Territory, identification of, in international law, 429–430
Terrorism: al-Qaeda links to, 696n.1; American public's reaction to, 75; Ansar al-Islam terrorist group allegations of, 618; armed conflict principles and, 432–440; Chomsky's discussion of, 43–53; civilian participants in, 434–440; definitions of, 49–50, 315–317; deterrence and non-proliferation agreements as tools against, 324–327; examples of, 51–52; identification of parties in, 427–429; international humanitarian law and, 420–441; Iraq as training ground for, 618–619; Iraqi government ties to, 760; justifications for, 318–319; language and terminology used in referrals to, 576–581; as marketing theme for Iraq war, 617; as patriotism, 318–319, 325–327; “protected person” status to terrorists and, 436–438; resistance fighting characterized as, 690–713; Salman Pak training facility allegations and, 618–619; state-sponsored, 50–51, 316–317; strategic discrimination concerning, 325–327; U.S. response to, 75; as warfare, 314–315, 326–327; WMD and, 48; WMD and rogue states conflated with, 321–324
Terrorism Information Awareness Program, 607–608
Testimony of witnesses, media use of, 578–581
Thielmann, Greg, 268–269, 273–275
Thomas, Griffith, 152
Tigris River, bridges on, 3
Time magazine: on American Jewish-Israeli ties, 159; Iraqi electoral politics and, 768; Iraqi resistance fighters discussed in, 722–723; Jessica Lynch story in, 616; Plame story and, 490, 500–507
Tomdispatch.com (blog), 550–551, 564
Torretta, Simona, 686
Torture: Bush administration justification of, 454n.2, 512–513; evidence obtained by, 485–487; of Guantánamo detainees, 476n.1
Torture Papers, The, 519, 525
Touchstone, 172–173, 179
Townshend, Charles, 21
Trade deficit politics, currency issues and, 408–409
Transnational National Assembly (Iraq), 761
Treaty of Rome, 401
Trigilio, John, 264
Trilateral Commission, 403
Tripp, Linda, 506
Trotskyism, 114–115
Truthout.com (website), xxi Truman, Harry S., 10, 128n.1, 165, 559
Turk, Jim, 415n.2
Turkey: Kurds in, 655; U.S. relations with, 654
Turner, Philip, 740
Turner, Stansfield, 300–301
Turnley, Peter, 600
Ukraine, electoral politics in, 757n.2
Uloum, Ibrahim Bahr al-, 754–755
Uniform Code of Military Justice: Article 134, 241–242; civilian detainees' status and, 480
Unilateralism, Bush's embrace of, 106–109
United Iraqi Alliance (UIA), 767; electoral results for, 783–784
United Kingdom. See Great Britain United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) inspections, 273–275, 364–371, 621
United Nations (UN): anti-Zionism resolution of, 138; Body of Principle for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, 474n.2; Catholic Church and, 355–359; Charter of, 58, 234–235, 360–371, 822–823; counter terrorism by, 49; euro-dollar conflict and, 411; founding principles of, 13; function of, 12–17; Iraq as member of, 660–661; October 2003 resolution by, 14; “Oil-for-Food” Program and, 414; Resolution 520, 50; sanctions against Iraq and, 4, 204; Security Council authorizations, 14, 366–371; Serbia bombings and, 53; trial of Saddam Hussein and, 809–817; Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, 809; yellowcake uranium controversy and, 496; Yugoslavia bombings and, 366–367
United States: Christian right view of, 78; clandestine and paramilitary operations of, 705n.2; debtor nation status of, 205–207; decline in hegemony of, 387–397; foreign debt of, 408–409; global hegemony of, 64–65, 78, 181; Israel relations with, 98; Middle East policies of, 30–35; moral superiority view in, 77–78; nation building by, 63; nuclear weapons deterrence in, 323–324; political-ideologist imperialism, 73, 79; universal principles of, 64–65, 67; Zionism in, 139–141
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 187, 189; Iraqi electoral politics and, 769
United States Code Title 18, §2388, military violations of, 241
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: on Jews, 166–167; just-war theory and, 129–131
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, 471
United States-IAEA-Russia Trilateral Agreement, 340
United States Military Law, trial of Saddam Hussein and, 804–807
United States-Saudi Arabian Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation, 406
