Faustina’s Girls, 219
Faustinopolis (Faustina City), 229
Favorinus, 196
Felix, Bishop, 280
Field of Mars, Rome, 187
firemen, 246
fires, 250
Five Good Emperors, 167–71, 235
Flavia Domitilla (Vespasian’s wife), 113, 135
Flavia, Julia, 146
Flavian Amphitheater see Colosseum
Flavian dynasty, 258
Flavians, 154, 203
Flavius Josephus, 117, 127, 139
Flavius Sabinus (Vespasian’s brother), 112, 115, 118, 119, 123, 124
Florence, Duomo (Cathedral) of, 188
Florus, Publius Annius, 193
forts, 273, 274
Forum, 274
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 212–13, 214, 218
Fulvia, 18–19
Fulvia Pia, 238
funeral rites, 253
funerary monuments, 136
Gaius (Germanicus’s son) see Caligula
Gaius Caesar (Augustus’s adopted son), 53
death of, 54
Gaius Fulvius Plautianus see Plautianus
Gaius Licinius Mucianus, 119–20, 123, 124–25, 133
Gaius Marius, 245
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, emperor of Rome, 106, 110, 117–18, 121, 125
acclaimed emperor, 104, 105
Galen, 218, 223
Galerius (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus), 270
burial of, 310
Christians persecuted by, 280, 284
Constantine’s deal with, 283
death of, 284
frontier campaigns of, 274
made emperor, 281–82, 290
marriage of, 271–72
Mars as alleged father of, 272
Sasanians’ fights with, 273–74
wife made Augusta by, 284
Galilee, 109, 117, 201, 306
Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus), 308
Roman recovery under, 269
Gaul, 147, 195, 215, 223, 240–41, 243, 245, 247
churches torn down in, 281
independence declared by, 268
rebellion in, 274
reconquering of, 269
Germania, 110, 147, 148, 150
Germanicus (Drusus’s son), 77, 82, 83, 106, 226
Agrippina the Elder’s marriage to, 61
Augustus’s adoption of, 60
death of, 62
military career of, 61
popularity of, 61, 62
in unauthorized visit to Egypt, 61–62
Germany, 191, 192, 223, 224, 225, 226, 271, 304
Rome invaded by, 269, 291, 292
Tiberius’s rejection of further conquest of, 66
Varus disaster in, 55, 61, 64
Geta (Septimius Severus’s son), 242, 251, 252–54
Gibbon, Edward, 76, 168, 184, 258
gladiatorial games, 129, 130, 145–46, 152, 163, 169
gods, 160, 165–66
Golden Age of Pericles, 186
Golden House, 102–3, 129, 130, 139, 146, 165
Gospels, 294
gout, 249, 252–53
Great Fire of 64, 129, 130, 140
Great Persecution, 280–81, 290, 295–96, 299, 303, 307, 312, 313
Great Pestilence, 222–23, 224
Greece, 156, 158, 159, 177, 178, 179, 187, 188, 190, 198, 199, 211, 213, 224, 271
Greek language, 238, 239, 255
gross domestic product (GDP), 168
Hadria (city), 177
Hadrian, 168, 173, 175, 176–207, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 223, 228, 229, 230
public works of, 298
purple worn by, 276
uplifting of East under, 313
Hadrianopolis, 188
Hadrian’s City, Athens, 187
Hadrian’s tomb, 255
Hadrian’s tomb (Castel Sant’Angelo), 187, 203, 233
Hadrian’s villa, Italy, 187, 189
Hadrian’s Wall, 187, 191–93, 225, 291
Hatra, 167
Helena, 289, 290, 294, 300, 305
death of, 309–10
as saint, 312
Hellenism, 183, 200, 205
Hellespont, 300, 307
Helvidius Priscus, 131–32
Hercules (god), 13, 24, 144, 158–59, 165, 234
heresy, 304
Herod (king), 121
hippodromes, 146
Hispania, 11, 110, 124, 132, 177, 180, 239
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 168
Hitler, Adolf, 200
Holocaust, 201
Holy City, Rome designated as, 250
homosexuality, 119, 238, 256
