary and Political Biography of John Morley (Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012), 406. In India the fiftieth anniversary of the queen’s proclamation was marked by the publication of two new works, one in Bengali, one in Urdu: Anon., Victoria Ewam Tahar Goshana Patra [Queen Victoria and her Proclamation] (Benares: Jung Bahadur Singh, 1910), QLB (North Western Provinces); Maulvi Rahmat Ali, Wafa-i-Rahmat [The Promise of Mercy] (Lahore: Islamia Press, 1910), QLB (Punjab).
68. Telegram (31 January 1909), IOR/L/PJ/6/920 (Benares); H. G. Stokes to Arthur Godley, 1 April 1909, IOR/L/PJ/6/934 (Nagpur). In 1914 royal statues, including one of Queen Victoria, were tarred at Kolhapur: ToI, 28 February 1914, 8. And, three years later, the queen’s statue in Clubbon Park, Bangalore, was placed under police guard: Police Dept, File 202, Karnataka State Archives, Bangalore.
69. A. Govindaraja Mudaliar (ed.), India’s Memorial Tribute to His Most Gracious Majesty King Edward VII, Emperor of India (Madras: Selvan, 1911), 87; The All-India King Edward Memorial (Calcutta: n.p., 1911).
70. Ian Copland, ‘Dilemmas of an Indian Prince: Sayaji Rao Gaekwar and Sedition’ in Peter Robb and David Taylor (eds), Rule, Protest and Identity: Aspects of Modern South Asia (London: Curzon Press, 1978), 28–48; Fatesinghrao Gaekwad, Sayajirao of Baroda: The Prince and the Man (Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1989), ch. 18; Thomas G. Fraser, ‘Delhi Durbar: The Coronation Investiture of 1911’, Majestas 2 (1994), 75–91.
71. ToI, 5 April 1907, 7; Curzon to Morley, 14 August 1907, IOR Mss Eur. F111/458, fols 43–54.
72. Curzon to Carmichael, 15 April 1912 (draft), ibid., fols 133–8; ToI, 27 May 1913, 4.
73. Maharaja of Bikaner to Curzon, 13 March 1918, IOR Mss Eur. F111/458, fols 319–24; ‘Proceedings of the Trustees’, 11 February 1920, IOR Mss Eur. F111/460, fols 204–5; ToI, 1 February 1921, 5.
74. ToI, 29 December 1921, 7.
Epilogue
1. Constituent Assembly Debates. Official Report, 12 vols (Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1946–50), i (13 December 1946), 62. For all that has been written about the ideology of Indian nationalism, the gestation of the idea of the republic has received scant coverage, e.g. D. A. Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian struggle 1917–1947 (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977); Jim Masselos, Indian Nationalism: A History (New Delhi: Sterling, 1985); R. Sisson and S. Wolpert (eds), Congress and Indian Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Robin Jeffrey (ed.), India: Rebellion to Republic, Selected Writings (New Delhi: Sterling, 1990); John Zavos, The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2000); Bidyut Chakrabarty and Rajendra Kumar Pandey, Modern Indian Political Thought: Text and Context (London: Sage, 2009); Shruti Kapila (ed.), An Intellectual History for India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). A recent work that does partially address this omission is: Ananya Vajpeyi, Righteous Republic: The Political Foundations of Modern India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
2. Queen Victoria questioned why both southern African colonies had broken away, and called for their restitution to the Empire: Henry Labouchere to Queen Victoria, 26 July 1856, Queen Victoria to Henry Labouchere, 8 January 1857, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., iii, 255–6, 285.
3. Chandra Pal, ‘The Hymnology of the New Patriotism in Bengal’ (October 1905) in Pal, The New Spirit. A Selection from the Writings and Speeches of Bipinchandra Pal on Social, Political and Religious Subjects (Calcutta: Sinha, Sarvadhikari & Co., 1907), 31, cf. ‘The Shivaji Festival’ (26 July 1902) in ibid., 41–2, and ‘Loyal Patriotism’ (25 February 1905), ibid., 218.
4. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, The Indian War of Independence, 1857 (Bombay: Phoenix Publicati
ons, 1947).
5. Indian Sociologist 3 (September 1907), 16; Sadan Jha, Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 79.
6. For India House, see: Nicholas Owen, The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-imperialism, 1885–1947 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 62–75; Alex Tickell, ‘Scholarship Terrorists: The India House Hostel and the “Student Problem” in Edwardian London’ in Rehana Ahmed and Sumita Mukherjee (eds), South Asian Resistances in Britain, 1858–1947 (London: Continuum, 2012), 3–18. For Krishnasharma, see: Harald Fischer-Tiné, Shyamji Krishnasharma: Sanskrit, Sociology and Anti-imperialism (London: Routledge, 2010), 136–41.