Universalism: exceptions to, 50, 52; just-war theory and, 44–46, 57–58; neo-Jacobinism and, 68–70
“Universal jurisdiction” doctrine, war crimes investigations and, 547
Unjust wars, just-war theory and, 132–136
“Unlawful combatants,” Guantánamo detainees as, 510–511, 549–550
Unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs) in Iraq, bogus claims of, 269–271
Unreliable Sources, 835
Untermeyer, Samuel, 147
“U.S. Mismanagement of Iraqi Funds,” 186
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 471n.3
Utilitarianism, just-war theory and, 131–132
Vaccines, bans on shipments to Iraq of, 5
Van Evera, Stephen, 313
Vatican. See Papal authority Venezuela, 395, 416
Ventura, Jesse, 598
Vernon, Chris, 632
Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity, 279, 281–282
“Veterans Call to Conscience” declaration, 222
Veterans of Gulf War, illnesses of, 286
Veterans of Iraq war: casualties and death tolls for, 250; courtmartials of, 232–239; injuries to, 199; opposition to war from, 222–231
Vidal, Gore, 170
Video news releases, lobbyists' use of, 835–839
Vietnam war: costs of, 753–755; economic deficits and, 401–402; foreign policy failures in, 350–351; Hamlet Evaluation System during, 567; intelligence failures during, 290–291, 295; media coverage of, 598–602; military deserters in, 223–224
Viorst, Milton, 674–682
Vitoria, Francisco de, just-war theory and, 127
Voice of America, 634
Voices in the Wilderness, 4
Volcker, Paul, 403, 409–410
Voter turnout in Iraqi elections, 776–781
“Vulcans” group, 91, 94, 251–253, 257
Wagner, Donald, 144
Walker, Ruth, 688–689
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 386–397
Wall Street Journal: on Afghanistan, 103; Catholic issues covered in, 171–172; dirty bombs story in, 619; on Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, 86–87; on Negroponte, 47
Walpole, Robert, 294
Walzer, Michael, 131–137
Wanniski, Jude, 328, 695, 721n.3
War crimes: Abu Ghraib scandal as, 546–549; in Gulf War I, 820–829; international definitions of, 43–44; trial of Saddam Hussein as, 810–817; trials in Iraq for, 381–382
War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq, 820
Ware, Michael, 722
War in the Modern World, 213–214
Warner, John, 527, 604
War on terror. See also Terrorism: absence of legal grounds for, 425–427; armed conflict principle and, 420–441, 425n.3; Bush Administration's focus on, 49, 63, 111, 115; civilian detentions and, 442, 473–482; Geneva Conventions and, 553–561; good and evil marketing theme for, 610–613; identification of parties in, 427–429; Iraq war linked to, 308–327, 709–710; Islamist web sites and, 701–703; justice for suspects in, 372–382; legal aspects of, 373–382, 420–441; measures of success in, 315; media coverage of, 693–701; Project for a New American Century support for, 102; regime change as strategy in, 311; sustainability of, 327; threat conflation in, 311–312
Warren, Earl, 450–451
Warren, Mark, 527, 544
Warren Commission, 700
Warsaw Pact, 337
Wartime imprisonment, history in U.S. of, 447–448
“Washington consensus,” 205
Washington Institute for Near East Affairs, 200
Washington Monthly magazine, 531
Washington Post, The, 155; Abu Ghraib scandal in, 528, 533; Afghanistan coverage by, 611; anonymous sourcing rules at, 571–573; anti-French allegations by Bush administration in, 624–626; Bremer on Iraq war in, 566; Bush administration attacks on, 589; on Bush's “messianic” vision, 76; Christian Zionists' support for Israel covered in, 154–155; Defense Department talking points in, 202; detention stories in, 442, 508; DowningClarridge Plan in, 256; foreign news coverage in, 594–595; Iraqial-Qaeda ties discussed in, 260; on Iraqi Army and police, 749; Iraqi nuclear weapons development in, 343; Iraqi “Scorpions” story in, 2; Iraq war coverage in, 111–112; Jessica Lynch story in, 615–616, 642; on misuse of intelligence, 278; neoconservative voices in, 117; Odom op-ed in, 295–296; Plamegate coverage in, 504; politicization of CIA covered in, 285; prisoner abuse investigation stories in, 522; on private security companies in Iraq, 737n.2; pro-war bias in, 592; terminology and language used in war coverage of, 573–576; on terrorism in Iraq, 707; terrorism language used in, 577–581; testimony used in reporting of, 578–581; on U.S. military casualties, 199