honestiores (wealthy), 255
Horace, 27, 179
Horse Guards, 191
hostages, 245
humiliores (poor), 255
Hungary, 225
imperial councils, 152, 154–55
incest, 121
India, 166
infant mortality, 169
inflation, 246, 260, 268, 275–76, 309
informers, 151
intermarriage, 238
Iran, 166
Iraq, 248, 265, 274
invasion of, 249
Irish Sea, 191
Isis, 278
Israel, 201
Istanbul, 239
Italy, 177, 195, 198, 200, 211, 217, 223, 225
exempt from taxes, 275
Izmit, 266
Jerusalem, 110, 116–17, 120, 140, 199, 200, 305–6
Jesus Christ, 77, 100, 160, 199, 294, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306
Jewish Second Temple, 110
Jewish War see Judean Revolt
Jews, 156, 160, 167, 177, 199–201, 229
Jordan (what is today), independence declared by, 268
Joseph ben Matthias see Flavius Josephus
Judah I, Rabbi, 229
Judaism, Jews, 278, 302
revolt of, 306
Judea, 118, 121, 122, 132, 167, 190, 200, 201, 205
Judean Revolt, 91, 96, 104, 105, 109, 116–17, 120, 126–27, 139–40
Julia (Augustus’s daughter), 35, 38–41, 51, 75, 76
affairs of, 39–40
death of, 58
exile and divorce from Tiberius of, 40–41, 54
Tiberius’s second marriage to, 53, 54
Julia Avita Mamaea, 256–57, 260
Julia Berenice, 121, 122, 123, 137, 140, 154
Julia Domna, 289
appearance and personal style of, 241–42
as Mother of the Camp, 245, 251, 253
Plautianus’s conflict with, 250–51
political value and influence of, 248, 253–55, 259, 260
Septimius Severus’s marriage to, 241–42
in Septimius Severus’s military campaigns, 245, 248, 252–53
suicide of, 255
Julia Maesa, 255–57, 260
Julia Soaemias, 256, 260
Julio-Claudian dynasty, 258, 260
Julius, 280
Julius Agrippa, Marcus (king), 121, 122, 123, 137
Julius Bassianus see Caracalla
Jupiter (god), 144, 150, 158–59, 166, 167, 188, 256, 272, 282, 299, 301
Jupiter, Capitoline, 199
Keegan, John, 188
knights, 248, 259, 275, 312
land distribution, 149, 169
Lateran, 297–98
Latin language, 170, 238, 239, 242, 255
Lebanon (formerly Phoenicia), 238
Lepcis Magna, 238–39
urban development in, 249, 260
libraries, 255
Libya, 238, 242
Licinius, Valerius Licinianus, 284
Byzantium used as base by, 307
in civil wars, 299–300, 301, 307
Constantine’s defeat of, 296
Daia’s power struggle with, 292
death of, 304
empire split with Constantine
by, 299
made Augustus, 291
life expectancy, 169
Livia Drusilla, 20–21, 36–37, 47, 50, 51, 76, 260, 289
Augustus’s marriage to, 50
Augustus’s toga woven by, 277
Augustus’s will and, 56–57
Caligula raised by, 75, 82
death of, 70
and deaths of Gaius and Lucius, 54
Tiberius’s relationship with, 57–58, 70
wealth and political power of, 56–57, 70–71
Livilla, 68, 72
Logos (rational principle), 213
Londinium (London), 170
Louvre museum, 241
Lower Pannonia, 182
Lucilla (Marcus’s daughter), 222, 224, 227
Lucius Caesar (Augustus’s adopted son), 53
death of, 54
Lucius Septimius Severus see Septimius Severus
Macro, Quintus Sutorius, 74, 75
Manichaeism, 278, 279
Marciana (Trajan’s sister), 180, 181, 194, 215
Marcomanni, 231
Macrinus, Marcus Opellius, 255–57
Marcus Aurelius, 132, 168, 207, 208, 209–14, 216, 217–26, 227–34, 235, 239–41, 243, 252
philosophy of, 313
public works of, 298
Septimius Severus influenced by, 240, 246–48, 258
in Septimius Severus’s “self-adoption,” 247–48, 253
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus see Caracalla
market economies, 168
Mars, 272