7. ‘Letter to the Natal Advertiser’ (3 October 1893), CWMG, i, 63–5, ‘Petition to Lord Ripon’, (c. 14 July 1894), ibid., 147–57; The Indian Franchise (1895), ibid., 266–90; ‘Letter to the Natal Witness’ (4 April 1896), ibid., 308–11; ‘Interview with the Natal Advertiser’ (5 June 1896), ibid., 339–40; ‘Address to Queen Victoria’ (c. 21 June 1897), ibid., ii, 255; ‘Telegram’ (23 January 1901), ibid., iii, 206. For Gandhi in Natal, see: Robert A. Huttenback, Gandhi in South Africa: British Imperialism and the Indian Question, 1860–1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971); Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi before India (London: Allen Lane, 2013), ch. 6.
8. Autobiography (1927), CWMG, xxxix, 140–1.
9. Indian Opinion (12 November 1904), CWMG, iv, 297; Indian Opinion (11 November 1905), (3 March 1906), ibid., v, 28, 209; Indian Opinion (14 May 1910), ibid., x, 251.
10. Annie Besant, India a Nation. A Plea for India Self-Government (London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1915), 153–4; idem., India as She was and as She is (Madras: Indian Bookshop,1923), 53; idem., Dominion Home Rule for India (Madras: Besant Press, 1915), ii–v. For this stage of Besant’s Indian career, see: Nancy Fix Anderson, ‘“Mother Besant” and Indian National Politics’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 30 (2002), 27–54.
11. Ram Chandra, ‘Blind Loyalty is a Myth’, Spokesman Review, 16 July 1916 in Select Documents on the Ghadr Party, comp. T. R. Sareen (New Delhi: Mounto, 1994), 146–7; Suzanne McMahon, Echoes of Freedom: South Asian Pioneers in California, 1899–1965: An Exhibition in the Bernice Layne Brown Gallery in the Doe Library, University of California, Berkeley, July 1–September 30, 2001 (Berkeley: Centre for South Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 2001), 35–8.
12. For the Amritsar massacre and its effects, see: Derek Sayer, ‘British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre, 1919–1920’, Past and Present 131 (1991), 130–64; Kim Wagner, ‘“Calculated to Strike Terror”: The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence’, ibid. 233 (2016), 185–225.
13. King George V’s proclamation is reprinted in A. B. Keith (ed.), Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921, 2 vols (London: Oxford University Press, 1922), 327–32; ToI, 27 December 1919, 7.
14. ToI, 10 February 1921, 10; ibid., 21 November 1921, 9.
15. Motilal Nehru, Speech given at the unveiling of the Tilak statue at Poona, 27 July 1924: Ravinder Kumar and D. N. Panigrahi (eds), Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, 6 vols (New Delhi: Vikas, 1982–95), iv, 226; cf. V. G. Khobrekar (ed.), Shivaji Memorials: The British Attitude (1885–1926), Source Material from the Maharashtra Archives (Bombay: Maharashtra Dept Archives, 1974), ix–xx.
16. Chandrika Kaul, ‘Monarchical Display and the Politics of Empire: Princes of Wales and India 1870–1920s’, Twentieth Century British History 17 (2006), 464–88; Judith Woods, ‘Edward, the Prince of Wales’ tour of India, October 1921–March, 1922’, Court Historian 5 (2000), 217–21.
17. For Gandhi and the boycott, see: Young India (7 July 1920), (1 August 1920), (18 August 1920), CWMG, xviii, 18–19, 102–3, 138–42. And for his advice regarding the king-emperor, see: Navajivan (11 April 1920), ibid., xvii, 311–12; Navajivan (29 December 1920), Young India (23 March 1921), ibid., xviii, 130–7, 464–7.
18. Independent Hindustan 1 (September 1920), 2; ibid., 1 (October 1920), 28; United States of India 1 (July 1923), 1.
19. ‘Proceedings of the Indian National Congress, Moslem League and Other Conferences Held at Ahmedabad, etc.’, 10–11, NAI, Home Pol. Proceedings (1921) F461; Francis Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces’ Muslims 1860–1923 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), 332.
20. For the manifesto, see: The Fragrance of Freedom: Writings of Bhagat Singh, ed. K. C. Yadav and Babar Singh (Guragaon: Hope India, 2006), 337–43. For the background, see: J. S. Grewal (ed.), Bhagat Singh and his Legend (Patialia: Punjabi University, 2008), esp. chs by Grewal and H. K. Puri; Neeti Nair, ‘Bhagat Singh as “Satyagrahi”: The Limits to Non-Violence in Late Colonial India’, Modern Asian Studies 43 (2009), 649–81.
21. ‘Presidential Address at the First Session of the Republican Congress’ (28 December 1927), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, ed. S. Gopal, 61 vols, (1964—), iii, 7–8.
22. ‘Democracy in India’ (3 May 1928) in The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, ed. Sisir K. Bose and Sugata Bose (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 83. On Jayaswal, see: Ratan Lal, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal: The Making of a ‘Nationalist’ Historian (Delhi: Aakar Books, 2018).