Washington Times, 177; anonymous leaks to, 642; anti-French allegations by Bush administration in, 624–626; buildup to Iraq war covered by, 293; Defense Department talking points in, 202; on Iraqi Christians, 658; Iraqi resistance fighters covered by, 711–712, 730; Jessica Lynch story in, 616; Speicher case reported in, 620
Watergate, Plamegate compared with, 503–504
Water system in Iraq: Gulf War bombings' effect on, 3–4; strategic importance of, 330–331
Wattenburg, Ben, 68–69
Waxman, Henry, 272n.1, 496
Weapons of Mass Deception, 584–603
Weapons of mass destruction (WMD): absence in Iraq of, xiv, 101, 184, 267–268; bogus case for, xv-xviii, 251–275, 280–282, 493; Congressional investigation of bogus case for, 273–275; Defense Department talking points concerning, 201–202; euro-dollar conflict and, 409–410; lack of, 10; misuse of intelligence on, 277–305; neoconservatives' propaganda offensive and, 101–109; Presidential Commission report on intelligence about, 276–305; rogue states and terrorism conflated with, 321–324; terrorism use of, 48
Websites and blogs. See also specific sites: investigative reporting on, 593; Islamist web sites, 701–703
Webster, Daniel, 363
Weekly Standard, The, 93–94, 102, 114, 211
Wehner, Peter, 112
Weigel, George, 356–358, 360
Weinberger, Casper, 257, 298
Weisberg, Jacob, 490, 505–507
Weizmann, Chaim, 138
Westermann, Christian, 288
Westphalen, Sabine, 699
West Point military academy, educational reforms at, 209–210
Weyrich, Paul, 123–124
White, Josh, 528
White flag incident, Bush administration fabrications concerning, 626–627
White House Coalition Information Center (WHCIC), 611, 636
White House Iraq Group, 502–504
White House Office of Global Communications, 611, 636–640
White Paper on Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs, xvi
Who Really Governs America?, 28
Wieczorek-Zeul, Heidemarie, 60
Wiener, Robert, 779
Wilkinson, Jim, 611, 614–615, 622–623, 628, 639–640
Williams, Daniel, 578–579
Williams, Pete, 838–839
Wilmshurst, Elizabeth, 314–315, 376, 420
Wilson, A.T., 23–24
Wilson, Joseph, 268–269, 490–507, 635
Wilson, Sam V., 213–214, 218–220
Wilson, Woodrow, 70–71, 74
Windrem, Robert, 710n.3
Wirthlin Group, 835
WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications, xvi-xvii Wohlstetter, Albert, 254, 262
Wohlstetter, Roberta, 262
Wojdakowski, Walter, 520, 526
Wolf Brigade, 732–733, 744, 757–758
Wolfowitz, Paul: on Afghanistan, 100; American Empire ideology of, 181, 183; Bush Sr. and, 343; Chalabi and, 255; Combatant Status Review Tribunal and, 550; Congressional ties to, 272; Defense Department and, 200, 264–266; Defense Planning Guidance document and, 338; as deputy secretary of defense, 76, 87; eurodollar conflict and, 412–413; influence with Bush, 91, 95–96; Iraq attacks after September 11, 2001, and, 100; on Iraqi Army and police force, 748–749; on Iraqi oil industry revenues, 752, 754; Iraqi resistance movement denied by, 759; Iraq war buildup and, 254, 257–261; as Jewish luminary, 110; Lebanon occupation and, 200; neoconservative policies of, 94; on North Korea, 299; Office of Special Plans and, 263, 283–284; on oil supplies in Iraq, 357; post-cold war imperative and, 73; Powell's opposition to, 100, 257–258; profiteering in Iraq war and, 192n.1; Project for a New American Century and, 7–8, 89; Shulsky and, 265–266; Speicher case used by, 620; “Vulcans” group and, 251; war on terror-Iraq war link made by, 319; Zionism and, 139
Wolfowitz Doctrine, 119
Wollack, Ken, 769
Womack, Guy, 543–544
Women's rights: campaign in Afghanistan for, 611; Iraqi electoral politics and, 760
Wong, Edward, 579–580
Wood, Carolyn A., 540n.4
Woodward, Bob, 95–96, 99–100, 122, 183
Woolsey, James, 8, 35, 89, 258–259, 412; Plamegate and, 500
WorldNetDaily.com (website), 143
World War I, civilian detentions during, 452
Wright, Mary, 350
Wurmser, David, 87–91, 94, 161; Iraq war buildup and, 257, 260; Plamegate and, 500
Wurmser, Meyrav, 260
Yaphe, Judith, 646, 703–704, 706
Yariani, Javad, 34, 406–407
Yaukey, John, 731
Yazdi, Sayed Khadum, 24
Yellowcake uranium controversy, 267–269, 274–275, 283, 490–504.