martyrs, 280
Matidia, Salonia, 180, 181, 183, 193–94, 215
Matthew, 294
Mauretania (Morocco), 185, 216
Maxentius, 282, 290, 305
Battle of Milvian Bridge lost by, 293
buildings of, 296
Constantine recognized as Augustus by, 292
death of, 293
headquarters of troops of, 297
made Caesar, 291
made emperor, 283
Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus), 281, 305
abdication as Augustus of, 283–84
bust of, 270
Constantine recognized as Augustus by, 292
Diocletian asked to return to power by, 283–84
“Hercules” title given to, 271
made Augustus, 283
promotion of, 269–70
rebellions put down by, 274
retirement of, 282, 290
self-presentation of, 277
suicide of, 284
Mediolanum, 277
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 210, 212, 213, 214, 216, 221, 226, 228, 231–33, 241
Mediterranean, 228, 307
Mediterranean Sea, 186
Mehmed II the Conqueror, Sultan, 311
Memnon, King of Ethiopia, 197
Mesopotamia, 166–67, 223, 227, 249, 269
Messalina, 87
Claudius’s marriage to, 84–85
rumored sexual excesses of, 84–85
Mestrius Florus, Lucius, 126
Michelangelo, 136, 275
Middle East, 200, 206, 223
Roman Empire in, 237
military:
Caracalla’s expansion of, 254–55
political influence of, 256
Septimius Severus’s focus on and expansion of, 237, 244–50, 254, 259–60
Miltiades, Pope, 298
Milvian Bridge, 292–93
Battle of, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298
Minerva, 158
Minervina, 290, 292
Mishnah, 229
Mithras, 278
monuments, 249–52
mortality rates, 169
Mount of Olives, 305
Mount Vesuvius, 140
Museum (Alexandria), 196
Muslims, 306
Musonius Rufus, 99
Mussolini, Benito, 129
Mysteries (religious ritual), 186, 224, 230
mystery cults, 278
National Archaeological Museum of Naples, 113
natural disasters, 110, 140
Nemausus, 147, 194
Nero, 77, 78, 110, 116–17, 125–27, 131–32, 134, 139, 146, 151, 153, 154, 165, 189, 206, 213, 214, 217, 220, 293
Agrippina’s ambitions for, 85–87
artistic ambitions of, 93
birth of, 86
Burrus and, 88, 89, 92, 96
chariot racing by, 94, 95
chosen as emperor by Praetorian Guard, 88
Christians accused of starting Great Fire by, 100
Christians persecuted by, 101
Claudius’s adoption of, 87
concrete as used by, 102
conspiracy against, 97–98
cruelty of, 105
declared public enemy by the Senate, 104
exhibitionism of, 106
Golden House of, 102–3
and Great Fire of Rome, 80–81
Greek culture and sports admired by, 94
growing disgust with, 105, 106–7
growing enmity between Agrippina the Younger and, 89–90
growing public disgust with, 103
growing tyranny of, 96–99
jealous nature of, 89, 99
as last of Augustus’s descendants to rule Rome, 106
made emperor, 297
male freedmen married by, 103
as master of manipulating symbols, 81
murder of Agrippina the Younger ordered by, 91–92
nocturnal escapades of, 90
Octavia divorced by, 97
Octavia’s marriage to, 90
paradox of, 81–82
in performances of Greek tragedies, 92–93
in plan to rename Rome as Neropolis, 104
Poppaea loved by, 91
Poppaea’s marriage to, 97
popularity of, 105
promising first years of reign of, 88–89, 105
public entertainments seen as serious business by, 93–95, 106, 107
public performances by, 80, 94–95
and rebuilding of Rome, 105
reign of, 257
responsibilities of government ignored by, 96
rumored incest between Agrippina the Younger and, 90
Seneca as tutor and counselor to, 87, 88, 89, 93, 96
