by Chris Lowney
4. Frederick Herzberg, The Managerial Choice: To Be Efficient and to Be Human (Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1976), 107.
5. William V. Bangert, S.J., A History of the Society of Jesus, 2d ed. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986), 349.
6. John W. Padberg, S.J., "Development of the Ratio Studiorum," in The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum: 400th Anniversary Perspectives, ed. Vincent J. Duminuco, S.J. (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 98.
7. J. F. Moran, The Japanese and the Jesuits: Alessandro Valignano in SixteenthCentury Japan (New York: Routledge, 1993), 51.
8. C. R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 87.
9. Two sources have particularly guided the Jesuit education story presented in this chapter. John W. O'Malley, S.J., in The First Jesuits, discusses the Jesuit entry into the field of education. Paul F. Grendler, in Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), discusses the European educational environment into which the Jesuits launched their effort.
10. For the Jesuits' urban strategy, see Thomas M. Lucas, S.J., Landmarking: City, Church and Jesuit Urban Strategy (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1997).
11. O'Malley, First Jesuits, 55.
12. James C. Collins and Jerry I. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994), 91 n.
13. Dauril Alden, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996), 488-89.
14. Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (London: Verso, 1997), 209.
15. Ibid.
16. Alden, Making of an Enterprise, 262.
17. Padherg, "Development of the Ratio Studiorum," 87.
18. E. Edward Kinerk, S.J., "Eliciting Great Desires: Their Place in the Spirituality of the Society of Jesus," Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 16, no.-5 (November 1984): 9.
19. Erik Eckholm, "China's Man to Watch Steps into the U.S. Spotlight," New York Times, 27 April 2002, sec. A, p. 3.
20. O'Malley, First Jesuits, 213.
21. Paul F. Grendler, Schooling in Renaissance Italy, 375-76.
Chapter 10: "Exceptional Daring Was Essential"
1. William V. Bangert, S.J., A History of the Society of Jesus, 2d ed. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986), 365.
2. Ibid., 298.
3. Thomas H. Clancy, S.J., An Introduction to Jesuit Life: The Constitutions and History through 435 Years (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1976), 174.
4. Thomas M. Lucas, S.J. Landmarking: City, Church and Jesuit Urban Strategy (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1997), 149.
5. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography, trans. Jeremy Leggatt (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 267.
6. Philip Caraman, The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit Republic in South America (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), 242.
7. Lacouture, Jesuits, 294.
8. Edward I. Devitt, S.J., "The Suppression and Restoration of the Society in Maryland," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 34, no. 2 (1905): 204.
9. Ibid., 208.
10. Ibid., 209.
11. Ibid., 216.
12. Paul Dudon, S.J., "The Resurrection of the Society of Jesus," trans. Gerald McCool, S.J., Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 81, no. 4 (November 1952): 330.
13. Ibid.
14. Lacouture, Jesuits, 328.
Chapter 11: "The Way We Do Things"
1. John P. Kotter and James L. Heskett, Corporate Culture and Performance (New York: Free Press, 1992), 41.
2. Ibid, 55.
3. Constitutions, #308.
4. Kotter and Heskett, Corporate Culture and Performance, 11.
5. James C. Collins and Jerry I. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994), 89.
6. Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus, Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 92.
7. Pasquale M. D'Elia, S.J., Galileo in China: Relations through the Roman College between Galileo and the Jesuit Scientist-Missionaries (1610-1640), trans. Rufus Suter and Matthew Sciascia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), 15.
8. George H. Dunne, S.J., Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits in China in the Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1962), 210.
9. D'Elia, Galileo in China, 24-25.
10. Dunne, Generation of Giants, 347.
11. Ibid., 325.
12. Ibid., 330.
13. Ibid., 333.
14. Rachel Attwater, Adam Schall: A Jesuit at the Court of China, 1592-1666 (Milwaukee: Bruce, 1963), 142.
15. Ibid., 154.
16, Ibid.
17. Spiritual Exercises, #185-86.
18. Attwater, Adam Schall, 154.
19. Theodore N. Foss, "A Western Intepretation of China," in East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582-1773, ed. Charles E. Ronan, S.J., and Bonnie B.-C. Oh (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1988), 226.
Chapter 12: Conclusion
1. Charles E. Ronan, S.J., and Bonnie B. C. Oh, eds., East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582-1773 (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1988), xxxiii.
2. T. Babington Macaulay, "Ranke's History of the Popes," in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. 1 of The Modern British Essayists (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1846), 407.
3. Immanuel Chung-Yueh Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 103.
4. Michael John Gorman, "Consuming Jesuit Science, 1600-1665," in The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773, ed. John W O'Malley, S.J., Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Steven J. Harris, and T. Frank Kennedy, S.J. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 172.