23. Lajpat Rai, The Political Future of India (New York: B. W. Huebsch 1919), 21; Subhas Bose, The Indian Struggle, 1920–34 (London: Wishart, 1935), 7–11.
24. R. P. Bhargava, The Chamber of Princes (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 1991), 202; Ian Copland, The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 66.
25. ‘Presidential Address to the 25th Session of the All-India Muslim League Allahabad’ (29 December 1930) reprinted in L. A. Sherwani (ed.), Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 1977), 12–13; cf. Iqbal Singh Sevea, The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), ch. 4.
26. Ambedkar, ‘The Indian Ghetto’ (n.d.) in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches, 18 vols (Bombay: Govt. of Maharashtra 1979–2003), v, 19–20.
27. For the background, see: Mushirul Hasan and Dinar Patel (eds), From Ghalib’s Dilli to Lutyen’s New Delhi. A Documentary Record (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012); Sumanta K. Bhowmick, Princely Palaces in New Delhi (New Delhi: Nyogi, 2016).
28. Reginald Craddock, The Dilemma in India (London: Constable, 1929), 295–303. The Indian Empire Society wrote the queen’s proclamation of 1858 into its constitution. For the background, see: Ian St John, ‘Writing to the Defence of Empire: Winston Churchill’s Press Campaign Against Constitutional Reform in India, 1929–35’ in Chandrika Kaul (ed.), Media and the British Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 104–24; Neil C. Fleming, ‘Diehard Conservatism, Mass Democracy and Indian Constitutional Reform, c. 1918–35’, Parliamentary History 32 (2013), 337–60.
29. The Times, 13 November 1930, 14.
30. For the Government of India Act of 1935, see: Carl Bridge, Holding India to the Empire: The British Conservative Party and the 1935 Constitution (New Delhi: Sterling, 1986); Andrew Muldoon, Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj (Farnham: Ashgate, 2006).
31. O’Dwyer, ‘The Golden Age in India’, Saturday Review, 28 February 1935, 240–1; cf. Duchess of Atholl, HC Debs, 299 (27 March 1935), 2000.
32. This account is based upon: ‘Coronation Darbar’, IOR/L/PO/5/19. The projected durbar for George VI is mentioned in John Glendoven, The Viceroy at Bay. Lord Linlithgow in India (London: Collins, 1971), 46, but not the earlier one.
33. The Times, 4 November 1936, 14.
34. ‘Coronation of George VI: Messages of Congratulation Received through the Government of India’, IOR/L/PS/13/820.
35. Nehru to Majumdar, 20 June 1937, in Selected Works, viii, 415–16.
36. Nehru, ‘Presidential Address’ (Ludhiana, February 1939) and ‘The Indian States and the Crisis’
(Andheri, 23 April 1940) in The Unity of India. Collected Writings, 1937–1940 (New York: John Day, 1942), 31, 49.
37. ‘The Haripura Address’ in Essential Writings, ed. Sisir K. Bose and Sugata Bose, 198.
38. Jinnah, Speech at the annual All-India Muslim League, 23 March 1940, reprinted in W. Ahmad (ed.), The Nation’s Voice: Towards Consolidation: Speeches and Statements, March 1935–March 1940 (Karachi: Quaid-i-Azam Academy, 1992), 495.
39. Speeches and Statements by the Marquis of Linlithgow (New Delhi: Government of India), 64, 215–16.
40. Leo Amery to Clement Attlee, 28 February 1942, ToP, i, 267–8; Amery, ‘Memorandum’ (5 January 1945), ibid., v, 375–6; Amery, ‘Notes for Discussion of an Interim Constitution’ (19 March 1945), ibid., 711. See also: The Leo Amery Diaries, ed. John Barnes and David Nicholson, 2 vols (London: Hutchinson, 1980–88), ii, 783 (4 March 1942), 1033, (2 March 1945).
41. Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, ed. Penderel Moon (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), 120 (28 March 1943).
42. ‘Memorandum by the Lord Privy Seal’ (2 February 1942), IOR/L/PO/6/106b. For the Attlee government and India, see: Nicholas J. Owen, ‘Responsibility Without Power: The Attlee Governments and the End of British Rule in India’ in Nick Tiratsoo (ed.), The Attlee Years (London: Pinter, 1991), 167–89.
43. Lord Pethick-Lawrence to Attlee, 4 March 1946, ToP, vi, 1106–7. For the Cripps and Cabinet missions to India, see: R. J. Moore, Churchill, Cripps and India, 1939–45 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979); Peter Clarke, The Cripps Version: The Life of Stafford Cripps (London: Allen Lane, 2002), 257–341, 393–476.
44. R. J. Moore, ‘The Mountbatten Viceroyalty’, Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 22 (1984), 204–15; Ian Copland, ‘Lord Mountbatten and the Integration of the Indian States: A Reappraisal’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 21 (1993), 385–408; Rakesh Ankit, ‘Mountbatten and India, 1948–64’, International History Review 37 (2015), 240–61.