Senate’s relations with, 89, 98
Seneca ordered to commit suicide by, 98
singing as passion of, 80, 94–95
succession after death of, 237
suicide of, 104–5, 106
in trip to Greece, 95–96
see also Golden House
Nerva, 148–50, 152, 153–54, 167, 168, 179, 180, 182, 235
Netherlands, 168
New Faustina’s Girls, 229
New Testament, 210, 302
Nicaea, 239
Nicaean Council, 303–4
Nicene Creed, 304
Nicomedia, 269, 280, 290, 307, 310
Nicopolis, 308
Nile River, 195, 197
Nile Valley, 196, 197
North Africa, 115, 190–91, 303
North Sea, 191
obedience, 154, 155
Octavia (Augustus’s sister), 8, 16, 19–20, 22–23, 36
Octavia (Claudius’s daughter), 8, 19–20, 114
betrothal of Nero and, 87
Nero’s divorce from, 97
Nero’s marriage to, 90
Octavius, Gaius (Octavian’s father), 8
Olympic Games, Nero’s participation in, 95
omens, 240
On Kingship (Dio Chrysostom), 156–57
Osiris (god), 197
Otho, 110, 118, 119, 125
Ottoman Empire, 311
paganism, 159–61, 207, 225, 301, 304
Palatine Hill, 31–32, 146, 150, 256
Palestine, 201, 229
Panegyricus (Pliny the Younger), 154–55, 158–59
Panhellenic League of Greek cities, 186
Pannonia, 193
revo
lt in, 55
Pantheon, 136, 187–88, 203, 206, 215
Papacy, 246
Parthenon, 182
Parthia, 22, 96, 183, 221–22, 227, 243, 245, 248–49, 254, 260
Parthian Empire, 185
Parthian Wars, 166–67, 171, 172, 221–22, 226
paternalism, 151
patrons, 169
Paulina (Hadrian’s sister), 177, 180, 195, 198, 202
Paul, Saint, 298
Pedanius Fuscus, 202, 204
Persia, 228, 277, 279, 285, 290, 310
Persian Gulf, 166
Pertinax, 242–45
murder of, 297
Pescennius Niger, 243–45
Peter, Saint, 298
Petialis Cerealis, 134
philosophers, 158
Phoenicia (today Lebanon), 238
Phoenician colonists, 177
Piazza Navona, 146
Pillars of Hercules, 165
Piso, Gnaeus Calpurnius, 61, 62
Plancina, 61, 62
Plato, 230
Plautianus (Gaius Fulvius Plautianus), 238
political ambition of, 250–52
Pliny the Younger, 154–61, 195
Plotina, Pompeia, 175, 178–79, 180, 183, 194, 195
Plutarch, 126, 184
poisoning, 171
police force, 246
Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, 224, 235
Pompey the Great, 196
Pompey, Sextus, 20
Pontius Pilate, 114
Poppaea Sabina, 96, 220
background of, 91
beauty of, 91
death of, 97
Nero’s love for, 91
Nero’s marriage to, 97
portrait busts, 142, 146, 150, 154
Praetorian Guard, 33, 64, 74, 148, 149, 150, 178, 180, 191, 193, 206, 240
Agrippina the Younger supported by, 87, 91–92
barracks of, 68–69, 76
Caligula assassinated in, 83
Claudius chosen as emperor by, 83–84
dissolution of, 296–97
formation of, 296
impact of, 297
Maxentius chosen emperor by, 283
Nero hailed as emperor by, 88
political influence and power of, 243, 250, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260
power of, 69
Sejanus as commander of, 68
Septimius Severus’s executions of, 245–46
priestesses, 157
Primus, Marcus Antonius, 123–24
Prisca, Aurelia, 272, 284
prisons, 148–49
private associations, 160–61
propaganda, 249
Propontis, 266
provinces, Roman:
Eastern, 241, 248, 254, 255, 257
governors of, 243–44
populations of, 239
Western, 257
see also specific areas
public baths, 164, 169
Publius Aelius Hadrianus see Hadrian
Publius Helvidius Pertinax see Pertinax
Publius Septimius Geta, 239, 248
Punic language, 238
Quintilianus, Marcus Aurelius (Quintilian), 130–31, 137
Quirinal Hill, 165
racial bigotry, 258
Ravenna, 314
Ten Caesars Page 42