5. Thomas H. Clancy, S.J., An Introduction to Jesuit Life: The Constitutions and History through 435 Years (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1976), 111.
6. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography, trans. Jeremy Leggatt (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 166.
7. Joseph de Guibert, S.J., The Jesuits: Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, a Historical Study, ed. George E. Gauss, S.J., trans. William J. Young, S.J. (Chicago: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964), 45.
S. W. W. Meissner, "Psychological Notes on the Spiritual Exercises," Woodstock Letters: A Historical Journal of Jesuit Educational and Missionary Activities 92, no. 4 (November 1963): 355.
9. Adapted from Elizabeth G. Chambers, et al., "The War for Talent," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 3 (1998): 50.
10. de Guibert, Jesuits, 102.
11. Ibid., 100.
12. William J. Young, S.J., Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959), 401.
13. Joseph N. Tylenda, S.J., Jesuit Saints and Martyrs (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1998), xvi.
14. John P. Kotter and James L. Heskett, Corporate Culture and Performance (New York: Free Press, 1992), 50.
15. John P. Kotter, John P. Kotter on What Leaders Really Do (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999), 1.
Suggestions for
Further Reading
A comprehensive bibliography of the works dedicated to any of the broad topics touched on in this book would run to many pages; the following focuses instead on select English-language works that helped mold my picture of Jesuit leadership values and Jesuit history. Readers should consult the notes for references to some of the many other valuable sources not highlighted in the following but nonetheless instrumental to my research and preparation of this book.
General Histories of the Jesuits
In The First Jesuits (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), author John W. O'Malley, S.J., traces Jesuit prehistory and the Jesuits' early years. Readable yet scholarly, it is a masterpiece. A History of the Society of Jes
us, 2d ed. (St.-Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986), by William V. Bangert, S.J., is a comprehensive, carefully researched history of the company from its founding through the early 1980s. It's probably the most comprehensive one-volume effort of its kind in English. Jean Lacouture's Jesuits: A Multibiography (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), translated by Jeremy Leggatt, traces the same period explored in Fr. Bangert's work, but in a more colorful and less comprehensive fashion. He bends his selection of anecdotes slightly to accommodate his original French audience. Dauril Alden's The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996) is a seven-hundred-page scholarly work focusing on Jesuit operations in the Portuguese empire. Because Portuguese domains figured so prominently in early Jesuit history, Alden ranges across all major aspects of Jesuit operations, and he does so effectively. Malachi Martin's The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), verging on the sensationalistic, will sate those compelled to search out a "dark" interpretation of Jesuit history by an author with a definite point of view.
More specialized surveys: The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), edited by John W. O'Malley, S.J., Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Steven J. Harris, and T. Frank Kennedy, S.J., is a fascinating, wide-ranging collection of papers. Gauvin A. Bailey's Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America, 1542-1773 (T)ronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001) is a well-illustrated treatment of the topic; the art of the Paraguay reductions receives substantial attention. The Jesuits: Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, a Historical Study (Chicago: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964), written by Joseph de Guibert, S.J., translated by William J. Young, S.J., and edited by George E. Ganss, S.J., is a classic technical study of the Jesuits' distinctive spirituality.
Biographies of Ignatius Loyola: Unfortunately, none of the many biographies of Ignatius Loyola does full justice to this remarkable, inspiring figure. Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits: His Life and Work, by Candido de Dalmases, S.J., and translated by Jerome Aixala, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1985), gives a very reliable, factual account. Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), by W. W. Meissner, S.J., will appeal to those interested in a psychoanalytic interpretation of Loyola's life.
A Bibliographical Essay on the History of the Society of Jesus: Books in English (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1976), by William V. Bangert, S.J., is limited only-hut importantly-by its publication date. A similar resource on Ignatian spirituality is "A Bibliography on St. Ignatius' Spiritual Exercises," by Paul Begheyn and Kenneth Bogart, in Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits, volume 23, issue 3 (May 1991). More generally, Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits offers journal-length treatments of Jesuit history, spirituality, and lifestyle. It is indexed annually.