See also Plame, Valerie; Wilson, Joseph; as black propaganda, 632–633
Yemen, U.S. strike in, 429–430, 434–435
Yinon, Oded, 84–85, 160–161
Yoo, John, 372, 454–458, 460n.1, 554, 559–560; trial of Saddam Hussein and, 814
Yugoslavia: International Criminal Tribunal on, 430–431, 815; U.S.-
led strikes in, 136, 366–367
Yusupova, Heda, 579
Zakheim, Dov, 257
Zambia, terrorist activity in, 437–438
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, xx; bin-Laden and, 703, 706–713; media coverage of, 689, 691–692, 701–713; myths concerning, 703–713; U.S. officials and, 710n.3
Zelikow, Philip, 32–33, 299–300
Zell, Marc, 814
Zenit, 358
Zinni, Anthony, 119–121, 196, 241, 256
Zionism: anti-Zionists, 164–165; Christian Zionism, 142–147; critics of, 140; Darby's influences in, 144–146; defined, 138–141; history of, 138–139, 143–147; neoconservatives and, 121–124; secular ideology of, 137–141; United Nations' view of, 138; in United States, 139–140; Untermeyer's influences on, 147
Zionist Organization of America, 139, 159–160
ZNET online magazine, 580
Zogby, John, 42
Zogby International, public opinion polling in Iraq by, 721n.3, 791
Zunes, Steven, 51
Zwick, Mark and Louise, 355–359
About the Contributors
Joseph Cirincione is Senior Associate and Director for Non-proliferation at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C. He holds an M.S. from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service, is the author of numerous articles and books including Deadly Arsenals: The Threat from Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons (Carnegie Endowment, 2005, second edition), and is co-author of WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implication (Carnegie Endowment, 2004).
Scott Ritter i
s a former chief UN weapons inspector for the UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) in Iraq; he resigned in 1998, charging that the United States was purposefully obstructing completion of the UNSCOM mission there. He holds a B.A. in Soviet history from Franklin and Marshall College and is a former major, and intelligence officer, in the U.S. Marine Corps. Ritter is the author of Endgame: Solving the Iraq Problem Once and For All (Diane Publishing Co., 1999) and Frontier Justice: Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Bushwhacking of America (Context Books, 2003), and is co-author, with William Rivers Pitt, of War on Iraq (Context Books, 2002).
Alexander Cockburn was born in Scotland and grew up in Ireland. An Oxford graduate, he was an editor at the Times Literary Supplement and the New Statesman before becoming a permanent resident of the United States in 1973. Cockburn wrote about the media and politics for the Village Voice, and, through the 1980s, was a regular columnist for the Wall Street Journal. He co-edits the print and online magazine CounterPunch, and is the author of several books, including Corruptions of Empire (Verso Books, 1987) and, most recently, Al Gore: A User's Manual (Verso Books, 2000). His exclusive column appears fortnightly, among other places, on Antiwar.com.
Jeffrey St. Clair is an award-winning investigative journalist who co-edits CounterPunch with Alexander Cockburn. He is also a contributing editor to In These Times. A graduate in English and History of American University in Washington, D.C., he worked for many years as an environmental activist, organizer, and writer, and edited the influential Forest Watch from 1990 to 1994. He has written or edited several books both independently and with Alexander Cockburn, including A Dime's Worth of Difference (AK Press, 2004), The Politics of Anti-Semitism (AK Press, 2003), and Been Brown So Long It Looked Like Green to Me: The Politics of Nature (Common Courage Press, 2003). His most recent book, Grand Theft Pentagon: How War Contractors Rip Off America and Threaten the World, is forthcoming from Common Courage Press.
Robert Fisk, a world-renowned Middle East correspondent for London's Independent, received a Ph.D. in political science from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1985, and an honorary doctorate in literature and journalism from the University of Lancaster, England. He was The Times's Belfast correspondent from 1971 to 1975, and Middle East correspondent from 1976 to 1987. Fisk has covered the conflict in the North of Ireland, the Israeli invasions of Lebanon, the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Gulf War, wars in Bosnia and Algeria, the NATO war with Yugoslavia, the Palestinian Intifadas, and the current war in Iraq. He was the winner of the Amnesty International U.K. Press Awards for his reports from Algeria (1998) and for his articles on the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (2000). He was awarded the John Hopkins SIAS-CIBA prize for international journalism and has received the British International Journalist of the Year award seven times, most recently in 1996.
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