Primary Sources on the Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola's short Autobiography is the most rewarding primary work for general readers. One of many editions is A Pilgrim's Testament: The Memoirs of Ignatius of Loyola, translated by Parmananda R. Divarkar (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1995). Readers wishing to tap into Loyola's wisdom by reading his Spiritual Exercises (The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius: A Translation and Commentary, by George E. Ganss, S.J. [St. Louis, Institute of Jesuit Sources, 19921) may be disappointed. True to Loyola's word, they are Exercises to be done, not read; the book doesn't come across as a flowing work of wisdom literature or a collection of aphorisms. More readable are Loyola's letters. One excellent collection is Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola, edited and translated by William J. Young, S.J. (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1959). The Jesuit Constitutions (The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, translated by George E. Ganss [St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 19701) encapsulates many of the themes discussed throughout this hook. But structured as a "rule book," it does not make for stimulating reading. The early Jesuits were prolific writers and diligent archivists: the multivolume Monumenta Historica Societatis lesu includes letters of St. Ignatius, letters of his early colleagues, and various documents relating to early Jesuit history throughout the world. Knowledge of Latin is essential to make much headway.
General Works on Leadership
New works on leadership-scholarly, semischolarly, and outright playful-appear almost daily. Among the important contributions, in my opinion, to this broad field are listed here.
John Kotter has written many readable yet academically grounded works on leadership. Two good starting points are Leading Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996) and, with James L. Heskett, Corporate Culture and Performance (New York: Free Press, 1992). The short length of Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus's work Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge (New York: Harper and Row, 1997) belies its deep value. Daniel Goleman has helped spearhead the emerging emphasis on emotional intelligence in the workplace with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1998), and most recently, Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002). Abraham Zaleznik's The Managerial Mystique: Restoring Leadership in Business (New York: Harper and Row, 1989) illuminates some of the personal character traits of successful leaders. James C. Collins and Jerry I. Porras's Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994) is a creative, well-researched classic. Collins recently extended some of its themes in Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap-and Others Don't (New York: HarperBusiness, 2001).
The History of Religious Orders
David Knowles's From Pachomius to Ignatius: A Study in the Constitutional History of the Religious Orders (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966) is a concise yet sweeping vision of the evolution of religious orders in the West.
Matteo Ricci and Jesuits in China
Early Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia, 1603-1721 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1998), by Cornelius J. Wessels, S.J., covers Goes's journey and other epic early Jesuit journeys into Tibet and elsewhere. Ricci's reflections on China, including his chronicle of Goes's trek, can be found in China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583-1610, translated by Louis J. Gallagher, S.J. (New York: Random House, 1953). There are various Ricci biographies. Jonathan D. Spence's The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Penguin Books, 1985) is a thoroughly engaging, meticulously researched, and fascinating account by a renowned scholar of Chinese history. The sometimes cumbersome Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits in China in the Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1962), by George H. Dunne, S.J., is a comprehensive account of Jesuit activity in China roughly from Ricci through the death of Adam Schall.
Francis Xavier
Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973-82), written by Georg Schurhammer, S.J., and translated by M. Joseph Costelloe, S.J., is a scholarly marathon sprawling across four volumes. Few will want to read it in full, but dipping into it will provide rich detail both on Xavier's life and his sixteenthcentury European and Asian work environments. The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier, translated by M. Joseph Costelloe, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992), collects many of Xavier's more important letters.
Roberto de Nobili
Vincent Cronin's A Pearl to India: The Life of Roberto de Nobili (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959) remains one of the better accounts of de Nobili's life. Anand Amaladass, S.J., and Francis X. Clooney, S.J., translated and wrote the introduction to Roberto de Nobili's Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2000), which includes de Nohili's defense of his acculturation approach.
Diego Lainez
There are virtually no English-language standalone accounts of Lainez's life other than
James Laynez: Jesuit (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1944), by Joseph H. Fichter, S.J., which does not make for the easiest reading. "St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews," by James J. Reites, S.J., in Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits, volume 13, issue 4 (September 1981), outlines sixteenth-century attitudes toward the Jewish people and how those attitudes were reflected (or not) by the early Jesuits.
The Paraguay Reductions
The Paraguay reductions are regularly the subject of scholarly and popular treatments, by no means all of them complimentary to the Jesuits. Philip Caraman's The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit Republic in South America (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), though already more than twenty-five years old, remains a well-researched, reliable discourse. Selim Abou's The Jesuit "Republic" of the Guaranis (1609-1768) and Its Heritage, translated by Lawrence J. Johnson (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1997), combines beautiful photos and a very general overview. C. R. Boxer's works, always masterfully researched and written, treat various topics in Jesuit history. Among his works is Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985). The Christian Century in Japan covers a fascinating period in Jesuit history that is unfortunately treated only in passing in this book. Robin Blackburn's The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (London: Verso, 1997) is a scholarly treatment of both the roots and the economic conditions of New World slavery.
Jesuit Secondary Schools and Education
Saint Ignatius' Idea of a Jesuit University (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1954), translated by George E. Ganss, S.J., traces the evolution of Jesuit involvement in schooling. Paul F. Grendler's Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989) treats Jesuit schools as part of a broader scholarly investigation.